Deck 15: Studying and Manipulating Genomes

Question 1

Figure 15.2
​

The following questionsrefer to the figure above illustrating the initial steps in the formation of recombinant DNA.
In panel 4, the base-paired DNA fragments are joined together with ____.

A) ​DNA polymerase
B) ​RNA polymerase
C) ​reverse transcriptase
D) ​DNA ligase
E) ​restriction endonuclease

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What fraction of your DNA is the same as every other human being?

A) ​50%
B) ​75%
C) ​90%
D) ​95%
E) ​99%

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which enzyme joins the paired sticky ends of DNA fragments?​

A) ​reverse transcriptase
B) ​restriction enzyme
C) ​DNA ligase
D) ​DNA polymerase
E) ​polynucleotide kinase

Answer 3

C

Question 4

cDNA ____.

A) ​does not contain exons
B) ​is produced from tRNA
C) ​production utilizes reverse transcriptase
D) ​begins as a hybrid between two mRNA molecules
E) ​is present only in bacteria

Question 5

Approximately how many single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in humans?​

A) ​10s
B) ​100s
C) ​1000s
D) ​100,000s
E) ​1,000,000s

Question 6

In order for DNA molecules to undergo recombination, ____.

A) ​they must be from the same species
B) ​their strands must separate as in replication
C) ​they must be cut and spliced at specific nucleotide sequences
D) ​one of the two DNA strands must be degraded
E) ​they must first be transcribed

Question 7

Small circular molecules of "extra" DNA in bacteria ____.

A) ​are plasmids
B) ​are DNA fragments from their main chromosome
C) ​result from the activity of restriction enzymes
D) ​are eventually degraded
E) ​cannot survive outside of the cell

Question 8

Restriction enzymes ____.

A) ​work at recognition sites
B) ​function only at "sticky ends"
C) ​produce uniform lengths of DNA
D) ​function in viruses
E) ​are produced by viruses to break down bacterial DNA

Question 9

Figure 15.2
​

The following questionsrefer to the figure above illustrating the initial steps in the formation of recombinant DNA.
What is used to cut the DNA in panels 1 and 2?​

A) ​restriction enzymes
B) ​reverse transcriptase
C) ​DNA polymerases
D) ​RNA polymerases
E) ​DNA ligases

Question 10

Restriction enzymes cut double-stranded DNA at a specific base sequence ____.

A) ​between genes
B) ​and produce fragments of four to eight base pairs in length
C) ​between bacterial and viral DNAs
D) ​between purines and pyrimidines
E) ​between promoter and operator DNA sequences

Question 11

RNA can be used as a template for the production of DNA through the action of ____.

A) ​DNA polymerase
B) ​RNA polymerase
C) ​reverse transcriptase
D) ​ligase
E) ​restriction endonuclease

Question 12

Recombinant DNA is any DNA that ____.

A) ​has been cut by restriction enzymes
B) ​is at least four to eight base pairs in length
C) ​has had its gene sequence rearranged
D) ​consists of DNA from two or more organisms of the same or different species
E) ​inserted into plasmids

Question 13

Figure 15.5

In step 2 (above) in the identification of the colony that contains a targeted gene, ____.

A) ​bacterial cells are cloned
B) ​bacterial colonies are transferred
C) ​bacterial cells are ruptured
D) ​DNA is lysed
E) ​cells with the targeted gene are identified

Question 14

Enzymes used to cut genes in recombinant DNA research are known as ____.

A) ​ligases
B) ​restriction enzymes
C) ​transcriptases
D) ​DNA polymerases
E) ​replicases

Question 15

Bacteria use restriction enzymes to ____.

A) ​integrate viral DNA
B) ​destroy viral DNA
C) ​prevent mutation of their DNA
D) ​copy their genes
E) ​inhibit the expression of some of their genes

Question 16

A(n) ____ includes the entire genome.

A) ​cDNA library
B) ​transcribed library
C) ​genomic library
D) ​RNA library
E) ​plasmid library

Question 17

Probes for cloned genes use ____.

A) ​complementary nucleotide sequences tagged with a detectable label
B) ​specific antibodies that kill all the cells
C) ​specific enzymes that lyse all the cells
D) ​certain bacteria that glow when they take up the genes
E) ​DNA ligase

Question 18

Bacterial ____ may be used as cloning vectors.

A) ​transcriptase
B) ​ligase
C) ​endonuclease
D) ​plasmids
E) ​polymerase

Question 19

The molecule that can carry foreign DNA into host cells is a(n) ____.

A) ​cloning vector
B) ​transcriptase
C) ​DNA ligase
D) ​endonuclease
E) ​DNA polymerase

Question 20

A collection of host cells that house cloned fragments representing expressed genes is (a) ____.

A) ​cDNA library.
B) ​transcribed library.
C) ​genomic library.
D) ​RNA library.
E) ​plasmid library.

Question 21

Cross-breeding has been used to produce featherless chickens to ____.

A) ​make it easier to process after slaughter
B) ​prevent a feather infecting disease
C) ​be more resistant to high temperatures in the desert
D) ​improve breeding efficiency
E) ​increase their lifespan

Question 22

Genetic engineering started with ____.

A) ​bacteria
B) ​viruses
C) ​fungi
D) ​plants
E) ​animals

Question 23

The goal of eugenics is to ____.

A) ​select the most desirable human characteristics
B) ​eliminate genetic disorders that reach a certain threshold in terms of their costs to individuals and society
C) ​produce genetically identical humans.
D) ​eliminate genes for abnormal behavior.
E) ​produce genetically perfect people.

Question 24

The primers in PCR are ____.

A) ​fragments of mRNA
B) designed to base pair with mRNA
C) free nucleotides
D) radioactive
E) needed to initiate the reaction

Question 25

Today's automated DNA sequencing machines can sequence an individual's entire genome in ____.

A) ​2 to 4 hours
B) ​8 to 24 hours
C) ​2 to 3 days
D) ​7 to 10 days
E) ​2 to 3 weeks

Question 26

Researchers can deliver genes into plants by using ____.

A) ​PCR
B) ​DNA sequencing
C) electric or chemical shocks
D) ​gel electrophoresis
E) ​DNA segmentation

Question 27

Gene therapy ____.

A) ​has not yet been used successfully with mammals
B) ​is a surgical technique that replaces defective genes with normal genes
C) ​has been used successfully to treat victims of autosomal dominant disorders by replacing the dominant allele with a recessive allele
D) ​is a genetic engineering technique that replaces defective alleles with normal ones
E) ​is only possible in adults

Question 28

Genetic engineering has produced which of the following animals?​

A) ​wild caught salmon
B) ​pigs
C) ​Dolly the sheep
D) ​cows resistant to mad cow disease
E) ​grass-fed beef

Question 29

SNP-chips are used ____.

A) ​to sequence DNA.
B) ​in DNA profiling
C) ​for full genome sequencing
D) ​in PCR
E) ​with short tandem repeat profiling

Question 30

Human insulin, which does not provoke allergic reac-tions, has been produced by transgenic E.coli since ____.

A) ​1952
B) ​1962
C) 1972
D) ​1982
E) ​1992

Question 31

Seed banks ____.

A) ​provide a source of seeds for farmers
B) ​preserve seeds for museums
C) ​preserve plant genetic diversity
D) ​distribute seeds to member seed companies
E) ​help to create additional plant diversity

Question 32

Identifying an individual by his or her DNA is referred to as ____.

A) ​structural genomics
B) ​genomic fingerprinting
C) ​RNAprofiling
D) ​DNA profiling
E) ​individual genomics

Question 33

The term "biotech barnyards" commonly refers to ____.

A) ​the production of human products by farm animals
B) ​the development of new species of farm animals
C) ​the increase of milk, egg, and wool production
D) ​ultramodern methods of rearing more animals on less feed
E) ​creation of transgenic animals that can produce more of their natural products

Question 34

Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments according to ____.

A) ​their stage in replication
B) ​their size
C) ​their ability to bind to the gel
D) ​the orientation of the nucleotides in the fragment
E) ​their type

Question 35

The use of SNPs for analyzing genomes is based on ____.

A) ​the nucleotide base pairing in the SNPs
B) ​the types of nucleotides in the SNPs
C) ​differences in SNPs among individuals
D) ​the ratio of purines to pyrimidines in SNPs
E) ​bonding patterns between nucleotides in the SNPs

Question 36

One of the first successful applications of genetic engineering was the commercial production of ____.

A) ​clotting factor
B) ​insulin
C) ​hemoglobin
D) ​collagen
E) ​human growth factor

Question 37

Which statement is true?

A) ​There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in humans.
B) ​There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in bacteria.
C) ​There is no danger in releasing recombinant organisms into the environment.
D) ​Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible.
E) ​Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research impossible.

Question 38

For the polymerase chain reaction to occur, ____.

A) ​isolated DNA molecules must be primed
B) ​all DNA fragments must be identical
C) ​the DNA must remain double stranded
D) ​a sticky end must be available for the ligase enzyme to function
E) ​a large sample of DNA is needed

Question 39

The results of the treatment of 20 boys with SCID-X1 showed that ____.

A) ​SCID-X1 can be cured through genetic engineering
B) ​none of those treated were cured of the disease
C) ​a bone marrow transplant can cure SCID-X1
D) ​our understanding of the human genome exceeds our ability to modify it
E) ​the "treatment" caused numerous unforeseen complications.

Question 40

Figure 15.7

The accompanying figure illustrates ____.

A) ​the production of recombinant DNA
B) probing for transferred genes
C) ​DNA fingerprinting
D) ​DNAsequencing
E) ​producing radioactive probes

Question 41

There is concern that transgenic genes have been found in unrelated crops. Could such genetic transformation occur without traditional breeding programs?​

Question 42

To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.​restriction enzymes
c.reverse transcriptase
d.​DNA library
This is any DNA made from mRNA transcripts.

Question 43

To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.​restriction enzymes
c.reverse transcriptase
d.​DNA library
This is a nuclease whose only function is to cut apart foreign DNA entering a cell.

Question 44

The function of these is to cut apart foreign DNA molecules.

Question 45

In DNA cloning, __________ cut DNA into pieces.

Question 46

To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.​restriction enzymes
c.reverse transcriptase
d.​DNA library
This is from a viral source and catalyzes reactions to construct DNA strands from mRNA.

Question 47

What is the current status of the Human Genome Project?

Question 48

__________ can reveal the order of nucleotide bases in a fragment of DNA.

Question 49

________, a viral enzyme, is used to convert single-stranded RNA into ___________ for cloning.

Question 50

To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.​restriction enzymes
c.reverse transcriptase
d.​DNA library
This is an enzyme used to produce cDNA.

Question 51

These are bacterial populations containing thousands or millions of identical copies of one to several genes.

Question 52

__________ are multiple copies of a short DNA sequence that occur at a given locus.

Question 53

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses ________, nucleotides, and a heat-resistant DNA polymerase to rapidly increase the number of molecules of a DNA fragment.

Question 54

To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.​restriction enzymes
c.reverse transcriptase
d.​DNA library
These are collections of host cells that house cloned DNA.

Question 55

The combination of a foreign piece of DNA with the DNA of another organism.

Question 56

Why are cDNA libraries desirable for the expression of eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes?

Question 57

The pieces of DNA that are moved by a genetic engineer from one organism to another are first incorporated into these.

Question 58

How could personal DNA testing be beneficial to medicine?​