Deck 5: Memory

Question 1

The three basic processes of memory are ____.

A) recognition, storage, and retrieval
B) encoding, storage, and forgetting
C) encoding, storage, and retrieval
D) encoding, storage, and maintenance

Answer 1

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 2

In the process of learning the specific techniques of his job,Arlen will need to keep this new information in his memory for a long time.This part of the memory process is known as ____.

A) retrieval
B) recall
C) storage
D) encoding

Answer 2

storage

Question 3

To discourage his children from smoking,a father shows them the extremely graphic pictures of withered,blackened,and perforated lungs of a dead smoker.Afterwards,when confronted with peers offering cigarettes,the "lung pictures" come into the children's minds.This is an example of ____.

A) procedural knowledge
B) auditory memory
C) visual memory
D) semantic memory

Answer 3

visual memory

Question 4

Elka can remember the phone number she just looked up only by repeating it over and over.When she stops saying it out loud,she forgets it.Elka is using ____ rehearsal to keep the information in ____ memory.

A) maintenance; short-term
B) maintenance; sensory
C) elaborative; short-term
D) elaborative; sensory

Question 5

Janis is at the mall when she sees a bright pink hat with flowers on it.Suddenly,Janis feels anxious,upset,and frightened,but she does not understand why.What Janis subconsciously remembers is that when she was five years old,she wore a similar hat to school,and everyone laughed and threw rocks at her.This scenario is an example of a(n)____ memory.

A) semantic
B) implicit
C) procedural
D) explicit

Question 6

Valerie is teaching Parker how to play the guitar.Valerie instructs Parker to sit across from her and watch her finger movements as she plays a song.She has found this method more effective than attempting to verbally explain the complicated series of finger movements.Valerie's teaching strategy indicates that her memory of how to play the guitar is stored as a(n)____ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) sensory

Question 7

Seven-year-old Ben is riding his bike to the park to meet some friends.He stops at a stop sign and signals his intention to turn left into the park.Ben's memory of the laws of the road is an example of ____ memory,whereas his ability to ride the bike shows ____ memory.

A) episodic; semantic
B) semantic; episodic
C) episodic; procedural
D) semantic; procedural

Question 8

Caden can remember quite vividly the first time his dad took him out to learn how to ride a bike because he didn't use training wheels and took a nasty spill,scraping his knee badly.This would best be described as a(n)____ memory.

A) semantic
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) episodic

Question 9

When an eyewitness to a robbery tries to identify the criminal from a lineup of suspects,he or she is engaging in which memory retrieval process?

A) Recall
B) Rehearsal
C) Recognition
D) Relearning

Question 10

Matilda asks Becky,"How was your spring break?" As Becky describes her vacation,she begins to feel guilty because she subconsciously recalls how her parents criticized her for taking a trip instead of getting caught up in her studies.Becky's recollection of her vacation is an example of a(n)____ memory,and her feeling of guilt is an example of a(n)____ memory.

A) implicit; explicit
B) semantic; episodic
C) episodic; semantic
D) explicit; implicit

Question 11

Corbin memorized a list of state capitals for his geography exam.Once he had done so,they became ____ memories.

A) implicit
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) procedural

Question 12

Melvin got a new phone number at the beginning of the semester.At first,he repeated it to himself numerous times to remember it,but by the end of the semester,he easily remembers it.When he was holding the number in short-term memory at the beginning,the information is most likely ____,and once it is in his long-term memory,it is ____.

A) auditory; semantic
B) visual; semantic
C) auditory; episodic
D) visual; episodic

Question 13

As Minna smells the hay and manure in the barn,she begins to feel uneasy.Although she isn't consciously aware of it,she is recalling the night that she was at the circus and stepped on by an elephant.This is an example of ____ memory.

A) sensory
B) procedural
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 14

Even though Samantha cannot explain how she is able to wiggle her nose,she always remembers how to do it.Samantha's memory for her nose wiggling is an example of ____ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) mnemonic

Question 15

When you ask her,Kyung cannot remember the names of all fifty U.S.state capitals.However,when you then show her a list of U.S.city names,she can correctly point out all fifty capitals.Kyung initially had trouble remembering the state capitals because of poor ____.

A) recall
B) recognition
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 16

Remembering what the word summer means requires ____ memory,while remembering what you did on July 4,1996,requires ____ memory.

A) episodic; semantic
B) episodic; procedural
C) procedural; episodic
D) semantic; episodic

Question 17

Today it is Joe's turn to pick up lunch for the staff at his office.Things are particularly busy,and Joe doesn't have time to write down each person's order.Instead,he tries to remember their orders by repeating to himself over and over "three buster burgers,one chicken club,two waffle fries,and a strawberry sundae" while he waits in the line at Fred's Burger Barn.Joe's memory strategy is called ____.

A) elaborative rehearsal.
B) parallel distributed processing.
C) chunking.
D) maintenance rehearsal.

Question 18

The process of putting incoming information into a form with which the memory system can work is called ____.

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) processing

Question 19

Felicia is a witness in a traffic accident court case.When asked by the attorney to describe what she witnessed,Felicia tells her perspective as she saw it unfold.Felicia's memories of the accident are considered ____ memories.

A) procedural
B) state-dependent
C) elaboratively rehearsed
D) explicit

Question 20

Jacques and Pierre are studying for their Spanish exam.Jacques is repeating vocabulary words over and over.Pierre is creating associations between vocabulary words and English words that sound similar.All else being equal,Pierre is more likely to do better on the Spanish exam because he is using ____ rehearsal and Jacques is using ____ rehearsal.

A) maintenance; elaborative
B) maintenance; transfer-appropriate
C) elaborative; maintenance
D) transfer-appropriate; maintenance

Question 21

You give your friend instructions about what to buy for a party by quickly rattling off fifteen unrelated grocery store items.Then to check whether your friend got all the information,you ask him to repeat the grocery list back to you.You should expect that your friend will recall about ____ items.

A) two
B) fifteen
C) four
D) seven

Question 22

Last semester Raul studied abroad in Spain.When his history teacher began lecturing on Spain,many of Raul's memories were simultaneously activated: bull fights,tasty sangria,and flamenco dancers.This example best illustrates the ____ model of memory.

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) encoding specificity
C) parallel distributed processing
D) transfer-appropriate processing

Question 23

You look up the phone number of your favorite pizza maker and say it over and over to yourself as you walk across the room to the phone.Before you reach the phone,your roommate bursts in and exclaims,"Look at this-it's the new Beck album!" "Cool!" you reply.Then you become frustrated because you cannot remember the phone number.This is most likely due to the process of ____.

A) decay
B) proactive inhibition
C) selective attention
D) the primacy effect

Question 24

Quintin needs to call the local department store to see if his catalog order has come in.He finds the telephone number in the phone book,mentally rehearses the number,and calls the department store.Most likely,this number is stored in ____ memory.

A) short-term
B) long-term
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 25

Tami lights a sparkler and hands it to her young son,Jacob.She tells Jacob to write his name in the air with the sparkler.She can see this "writing" because the light from the sparkler is briefly held in her ____ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 26

Jane is trying to remember the order in which stars are classed by heat for her astronomy class.Suppose that instead of just trying to remember the sequence of letters (OBAFGKM),she comes up with the mnemonic of "Oh Be A Fine Guy,Kiss Me".The ____ model of memory suggests that she should remember the ordering better.

A) transfer-appropriate processing
B) parallel distributed processing
C) levels-of-processing
D) information-processing

Question 27

When all three types of memory work together to read a passage of your text,____.

A) the sensory registers hold information to match with information in long-term memory.
B) early parts of the sentence are held in short-term memory to compare to words in long-term memory.
C) light from the page is converted to neural activity stored in short-term memory.
D) memory is not necessary because all the input is present.

Question 28

If Greta is having an essay exam,she studies one way.If she is having a multiple-choice exam,she studies a different way.Greta's actions best support the ____ model of memory.

A) transfer-appropriate processing
B) information-processing
C) levels-of-processing
D) parallel distributed processing

Question 29

As you read this question,your sensory registers are converting light energy into neural activity,your short-term memory is holding the first part of the question,and your long-term memory is helping you recognize and understand the words.This best supports the ____ model of memory.

A) transfer-appropriate processing
B) parallel distributed processing
C) information-processing
D) levels-of-processing

Question 30

Liora opens her textbook and begins to read.As her eyes scan the page,each word remains in her ____ memory for only one second,just long enough for the next phase of memory to take over.

A) episodic
B) working
C) sensory
D) short-term

Question 31

While walking across the quad with your friend Dan,you run into an old girlfriend,Wendy.Only seconds after being introduced to Dan,Wendy says to him,"So,Stan,what's your major?" Noticing that Dan appears agitated about his name being messed up,you explain,"Hey,Dan,information is usually ____ encoded into short-term memory,and this kind of error is common."

A) visually
B) semantically
C) procedurally
D) acoustically

Question 32

The variable that largely determines whether information is moved from the sensory registers to short-term memory is ____.

A) selective attention
B) rehearsal
C) chunking
D) serial search

Question 33

The concept of selective attention is best demonstrated in which example?

A) remembering the names of your clients by creating clever mental associations
B) learning to play a song by listening to only the cello parts of a string quartet
C) recalling only fond memories of your sister when you are feeling happy
D) using a familiar location as a means to remember a long list of groceries you need to buy

Question 34

Bart tells Lisa about his new cat,Scratchy.Even though Bart does not mention that Scratchy has fur,Lisa knows this because she makes this generalization from the facts she knows about cats.Lisa's generalization about Scratchy best demonstrates ____.

A) the relearning method
B) a false memory
C) the feeling-of-knowing experience
D) a parallel distributed processing model of memory

Question 35

According to the information-processing model of memory,if a person completely loses the ability for ____ memory,the person will not be able to form any memories of any kind.

A) short-term
B) sensory
C) semantic
D) long-term

Question 36

Stuart is trying to remember the word car.If he makes a mistake in recalling the word within fifteen seconds of hearing it,which word will he be most likely to mistakenly recall instead?

A) Fun
B) Heavy
C) Jar
D) Auto

Question 37

According to the transfer-appropriate processing model of memory,what would be the best retrieval cue for remembering the sentence "The man ate the strawberry"?

A) "something tasty"
B) "something red"
C) "something heavy"
D) "something small"

Question 38

Information is retained in sensory memory for ____ seconds.

A) sixty
B) less than two
C) twenty
D) thirty

Question 39

Damon has an average memory,and he is trying to keep a seven-digit phone number in his short-term memory.This number is likely to be ____.

A) too long for him to keep in short-term memory
B) forgotten after one second if it is unrehearsed
C) encoded acoustically rather than semantically
D) remembered if Damon's levels of acetylcholine are low

Question 40

Homer is trying to remember the different functions of the control panel at the nuclear power plant where he works.He remembers the functions of the different buttons by thinking about the types of donuts that the buttons most resemble.For example,he is supposed to press a red button to shut off the reactors when they are about to have a meltdown.He remembers this because the red button reminds him of cherry donuts,which he eats only during hot weather.The type of processing that Homer is using is ____ rehearsal.

A) levels-of-processing
B) elaborative
C) maintenance
D) transfer-appropriate

Question 41

People in an experiment read a passage and then are asked to identify a list of statements that the passage may or may not have contained.The people are good at recognizing statements with the same meaning as the ones that they have heard,but they cannot identify the exact wording of these statements.This is due to ____.

A) chunking
B) dual-coding theory
C) inadequate rehearsal
D) semantic encoding

Question 42

Polina participates in a short-term memory experiment.The experimenter reads aloud a list of twenty objects,and Polina has to mentally rate how effective each object would be if she was stranded on a deserted island.The experimenter then asks her to count backwards by threes from one hundred.This task,known as ____,ensures that Polina does not rehearse the information to keep it in her short-term memory.

A) motivated forgetting
B) chunking
C) the Brown-Peterson distractor technique
D) the relearning method

Question 43

In a memory experiment,participants hear the sentence "They turned in their papers late,so they didn't get full credit." Two minutes later,the participants are asked whether they heard the sentence above or "Their papers were turned in late,so they didn't get full credit." Many participants incorrectly report that they heard the second version.This is because ____ memory primarily uses ____ encoding.

A) short-term; semantic
B) short-term; acoustic
C) long-term; semantic
D) long-term; acoustic

Question 44

Marcie finds that remembering her ATM card number and pin number are much easier when she groups the twelve numbers into sets of threes instead of trying to remember twelve separate numbers.What technique is Marcie using to extend her short-term memory capacity?

A) mnemonic strategies
B) stringing
C) chunking
D) method of loci

Question 45

Remembering a list of twenty-eight ingredients that you need to cook a special meal can be done without writing them all down.One way to accomplish this would be to chunk the ingredients into four categories of seven meaningfully related items.This process of chunking requires the operation of ____.

A) short-term memory only
B) long-term memory only
C) short-term and long-term memory
D) working memory and short-term memory

Question 46

Rachael asks Steve,"Do you remember my name?" When Steve says that he does not remember,Rachael says,"I'll give you a hint-it starts with an R." Rachael is providing Steve with a ____ to help him remember.

A) schema
B) retrieval cue
C) chunk
D) mnemonic

Question 47

After looking up a friend's new number in the phone book,Franklin discovers that the pay phone is being monopolized by someone.Assuming that Franklin is not rehearsing the number,what is the longest period of time that he can wait without forgetting the number entirely?

A) one second
B) ten seconds
C) twenty seconds
D) two minutes

Question 48

Buster is hungry for a Garcia's pizza.Because he is new in town,he doesn't have the number memorized.He looks up the number and repeats it to himself as he goes to the phone.This helps the number stay in Buster's ____ memory.

A) long-term
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) mnemonic

Question 49

Jammin' Jamie,a disc jockey for a local radio station,plays requests that listeners phone in between 11 a.m.and noon.There are lots of requests,and Jamie usually forgets all but the last few.This pattern is an example of the ____ effect.

A) primacy
B) recency
C) contextual
D) interference

Question 50

Warren is trying to remember the following list: table,rock,phone,and apple.When recalling the list from his short-term memory,he makes a mistake and recalls the wrong word as he tries to remember the word rock.Which word will Warren most likely recall instead of rock?

A) clock
B) stone
C) hair
D) round

Question 51

Dolly is conducting a study in which she asks basketball players from several colleges to recall their win-loss outcomes of certain games in the past season.She finds that some players incorrectly remember game outcomes,even when they are considered important games.This example highlights that ____.

A) recall is susceptible to interference from short-term memory
B) the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon also affects long-term retrieval
C) long-term memories are subject to major errors and distortion
D) only flashbulb memories tend to retain their accuracy in long-term memory

Question 52

Long-term memory is normally capable of retaining how many pieces of information?

A) seven pieces of information
B) fivetonine chunks of information
C) an indefinite amount of information
D) about one million pieces of information

Question 53

Toni has to remember her shopping list,which contains the following items: lemons,saw,beer,napkins,apples,lettuce,nails,cups,juice,newspaper,magazine,milk,and screwdriver.She decides to mentally place the items in categories: (1)lemons,apples,lettuce; (2)beer,juice,milk; (3)saw,nails,screwdriver; (4)newspaper,magazine; and (5)napkins,cups.Which method did Toni not use in this process?

A) chunking
B) long-term memory
C) Brown-Peterson distractor technique
D) short-term memory

Question 54

If the letters OBACKFIBHJCA are rearranged into HBO-JFK-CIA-ABC,they become much easier to store in short-term memory.This phenomenon illustrates the usefulness of ____in short-term memory.

A) rehearsal
B) chunking
C) peg-word systems
D) the method of loci

Question 55

Professor LePeu arranges for his class to take their French 100 midterm exam in the classroom where they learned the material in the first place,because he has read that this will improve his students' retrieval of information,a phenomenon known as ____.

A) semantic memory networking
B) encoding specificity
C) context specific memory
D) state dependent memory

Question 56

The effectiveness of retrieval cues depends on the extent to which they ____.

A) encourage the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory
B) relate to information that was encoded at the time of original learning
C) invoke visual images
D) are context-specific

Question 57

Your friend is ordering pizza and wants to know which toppings you want.You say "pepperoni,sausage,green peppers,olives,mushrooms,onions,tomatoes,and pineapple." Your friend doesn't write this down but then dials the pizza place and places the order.Which topping is your friend most likely to forget?

A) pepperoni
B) pineapple
C) sausage
D) mushrooms

Question 58

According to the encoding specificity principle,which retrieval cue would work bestfor the sentence,"The dog ate the bone?"

A) hungry animal
B) you have heard it before
C) contains five words
D) it's a sentence

Question 59

When Frances went to work this morning,she checked her voice mail.Her boss left her a message outlining twenty-six tasks that she needs to complete.Unfortunately,the message was accidentally deleted after Frances listened to it once.Because she did not write down the tasks as she listened to the message,how many of the tasks will Frances most likely remember?

A) one to four
B) five to nine
C) ten to fourteen
D) fifteen to nineteen

Question 60

Short-term memory can store ____ item(s),and the duration of storage is ____.

A) only one; approximately one hour
B) approximately seven; about twenty seconds
C) approximately seven; over sixty seconds
D) unlimited; unlimited

Question 61

When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office,John seemed to do an accurate job.However,he included a framed medical degree on the wall that in fact was not there.This is an illustration of ____.

A) context specific memory
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) constructive memory
D) a retrieval cue

Question 62

Doumitra is telling Carrie about a movie she saw last month.She knows that Jake and Maggie Gyllenhaal both star in the movie and that it involves a scary bunny rabbit,but she cannot come up with the title of the movie.According to the textbook,such difficulty in retrieving information is known as ____.

A) spreading activation
B) proactive inhibition
C) the primacy effect
D) incomplete knowledge

Question 63

You watch a demonstration taking place on campus.You are excited and when you get home,you tell your roommate Alberta about what you saw.Another roommate,Lucy,returns later and you overhear her excitedly telling Alberta about the same demonstration,but her description doesn't sound anything like what you saw.What most likely accounts for this difference?

A) eidetic imagery
B) proactive inhibition
C) constructive memory
D) retrograde amnesia

Question 64

The semantic memory network theory says that ____.

A) concepts are represented by neural networks within the brain
B) information is stored in memory by a process called spreading activation
C) semantic memories must be processed by sensory and short-term memory before entering long-term memory
D) information is more likely to be remembered if it is processed deeply

Question 65

While studying diligently for his midterm,Raoul consumes massive quantities of sugar by drinking Rush cola and eating Grandma's cookies.The day of the midterm examination,Raoul is careful to eat nutritious,low-sugar foods and drink lots of milk and water.During the exam,Raoul has trouble recalling what he has studied.This can best be explained by ____.

A) context-specific memory
B) retroactive inhibition
C) state-dependent memory
D) proactive inhibition

Question 66

During a psychology lecture,your instructor uses the word college as a metaphor for social life.When he says the word college,lots of information comes to mind: dorm rooms,students,tests,professors,textbooks,pencils,and sporting events.The word has activated a ____.

A) script
B) schema
C) sensory register
D) semantic memory

Question 67

Which example best illustrates spreading activation at work?

A) Your sensory registers allow you to perceive smooth motion when you move your head.
B) You find it difficult to remember happy things when you are in a bad mood.
C) You find it easy to relearn vocabulary words that you had once learned but forgot.
D) You start thinking about cars, and that leads you to think about trucks and sport-utility vehicles.

Question 68

Lester is testifying against a person accused of robbery.Lester recalls with precise detail the number of people in the bank and what they looked like,the weather outside,and the song playing on the radio.He also provides details about the bank robbery itself.If you are a juror,you should ____.

A) believe Lester's testimony because of its detail
B) believe Lester's testimony only if he presents the details in a confident manner
C) be skeptical of Lester's testimony because of what you know from research on divided attention
D) be skeptical of Lester's testimony because of what you know of implicit memory

Question 69

Suppose you overhear a juicy rumor one night when you are drunk at a bar but cannot recall it the next day when you are sober.This illustrates ____.

A) dissociation
B) context-specific memory
C) state-dependent memory
D) hyperamnesia

Question 70

Belinda has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.Sometimes she can be very happy and almost deliriously excited,while at other times,she becomes extremely depressed.When she is in her excited state,she is introduced to several people whom she has never met before.She doesn't encounter them again for a few weeks,but when she does,she feels depressed.Which statement is true?

A) She is more likely to remember their names than if she were excited.
B) She is less likely to remember their names than if she were excited.
C) She is about equally likely to remember their names regardless of what state she is in.
D) She definitely will not remember their names in her depressed state but might remember their faces.

Question 71

Josie is extremely unhappy while she studies for her midterm.When she actually goes to take it,however,she is in a very positive mood.Josie seems to have trouble recalling much of what she so diligently studied.This can be explained by ____.

A) context-specific memory
B) state-dependent memory
C) distraction during encoding
D) proactive inhibition

Question 72

During a trivia game,Blair is asked a question.The answer is on the tip of his tongue,but he can't come up with it.Which memory process failed him?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) rehearsal

Question 73

Al is on the witness stand.He is asked if he can remember the name of the person who told him to place the bet.Al replies that he thinks the last name of the person starts with C.Al's response is an example of ____.

A) penultimate response
B) feeling-of-knowing experience
C) spontaneous generalization
D) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 74

Greg tries to convince his instructor to give a midterm exam in the same room where the class is held because he read that it will improve his chances of getting a higher score.Greg must know about ____.

A) state-dependent memory
B) context-specific memory
C) metamemory
D) eidetic imagery

Question 75

Alexander learns the names of all fifty states of the United States while he is in a very happy mood.Later,while he was in a sad mood,he can remember only twenty of the states.However,when Alexander was again happy,he can remember all fifty states.The principle that best explains this memory effect is ____.

A) melancholic inhibition
B) positive facilitation
C) context-specific memory
D) mood congruency

Question 76

Whenever House and Wilson argue,they bring up past issues.When they are getting along well,they have a hard time remembering what they argued about.What might produce this difference in the retrieval of memories?

A) flashbulb memory effect
B) primacy of memories effect
C) general knowledge effect
D) mood congruency effect

Question 77

Your friend tells you that she just bought a cat.You naturally assume that your friend means that she bought a housecat rather than a lion or a tiger.This is an illustration of ____.

A) a spontaneous generalization
B) constructive memory
C) implicit memory
D) the relearning method

Question 78

Curly and Moe are questioned by the police about a car accident they witnessed just a couple of hours ago.Curly is asked how fast the Ford was going when it smashed into the stop sign.Moe is asked how fast the Ford was going when it hit the sign.All else being equal,Moe will most likely remember that the Ford was going ____.

A) the same speed that Curly remembered
B) slower than the speed Curly remembered
C) faster than the speed Curly remembered
D) over the speed limit

Question 79

Many death row inmates are convicted on the basis of eyewitness testimony.Which statementbest represents what is known about this kind of testimony?

A) Eyewitness testimony is highly reliable.
B) Good and bad eyewitness testimony is evaluated accurately by juries.
C) Eyewitness testimony can be biased by the type of questions that are asked.
D) Eyewitness testimony is never reliable.

Question 80

Missa,your psychology instructor,places a basketball net upon her head.She says,"See how when I pull this part of the net,all of the links in the net closest to this point are being pulled farther along.And this part of the net isn't even moving." Missa's demonstration highlights how ____ works within a ____.

A) spreading activation; multiple memory system model
B) spreading activation; semantic network
C) encoding specificity; multiple memory system model
D) encoding specificity; semantic network