Deck 8: A: Cognition and Language

Question 1

Researchers have identified a recessive gene that is responsible for most cases of attention deficit disorder.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

An ostrich is a prototype for the category "bird."​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Expert chess players and beginners study a chessboard for five seconds and are then asked to recall the position of the pieces on the board.Regardless of how the pieces are arranged,experts demonstrate significantly better memory than the beginners.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Behavioral methods are often useful for helping people with attention deficit disorder.

Question 5

Becoming an expert in a field requires thousands of hours of practice.​

Question 6

Anyone who devotes 10,000 hours to practicing something will become an expert at it.

Question 7

​People are most likely to be overconfident of their answers when they are answering highly difficult questions.

Question 8

​Psychologists can learn why people made their decisions simply by asking them.

Question 9

Research on the framing effect shows that people tend to choose the risky strategy when considering gains and avoid taking risks when considering losses.

Question 10

​When people imagine whether one object could rotate to match another object,we can use a graph to predict how long they will think about it before answering.

Question 11

​People can do two unrelated tasks at the same time just as easily as doing one.

Question 12

System 1 thinking relies on heuristics to simplify problems.​

Question 13

Compared to satisficers,maximizers tend to make better choices but be less pleased with their choices.​

Question 14

Writing a question in a font that is difficult to read increases people's chance of correctly answering a tricky question.

Question 15

​Certain items catch your attention just as fast in the midst of many distractors as if there were few or none.

Question 16

To shift your attention from one item to another,you have to move your eyes.

Question 17

​Measurements of brain activity and examination of the chromosomes can aid in determining whether someone has attention deficit disorder.

Question 18

​Immediately after attending to one thing,you are likely to miss something else.

Question 19

Talking on a cell phone distracts a driver,and so does listening to a passenger who is talking on a cell phone.

Question 20

​The representativeness heuristic most often leads to error when people are dealing with rare events.

Question 21

​It is easier to read a briefly presented letter that is part of a word than the same letter in isolation.

Question 22

​People with Wernicke's aphasia speak fluently and grammatically,but they have trouble remembering the names of objects,and their language comprehension is poor.

Question 23

Deaf children who don't get an opportunity to learn language when they are young can catch up later.​

Question 24

Bonobos have shown more capacity for language than other nonhuman mammals have.​

Question 25

​One type of brain damage impairs language comprehension and another impairs language production.

Question 26

Transformational grammar is a system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure.​

Question 27

Some people who have mental retardation in other ways develop good use of language.​

Question 28

Old people who spend much time doing crossword puzzles improve their memory for activities of daily life.​

Question 29

​Failure to detect changes in part of a scene is known as change ________.

Question 30

​How fast young children progress through stages of language development depends mainly on how often they hear their parents and other people talking.

Question 31

Thinking about a concept will activate,or prime,the concepts linked to it through a process called __________ activation.​

Question 32

If you can identify something immediately,regardless of how many distractors are present,you are relying on a(n)_________ process.​

Question 33

​Bilingual children show impairment of their attention in several regards.

Question 34

People who are easily distracted,impulsive,moody,and unlikely to follow through on their plans are said to have __________ disorder.​

Question 35

​The most typical or familiar examples of a category are known as __________.

Question 36

Attention deficit disorder is treated by behavioral methods or by drugs.The most frequently used category of drugs is _______​

Question 37

​We read both during eye fixations and during the eye movements between fixations.

Question 38

People who look at words find it difficult to say the color of ink of each word,instead of reading the words themselves.This result is known as the __________.​

Question 39

Chimpanzees are unable to make the sounds that humans use in speech.

Question 40

​The main reason why humans have language and other species don't is that humans have larger brains.

Question 41

Many people will answer a question differently if it is phrased in terms of saving lives or if it is phrased in terms of avoiding the loss of lives.This tendency is called the ______ effect.​

Question 42

A unit of sound is called a phoneme.A unit of meaning is a _____.

Question 43

The condition marked by surprisingly good language despite mental retardation in several other regards is _________ syndrome.​

Question 44

A particular item seems similar to members of a particular category.If you therefore assume that it is a member of that category (even if it is a rare category),you are using the _______ heuristic.

Question 45

If you are asked whether one object could be rotated to match another one,you say you answered it by picturing its motion in your head.What evidence did Shepard and Metzler produce to show that your process really is like watching something move?​

Question 46

When you carefully attend to a question,using mathematical calculations or carefully evaluating the evidence,you are using System ___.​

Question 47

Improving a skill by studying or practicing something very different from it is known as ____ transfer.​

Question 48

The nonhuman species that has shown the greatest progress in learning human-type communication is the _____.​

Question 49

If a stroke causes poor speech comprehension and poor ability to remember nouns,despite fluent and grammatical speech,the condition is known as __________ aphasia.

Question 50

A mechanical,repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called a(n)__________.​

Question 51

Strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation are called __________.​

Question 52

If you quickly answer an easy question (or one you assume is easy)without giving it much thought,you are using System ___.​

Question 53

​If you assume something is common just because you can easily think of a few examples of it,you are using the _______ heuristic.

Question 54

People usually identify a letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself.This is known as the _____ _____ effect.​

Question 55

If a stroke causes inarticulate speech and difficulty using and understanding grammatical devices,the condition is known as __________ aphasia.

Question 56

In making decisions,searching only until you find something that is good enough is called _____.​

Question 57

The tendency to look for evidence to support what you already believe is the ______ bias.​

Question 58

Many people will do something they don't expect to enjoy (such as attend a game during miserable weather)because they don't want to waste the money they already spent.This tendency is called the ____ ____ effect​

Question 59

What is the difference between preattentive processes and attentive processes (other than the obvious fact that one requires attention and the other doesn't)?​

Question 60

In making decisions,thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one is called _____.​

Question 61

Individuals sometimes face a choice among a huge number of options.For example,when you go to a library to check out a book,do you go through every book to find the perfect book for your mood or do you browse several books until you find one that looks interesting? People generally follow two strategies: maximizing and satisficing.Define each term and describe which of the above scenarios goes with each.

Question 62

​What is the Stroop effect?

Question 63

One hypothesis about language is that humans evolved language as an accidental by-product of evolving overall intelligence.What evidence argues against that hypothesis?​

Question 64

What is the difference between System 1 and System 2 in thinking and problem solving?​

Question 65

What evidence indicates that young children who are just learning to talk are already learning the grammatical rules of the language?​

Question 66

Define the concept of heuristics.In addition,define availability heuristic and representative heuristic and give an example of each type of heuristic.