Deck 1: Epidemiology As a Basis for Informing Contemporary Physical Therapy Practice

Question 1

Evidence-based noninvasive interventions that address lifestyle-related conditions and are consistent with the needs of contemporary PT practice include smoking abstinence,good nutrition,weight control,exercise and:

A) monitoring blood hemoglobin values.
B) stress management.
C) psychological counseling.
D) vocational training.

Answer 1

B
PTs may consider stress management in their approach with patients; the other interventions listed are outside PT practice and involve referral to another provider.

Question 2

Interventions shown to reduce the risk by 50% to 60% of developing type 2 diabetes among high-risk populations include moderate physical activity,a balanced diet and:

A) resistance training.
B) alcohol abstinence.
C) balance training.
D) weight loss.

Answer 2

D
Moderate physical activity,a balanced diet,and weight loss have powerful effects on reducing and even reversing risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Question 3

Because of the dire consequences of hypertension,the American Heart Association advocates stringent blood pressure limits irrespective of age,specifically,below:

A) 130/85 mm Hg.
B) 130/80 mm Hg.
C) 140/85 mm Hg.
D) 140/80 mm Hg.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

One of the concepts of the health belief model is self-efficacy,which is defined as:

A) confidence in one's ability to take action.
B) one's belief in the seriousness of a condition.
C) strategies to activate "readiness."
D) one's belief of the chances of getting a condition.

Question 5

The leading cause of premature mortality and disability in industrialized countries is:

A) cancer.
B) diabetes.
C) obstructive lung disease.
D) ischemic heart disease.

Question 6

An individual entering the health care system presents with insulin resistance,high blood pressure,elevated triglycerides and cholesterol,and obesity.What is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Genetic syndrome
B) Cardiac syndrome
C) Metabolic syndrome
D) Stockholm syndrome

Question 7

Sedentary activity is common today with adults and children sitting for long periods of time in front of computers and televisions.Which one of the following statements is accurate when discussing physical activity and exercise recommendations with your client or patient?

A) Prolonged periods of being sedentary are associated with greater risk than multiple short periods of sedentary behavior (i.e., breaks in sedentary time).
B) Sedentary behavior in early childhood is not associated with similar behaviors in adolescence and adulthood.
C) The U.S. Surgeon General recommends 15 minutes of moderately intense exercise on 3 days of the week, with an accumulated duration of 100 minutes a week.
D) Generally, 5000 steps a day is consistent with an active lifestyle.

Question 8

Modifiable risk factors for ischemic heart disease include increased cholesterol,increased homocysteine,smoking,inactivity,high blood pressure,weight,and:

A) diabetes and stress.
B) diabetes and osteoarthritis.
C) age and family history.
D) sex and past medical history.

Question 9

This past century,health care priorities have shifted from prevention and management of acute infectious diseases to prevention and management of lifestyle-related conditions.Examples of these lifestyle-related conditions are:

A) multiple sclerosis and stroke.
B) osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
C) hypertension and stroke.
D) hearing and vision loss.

Question 10

Despite considerable understanding of stroke risk factors,the success of blood pressure control has been reported to be less than what percentage in people with hypertension?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 11

As with ischemic heart disease,risk factors for high blood pressure consist of nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors.Modifiable risk factors include:

A) alcohol consumption and reduced physical activity.
B) alcohol consumption and age.
C) obesity and age.
D) obesity and race.

Question 12

Comprehensive management of an individual regardless of age who is overweight and has abnormal blood sugars includes which of the following approaches for the physical therapy practitioner?

A) Weight reduction and spiritual counseling
B) Blood pressure control and work-capacity evaluations
C) Regular physical activity and exercise recommendations
D) Vision and hearing screening and avoidance of tobacco

Question 13

The leading cause and contributor to chronic conditions and premature death in the United States is:

A) smoking, with poor diet and sedentary lifestyle anticipated soon to overtake smoking.
B) diabetes, with smoking and ischemic heart disease as second.
C) ischemic heart disease and cancer.
D) smoking, with cancer and stroke anticipated soon to overtake smoking.

Question 14

The higher risk of cardiovascular disease in Latina women compared with white American women has been attributed to the higher incidence among them of:

A) hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
B) hypertension and smoking.
C) obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
D) obesity and smoking.

Question 15

The World Health Organization definition of health encompasses which of the following dimensions?

A) Physical and emotional well-being and home environment
B) Emotional, physical, and educational well-being
C) Physical, emotional, and social well-being
D) Emotional, physical, and cultural well-being

Question 16

Lifestyle-related conditions can no longer be considered adult conditions or age related because children with sedentary lifestyles,low activity levels,and poor nutrition are manifesting lifestyle-related conditions earlier than previous generations and are expected to:

A) die prematurely from them but still have longer life expectancies than their parents.
B) have less morbidity associated with these conditions throughout their lives.
C) have fewer age-related conditions and add more years to their lives.
D) die prematurely from them and have shorter life expectancies than their parents.

Question 17

The International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health (ICF)model interrelates body functions,activity,and participation in life.A problem with the biomedical model,a predecessor to the ICF,in managing the leading health care priorities has been its focus on the individual's:

A) impairments, i.e., body functions and structures.
B) impairments, i.e., activity.
C) impairments, i.e., participation in life.
D) activity and participation in life, i.e., impairments.

Question 18

Major modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease include smoking,physical inactivity,obesity,high blood pressure,and:

A) sick sinus syndrome.
B) elevated glucose levels.
C) genetic cardiac markers.
D) dietary calcium levels.

Question 19

Tools that can be used diagnostically and to evaluate response to physical therapy interventions on diet and exercise to effect optimal weight include:

A) waist-to-hip ratio and functional reach test.
B) body mass index and waist and hip girth measures.
C) waist and hip girth measures and blood pressure.
D) body weight and accelerometry counts.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about smoking-related conditions is correct?

A) Smoking is the second leading cause of preventable death in the world, including the United States.
B) In the United States, COPD ranks second behind ischemic heart disease the leading cause of mortality.
C) Long-term smokers have lower incidences of all-cause morbidity and mortality.
D) Smoking cessation is the most cost-effective intervention for smokers with heart disease in terms of risk reduction.

Question 21

Failure of traditional models of health education in reducing the prevalence of lifestyle-related conditions and their risk factors has been thought to be attributable to:

A) the personal, bidirectional model of delivery.
B) establishing rapport, trust, commitment, and follow-up.
C) understanding beliefs, timing, readiness to change, and barriers.
D) a unidirectional model of information delivery.

Question 22

Various theories have been proposed to explain people's health choices and to promote improved health behaviors.Which model helps to identify the readiness of an individual to change so that interventions can be tailored and timed with an individual's readiness to interact with the information,thereby enhancing outcomes?

A) Health beliefs model
B) Reasoned action or planned behavior model
C) Transtheoretical model
D) Cognitive and behavior-modification model