Deck 13: Qualitative Data Analysis

Question 1

Which of the following statements is (are)TRUE?

A)Concept mapping is appropriate for qualitative analysis only.
B)Concept mapping can be used for either quantitative or qualitative analysis.
C)Concept mapping is appropriate for quantitative analysis only.
D)Computers cannot be used to do concept-mapping.
E)Concept mapping requires the use of computer software.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages of the constant comparative method?

A)comparing incidents applicable to each category
B)integrating categories and their properties
C)analyzing statistics
D)writing theory
E)delimiting the theory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Coding notes are developed to:

A)cover reflections about the dimensions of concepts.
B)cover relationships among concepts.
C)identify the code labels and their meanings.
D)discuss the deeper meanings of concepts.
E)do all of these choices.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Qualitative research may be undertaken for

A)descriptive purposes.
B)the construction of an ethnography.
C)explanatory purposes.
D)descriptive purposes and the construction of an ethnography.
E)descriptive purposes, the construction of an ethnography, and/or explanatory purposes.

Question 5

The grounded theory method begins with

A)hypotheses.
B)patterns.
C)observations.
D)theory.
E)literature review.

Question 6

Professor Cay notes that respondent Mary Ginger is a 54-year-old grandmother who has two grandchildren living in her household.Neither of the grandchildren's parents live with them.Cay also learns that Ginger had to quit her job in order to stay home with the young grandchildren because Ginger feared leaving the two youngsters with a baby-sitter.Ginger told Professor Cay that two of her friends were dealing with similar situations and a third friend was considering whether to obtain custody of her grandchild.Using this information,it sounds like Professor Cay is doing a

A)case-oriented nomothetic analysis.
B)case-oriented idiographic analysis.
C)variable-oriented nomothetic analysis.
D)variable-oriented idiographic analysis.
E)cross-case analysis.

Question 7

Jimmy performed a qualitative study of career criminals,focusing particularly on their journey from minor childhood offenses to serious felonies.Which one of the following was he focusing upon?

A) groups..
B) structures..
C) consequences..
D) processes.
E) causes.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is (are)FALSE regarding semiotic analysis?

A)There is no meaning inherent in any sign.
B)Language is the only sign system of interest to those doing semiotic analysis.
C)Meanings reside in minds.
D)Semiotics is concerned with our agreements about meanings.
E)Semiotics is heavily linked to social science.

Question 9

Semiotics is a social science because

A)meanings are inherent in signs.
B)meanings reside in people's minds.
C)a particular sign may have a particular meaning to a particular person.
D)we have agreements about the meanings associated with particular signs.
E)meanings have an absolute, objective meaning.

Question 10

Jeremy was born in 1948 and grew up during the 1960s.He was sent to Viet Nam in 1967 and was horrified by what he saw.When he returned home he suffered sleepless nights and nightmares.He began to work at a bank but often fell asleep during the day.He met Mary,another bank employee,in 1980 and they married in 1981.They divorced in 1983.Mary could not cope with Jeremy's nightmares,bouts of depression,and bouts with alcohol.After the divorce,Jeremy's depression increased and began to drink even more heavily.He was fired from his job in the latter part of 1983.As an explanation for Jeremy's job loss,this could be termed a(n)

A)idiographic and case-oriented analysis.
B)idiographic and variable-oriented analysis.
C)nomothetic and case-oriented analysis.
D)nomothetic and variable-oriented analysis.
E)Cannot tell from the given information.

Question 11

Professor Cay notes that respondent Mary Ginger is a 54-year-old grandmother who has two grandchildren living in her household.Neither of the grandchildren's parents live with them.Cay also learns that Ginger had to quit her job in order to stay home with the young grandchildren because Ginger feared leaving the two youngsters with a baby-sitter.Ginger told Professor Cay that two of her friends were dealing with similar situations and a third friend was considering whether to obtain custody of her grandchild.If she used the information that she obtained from Ginger and began to talk with other grandparents who parent their grandchildren to learn how this experience influenced their lives and career choices,Cay would be doing

A)semiotics.
B)variable-oriented analysis.
C)case-oriented analysis.
D)theory.
E)cross-case analysis.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a sign system used in semiotic analysis?

A)language
B)soil
C)mathematics
D)etiquette
E)music.

Question 13

Professor Wang wonders whether all grandparents act alike or whether there are different roles associated with grandparenting.According to the Lofland's,Wang's research should focus on _________ in order to determine whether there are different grandparenting roles.

A)frequencies
B)causes
C)processes
D)structures
E)case-oriented analysis

Question 14

Professor Lip was interested in why grandparents went to court to obtain custody of their grandchildren.One of the grandparents that Lip talked with commented on the issue of "parental neglect" of the grandchild.Once the issue of neglect had been identified,Lip began to notice that other grandparents also used the concept of "parental neglect" to explain why they had a legal relationship with their grandchild.Lip was

A)comparing incidents applicable to each category.
B)integrating categories and their properties.
C)delimiting the theory.
D)writing theory.
E)deconstructing theory.

Question 15

Fred was interested in examining conversations between lawyers and their clients to determine whether lawyers influenced their client's decision to plead guilty to a crime.As a methodologist,Fred seeks your help.Which of the following statements would be poor advice?

A)He must obtain excruciatingly accurate transcripts of the conversations.
B)The same utterance may have a totally different meaning in a different context.
C)There are established rules of behavior in conversations.
D)Conversations must be understood contextually.
E)He should ignore the "ers," "uhs," or bad grammar of the accused in the transcripts and focus on the meaning of the words.

Question 16

Mikhael is examining the symbolic elements of a standard police encounter,such as the behaviors and clues an officer encounters that could signify danger.What sort of qualitative research is he performing?

A)memoing.
B)concept mapping.
C)grounded theory.
D)semiotic analysis.
E)coding.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is TRUE about variable-oriented analysis?

A)It is similar to the idiographic model of explanation.
B)It assumes that the researcher can predict every individual's behavior.
C)It assumes that the researcher can explain one person's motivations in full.
D)It provides a partial overall explanation using a relatively few number of variables.
E)It allows a researcher to determine complete causality.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the grounded theory method is TRUE?

A)It is similar to case-oriented analysis.
B)It is similar to variable-oriented analysis.
C)It is similar to cross-case analysis.
D)It is a deductive technique.
E)It requires advanced computer software to perform

Question 19

Professor Lip was interested in why grandparents went to court to obtain custody of their grandchildren.One of the grandparents that Lip talked with commented on the issue of "parental neglect" of the grandchild.Once the issue of neglect had been identified,Lip began to notice that other grandparents also used the concept of "parental neglect" to explain why they had a legal relationship with their grandchild.In Lofland's terms,Professor Lip was interested in examining:

A)Frequencies
B)Magnitudes
C)Causes
D)Consequences
E)Processes

Question 20

Jeremy was born in 1948 and grew up during the 1960s.He was sent to Viet Nam in 1967 and was horrified by what he saw.When he returned home he suffered sleepless nights and nightmares.He began to work at a bank but often fell asleep during the day.He met Mary,another bank employee,in 1980 and they married in 1981.They divorced in 1983.Mary could not cope with Jeremy's nightmares,bouts of depression,and bouts with alcohol.After the divorce,Jeremy's depression increased and began to drink even more heavily.If a researcher examined Jeremy's story and then looked at other veterans "like" Jeremy in order to develop a theory about job loss and veteran status,the researcher would be

A)using inductive reasoning.
B)using a cross-case method approach.
C)developing grounded theory.
D)using inductive reasoning, a cross-case method approach, and developing grounded theory.
E)Cannot tell from the given information.

Question 21

Rodriguez compiled voluminous notes during his qualitative study of the rise and fall of a recycling center in town.He must now begin classifying or categorizing individual pieces of data and set up a retrieval system so that he can begin analysis.He decides to code his notes into "getting started," "success/failure," and "conflict." These three are known as

A)memos.
B)sampling units.
C)concepts.
D)outcomes.
E)coding

Question 22

The Grounded Theory Method employs

A)survey research and statistical analysis.
B)statistical analysis and conversation analysis.
C)conversation analysis and inductive theory building.
D)inductive theory building and the constant comparative method.
E)statistical analysis and content analysis

Question 23

After completing a case-oriented analysis,which additional strategy will enhance theoretical understanding?

A)grounded theory
B)semiotics
C)conversation analysis
D)cross-case analysis
E)content analysis

Question 24

Naoko is compiling notes on the dimensions and deeper meanings of the concepts she found in her ethnographic study of Southeast Asian street gangs.What process is she performing?

A)code notes
B)operational notes
C)axial memoing
D)theoretical notes
E)semiotic notes

Question 25

Quincy did a qualitative study in which he wanted to identify the most important variables associated with participation in extracurricular activities.Which one of the following did he perform?

A)variable-oriented analysis
B)case-oriented analysis
C)cross-case analysis
D)semiotics
E)content analysis

Question 26

Rodriguez compiled voluminous notes during his qualitative study of the rise and fall of a recycling center in town.He must now begin classifying or categorizing individual pieces of data and set up a retrieval system so that he can begin analysis.What step does this example reflect?

A)coding
B)concept mapping
C)semiotics
D)memoing
E)transformation

Question 27

Qualitative researchers DO NOT use the computer to

A)record and store data.
B)"find" or "search" text for passages containing key words.
C)type code words alongside passages in notes so that they can later search for those keywords.
D)automatically create theory for them.
E)analyze data.

Question 28

Othello did a study of the meanings attached to hats among women and men.He focused on the messages hats frequently carry in slogans,advertisements,and the like.It would be best to use

A)memoing.
B)computer simulations.
C)semiotics.
D)case-oriented analysis.
E)comparative analysis

Question 29

Qualitative research methods involves a continuing interplay between

A)numbers and number crunching.
B)memoing and analysis.
C)semiotics and conversation analysis.
D)data collection and theory.
E)theory and semiotics

Question 30

Which one of the following is NOT one of the basic assumptions in conversation analysis?

A)conversation is a socially structured activity
B)conversations must be pursued in the exact order in which they occur
C)conversations must be understood contextually
D)the structure and meaning of conversations are understood through detailed transcripts of conversations
E)conversations must be coded just like any other data

Question 31

Quincy did a qualitative study in which he wanted to learn everything about all the factors that led the football team captain to become involved in that extracurricular activity.Which one of the following did he perform?

A)variable-oriented analysis
B)case-oriented analysis
C)cross-case analysis
D)semiotics
E)content analysis

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that computers are used in qualitative research?

A)Computers are used to create theory.
B)Computers are used for the basic recording and storing of data.
C)Computers are used to "find" or "search" for passages containing keywords.
D)Computers are used to type code words alongside passages in notes.
E)Computers are used to do editing.

Question 33

Dave struggled to make sense of all his data in his study of motorcycle gangs.He decided to put all his concepts in a graphical format in order to think out the relationships among his concepts more clearly.He was using

A)memoing.
B)conversation analysis.
C)a sorting memo.
D)concept mapping.
E)content analysis

Question 34

Which type of notes identify the code labels and their meanings?

A)theoretical notes
B)operational notes
C)code notes
D)elemental memos
E)content notes

Question 35

Alicianna examined the levels of competition among high school students.Which way of looking for patterns does this example reflect?

A)frequencies
B)magnitudes
C)structures
D)processes
E)content analysis

Question 36

The primary goal in qualitative research is

A)explanation.
B)description.
C)exploration.
D)doing cross-sectional studies.
E)evaluation

Question 37

Conversation analysis is most closely linked with which theoretical paradigm?

A)naturalism
B)conflict
C)ethnomethodology
D)structural functionalism
E)quantitative methods

Question 38

When interviewing police officers,Professor Goldstein noticed many of the older officers referred to the concept of the "symbolic assailant" when profiling.The professor wondered why they specifically used the term "assailant" instead of something similar such as "criminal".His memos are:

A) semiotic notes.
B) integrating memos.
C) theoretical notes.
D) code notes.
E) operational notes.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental assumption of conversation analysis?

A)conversation is a socially structured activity
B)conversations include established rules of behavior
C)the same utterance should have the same meaning in a different context
D)pauses in conversation are as important as the words in a conversation
E)non-verbal elements of a conversation are an important element..

Question 40

If Professor Li were studying if foster parents who have foster children officially adopt them after time has elapsed,she would be examining:

A) structures..
B) frequencies.
C) causes.
D) magnitudes.
E) processes.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a standard on which to evaluate the quality of qualitative research?

A)how credible are the findings?
B)how closely does the research support the reader's beliefs
C)how well was data collection carried out?
D)how clear and coherent is the reporting?
E)how adequately is the research process documented?

Question 42

Which of the following are major ethical issues that are of concern in the analysis and reporting of qualitative research?

A)subjective judgment
B)nonrepresentative sampling
C)protecting subjects' privacy
D)objective judgment and representative sampling
E)subjective judgment and nonrepresentative sampling

Question 43

Which of the following identifies the code labels and their meanings?

A)code notes
B)theoretical notes
C)operational notes
D)elemental memo
E)sorting memo

Question 44

Landry did a study of preschoolers in which he listened to their interactions with each other during breaks.He was particularly concerned with understanding the contexts of these interactions,and he saw them as socially structured activities.As part of his analyses,he kept detailed notes on methodological issues.Which type of notes did he use?

A)code notes
B)operational
C)theoretical
D)integrating
E)semiotics

Question 45

A qualitative research study to determine why kids join gangs focuses heavily on understanding things such as career opportunities,education,family support,and social support.This would be an example of

A) variable-oriented analysis.
B) case-oriented analysis.
C) cross-case analysis.
D) outcome analysis.
E) time-series analysis.

Question 46

Landry did a study of preschoolers in which he listened to their interactions with each other during breaks.He was particularly concerned with understanding the contexts of these interactions,and he saw them as socially structured activities.Which one of the following would be the best to use?

A)grounded theory
B)semiotics
C)conversation analysis
D)memoing
E)case studies

Question 47

Performing a study on the social interactions between office workers on breaks,Marshall was curious to understand the context of these interactions,as well as how many were related ot the workplace or that were personal.As part of his observation he kept detailed notes on the methodological issues he faced.What type of notes would these be?

A) semiotics.
B) operational.
C) theoretical.
D) integrating.
E) code notes.

Question 48

Rodriguez compiled voluminous notes during his qualitative study of the rise and fall of a recycling center in town.He must now begin classifying or categorizing individual pieces of data and set up a retrieval system so that he can begin analysis.He decides to code his notes into "getting started," "success/failure," and "conflict." As part of the coding process,he breaks the data down into discrete parts,closely examines them,looks for similarities and dissimilarities,and asks relevant questions about his phenomena as seen in the data.This process is known as

A)case-oriented analysis.
B)cross case-oriented analysis.
C)memoing.
D)open coding.
E)content analysis

Question 49

In the coding process,which type is traditionally the first a qualitative researcher will use?

A)open coding
B)axial coding
C)selective coding
D)memo coding
E)introductory coding

Question 50

The main purpose of qualitative research is to observe the _________ meanings of phenomena in terms of the people experiencing it.

A)objective
B)neutral
C)subjective
D)independent
E)dependent

Question 51

Roderick is interested in studying the link between types of flowers and the meaning behind the different types of flowers (e.g.roses indicate love and affection).He is utilizing which of the following methods?

A)grounded theory
B)constant comparative
C)semiotics
D)floral analysis
E)variable analysis

Question 52

Which of the following is a major ethical concern for researchers working with qualitative data?

A)data mining
B)harm to subjects
C)confidentiality
D)hypothesis tampering
E)qualitative research is immune to ethical concerns

Question 53

As he begins to analyze his qualitative data set,Chip begins to make a series of notes about each case he reads over.What process is he currently performing?

A)selective coding
B)axial coding
C)transcription
D)memoing
E)mapping

Question 54

Bill is putting together diagrams to demonstrate how the concepts within his qualitative research study of correctional officer attitudes towards inmates.What process is he engaged in?

A)memoing
B)concept mapping
C)transcription
D)axial coding
E)selective coding

Question 55

To assist with consistency in coding,it is helpful to develop

A)a computer program to do your coding for you.
B)a codebook that shows how each variable is coded into numeric format.
C)highly refined skills.
D)a very good memory.
E)discipline to memorize all the different codes.

Question 56

After sorting through many notes and interview transcripts with the staff of a local soup kitchen,Juanita now must begin classifying and categorizing this into data that can be analyzed.What step will she be doing at this point?

A) concept mapping.
B) memoing.
C) transformation.
D) semiotics.
E) coding.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT an example of qualitative data analysis software?

A)Netscape Navigator
B)Nvivo
C)Ethnograph
D)T-Lab
E)SPAD

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT one of the questions to ask when assessing the quality of qualitative research?

A)How credible are the findings?
B)How well is the eventual sample composition and coverage described?
C)How well are the context of data sources retained and portrayed?
D)Are the results generalizable to other populations?
E)How clear is the basis for evaluative appraisal?

Question 59

Linda is interested in the topic of domestic violence.She is interested in studying the similarities and differences in the interaction styles of couples who are in domestic violent relationships and those couples who are not in domestic violent relationships.She will most likely be conducting

A)grounded theory research.
B)constant comparative research.
C)semiotics research.
D)conversation analysis.
E)variable analysis.

Question 60

___________ is the step of coding in which a researcher identifies the central concept underlying the research.

A)Open coding
B)Axial coding
C)Selective coding
D)Specific coding
E)Labeling categories

Question 61

Open coding refers to the initial classification and labeling of concepts.

Question 62

Conversational analysts look only at the structure of communication.

Question 63

The search for the intentional or unintentional meanings attached to signs is called semiotics.

Question 64

Judging the quality of qualitative research is easier than judging the quality of quantitative research.

Question 65

It is nearly impossible to use any statistical analysis if you have collected qualitative data.

Question 66

Qualitative analysis requires the conversion of social research data into a numerical format.

Question 67

Data collection,analysis,and theory are more intimately intertwined in qualitative analysis than in quantitative analysis.

Question 68

The concept is the organizing principle for qualitative coding.

Question 69

Qualitative data processing is both a science and an art.

Question 70

Qualitative analysis is easily taught as a series of rote procedures.

Question 71

Qualitative research is undertaken for descriptive purposes never for explanatory purposes.

Question 72

Memoing provides the researchers with structured ways to examine the data and the coded text.

Question 73

Hendal conducted qualitative research to learn all of the factors that lead police officers to move into that career.Which one of the following did he perform?

A) case-oriented analysis.
B) cross-case analysis.
C) semiotics.
D) content analysis.
E) variable-oriented analysis.

Question 74

Qualitative and quantitative methods cannot be used in the same research project.

Question 75

The utility of case-oriented analysis is the fact that one case can make theory.

Question 76

It is easy to look for and download Qualitative Data Analysis programs online.

Question 77

Variable-oriented research is similar to the nomothetic model of explanation.

Question 78

Memoing is the process of writing notes that define and clarify the coding process.

Question 79

Case-oriented analysis is more valuable in qualitative research than variable-oriented research.

Question 80

Concept mapping is appropriate for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.