Deck 5: Development

Question 1

Which type of study might compare children to their parents and grandparents?​

A)Sequential​
B)​Longitudinal
C)​Cross-sectional
D)​Prospective

Answer 1

​Cross-sectional

Question 2

A psychologist poses some questions to 12-year-olds,and compares their responses to the same questions at age 18.This study follows which design?​

A)Cross-sectional
B)​Longitudinal
C)​Retrospective
D)​Double-blind

Answer 2

​Longitudinal

Question 3

What is meant by a longitudinal design?​

A)A study of several ages in several cultures, at either the same or different times​
B)​A study of one group of people at several times as they grow older
C)​A study of people differing in age, at one point in time
D)​A study of one group of people to different people of a different age at a different time

Answer 3

​A study of one group of people at several times as they grow older

Question 4

A psychologist wishes to study whether students who do well on the first test also do well on the final exam.What type of research does this question require?​

A)A single-blind experiment
B)​A double-blind experiment
C)​A longitudinal study
D)​A cross-sectional study

Question 5

A cross-sectional research study of development examines what?​

A)People of different ages, at the same time
B)​People of different cultures, at the same time
C)​One group of people, repeatedly as they grow older
D)​Many types of behavior, for one group at one time

Question 6

A psychologist compares children's reading ability on the first day of school to their ability on the last day.What type of research is this?​

A)Single-blind
B)​Double-blind
C)​Cross-sectional
D)​Longitudinal

Question 7

If you were conducting a cross-sectional study of development,what would you do?​

A)Compare people to monkeys and chimpanzees.
B)​Compare people from several cultures.
C)​Compare a group at one time to the same group at a later time.
D)​Compare people of different ages at the same time.

Question 8

A researcher studies people of different ages at the same time in which type of study?​

A)Prospective
B)​Longitudinal
C)​Cross-cultural
D)​Cross-sectional

Question 9

Someone finds that people's personality at age 20 correlates highly with their personality at age 30.This research must have used which type of design?​

A)Single-blind
B)​Double-blind
C)​Longitudinal
D)​Cross-sectional

Question 10

A researcher studies one group as they grow older in which type of study?​

A)Retrospective
B)​Longitudinal
C)​Cross-cultural
D)​Cross-sectional

Question 11

A longitudinal research study of development examines what?​

A)People of different ages, at the same time
B)​People of different cultures, at the same time
C)​One group of people, repeatedly as they grow older
D)​Many types of behavior, for one group at one time

Question 12

A researcher studies 5-year-olds and then studies them again 2 and 4 years later.What kind of research design is this?​

A)Retrospective​
B)​Psychoanalytic
C)​Longitudinal
D)​Cross-sectional

Question 13

Some researchers want to compare 60-year-olds to 80-year-olds,but they worry about finding similar groups of people.Which design would be best for minimizing that problem?​

A)Cross-sectional
B)​Longitudinal
C)​Single-blind
D)​Double-blind

Question 14

A psychologist compared the drawings of 4-year-olds to those of their older brothers and sisters.This is an example of which kind of study?​

A)Longitudinal​
B)​Cross-sectional
C)​Projective
D)​Implicit

Question 15

Infants who cry easily are likely to grow up to have much anxiety in adulthood.That statement must be based on which kind of study?​

A)Longitudinal
B)​Cross-sectional
C)​Single-blind
D)​Double-blind

Question 16

A psychologist compares the attitudes of students and their parents at approximately the same time.What type of research is this?​

A)Longitudinal​
B)​Cross-sectional
C)​Single-blind
D)​Double-blind

Question 17

A researcher surveys people at one time and compares the answers for people of different ages.Which kind of research design is this?​

A)Cross-sectional​
B)​Longitudinal
C)​Retrospective
D)​Prospective

Question 18

An investigator tests children at age 4 and again at ages 6,8,and 10.What type of research is this?​

A)Cross-cultural
B)​Cross-sectional
C)​Longitudinal
D)​Sequential

Question 19

What is meant by a cross-sectional design?​

A)A study of several ages in several cultures, at either the same or different times
B)​A study of one group of people at several times as they grow older
C)​A study of people differing in age, at one point in time
D)​A study of one group of people to different people of a different age at a different time

Question 20

If you were conducting a longitudinal study of development,what would you do?​

A)Compare people to monkeys and chimpanzees.
B)​Compare people from several cultures.
C)​Compare a group at one time to the same group at a later time.
D)​Compare people of different ages at the same time.

Question 21

What does the term cohort mean?​

A)A group of people who are close to average in most regards
B)​A representative sample of the total population
C)​The people who refused to volunteer for an experiment
D)​The people who were born during a particular time

Question 22

​What type of research study,if any,is most strongly influenced by cohort effects?

A)Longitudinal research
B)​Cross-sectional research
C)​Longitudinal and cross-sectional research equally
D)​Neither longitudinal nor cross-sectional research

Question 23

Which of these helps explain why most college seniors have higher grade averages than freshmen?​

A)Demand characteristics​
B)​Selective attrition
C)​Concrete operations
D)​Theory of mind

Question 24

Comparing people from different birth cohorts at the same time is which kind of study?​

A)Retrospective
B)​Introspective
C)​Cross-sectional
D)​Longitudinal

Question 25

The ways in which people of different generations differ from one another are considered to be what?​

A)Cohort effects
B)​Negative aftereffects
C)​Adaptation effects
D)​Reinforcement effects

Question 26

Which of the following studies would be impossible to answer by a cross-sectional study?​

A)How many 6-year-olds and 12-year-olds have friends of the opposite sex?​
B)​How do 6-year-olds and 12-year-olds react when a friend becomes abusive?
C)​Do 12-year-olds generally have more friends, or fewer, than 6-year-olds?
D)​Do children with many friends at age 6 also have many friends at age 12?

Question 27

When might a researcher find a "cohort effect"?​

A)If a researcher compares the same people before and after a traumatic event
B)​If a researcher compares people who were born in different eras
C)​If a researcher compares people who have different hobbies and interests
D)​If a researcher compares people of different heights and weights

Question 28

If people differ because of a "cohort effect," what caused the difference?​

A)Genetic variations in the proteins that guide brain development
B)​The way in which investigators measured a behavior
C)​The historical era in which people grew up
D)​Physical injuries or illnesses

Question 29

What people are in the "same cohort" as you?​

A)People who live in the same region as you​
B)​People whose interests are similar to yours
C)​People who are about the same age as you
D)​People who speak the same language or dialect as you

Question 30

Which of these observations is probably due to a difference in cohorts?​

A)Most of today's 20-year-olds have quicker reaction times than their grandparents.
B)​Most of today's 20-year-olds have less money saved or invested than their grandparents.
C)​Most of today's 20-year-olds know less than their grandparents about the Vietnam War.
D)​Most of today's 20-year-olds attend dances and movies more than their grandparents.

Question 31

Most 60-year-olds prefer different music than 20-year-olds.One interpretation is that people's preferences change as they grow older.What is another interpretation?​

A)The differences are due to dishabituation.​
B)​The differences represent a cohort effect.
C)​The differences are due to equilibration.
D)​The differences represent the zone of proximal development. 

Question 32

Why is a sequential design desirable,when possible?​

A)It separates the contributions of heredity and environment.​
B)​It eliminates the ethical concerns that plague other research methods.
C)​Its results apply to cultures throughout the world.
D)​It combines the strengths of cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.

Question 33

Most young adults today use social networks more than their parents,who use more than the grandparents.Which of these is the probable reason?​

A)Dishabituation
B)​Midlife transition
C)​Demand characteristics
D)​A cohort effect

Question 34

When is the problem of selective attrition most likely to arise?​

A)In long-term studies
B)​In research with more than one animal species
C)​In double-blind experiments
D)​In experiments about vision or hearing

Question 35

What is meant by selective attrition?​

A)Some participants fail to answer all the questions on a survey.​
B)​Some participants respond to demand characteristics, and others don't.
C)​Those who volunteer for a study may be unrepresentative of the population.
D)​Some participants quit before the study finishes.

Question 36

Which of the following is the clearest example of a cohort effect?​

A)Most young adults have better computer skills than their grandparents.
B)​Most young adults play vigorous sports more often than their grandparents.
C)​Most young adults have better short-term memory than their grandparents.
D)​Most young adults like to stay up later at night than their grandparents do.

Question 37

What is one advantage of a cross-sectional study over a longitudinal study?​

A)The results apply to all human cultures.​
B)​The participants do not have to give informed consent.
C)​All participants are in the same cohort.
D)​The study is completed more quickly.

Question 38

What do we call research that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methods?​

A)Sequential
B)​Simultaneous
C)​Retrospective
D)​Contemporary

Question 39

Psychologists study some 5-year-olds,7-year-olds,and 9-year-olds.They study the same groups two years later,and again another two years later.What type of research is this?​

A)Retrospective
B)​Cross-sectional
C)​Longitudinal
D)​Sequential

Question 40

In which type(s)of study do researchers have to be concerned about selective attrition (the problem that some participants drop out before the study is complete)?​

A)Longitudinal study
B)​Cross-sectional study
C)​Both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, but mainly cross-sectional
D)​Neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal studies

Question 41

What evidence,if any,shows that newborn infants hear a difference between "ba" and "pa"?​

A)Infants often copy these sounds.
B)​After habituating to "ba," an infant sucks harder after hearing "pa."
C)​Infants smile when they hear "ba" but frown when they hear "pa."
D)​No evidence supports this conclusion.

Question 42

What evidence indicates that newborn infants can distinguish between the sounds "ba" and "pa"?​

A)The sound "pa" causes a heart rate increase, and "ba" causes a decrease.
B)​After habituating to one sound, they dishabituate when they hear the other one.
C)​Their babbling includes both of these sounds at different times.
D)​They turn their heads toward "ba" but not toward "pa."

Question 43

​An infant responds less and less to a repeated sound,but increases its response to a slightly changed sound.What term applies to this increase of response?

A)Accommodation
B)​Habituation
C)​Dishabituation
D)​Desensitization

Question 44

At what age do people begin to yawn and hiccup?​

A)Before birth
B)​During early infancy
C)​At about age one year
D)​At about the age when children start to talk

Question 45

How do infants acquire a fear of crawling over unsafe edges?​

A)They develop the fear at a certain age, regardless of any experience.
B)​They develop the fear only after falling and getting hurt.
C)​They develop the fear only after their parents teach them to be afraid.
D)​They develop the fear after a couple weeks of crawling.

Question 46

After infants learn not to crawl off ledges,why is it misleading to say they learned a fear of heights?​

A)They show no fear when being held over a great height.
B)​When they start walking, they have to learn again not to step off ledges.
C)​They don't seem afraid when they watch something else fall.
D)​At this age, they are afraid of everything.

Question 47

​Does a newborn infant look longer at one type of display or another? If so,what?

A)An infant looks longest at a page that is all one color.
B)​An infant looks longest at a face or a drawing of a face.
C)​An infant looks longest at a straight black line.
D)​An infant looks equally at any display.

Question 48

How does alcohol lead to the behavioral problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?​

A)It prevents the transmission of inhibitory synaptic messages.
B)​It causes too much myelin to form around the axons in the brain.
C)​It causes some neurons that get too little stimulation to self-destruct.
D)​It prevents oxygen and nutrition from reaching the brain of the fetus.

Question 49

An investigator plays the sound "ba" until an infant habituates.Then the investigator switches to the sound "pa." What is the investigator probably trying to determine?​

A)Which sound, if either, can an infant imitate?
B)​Do infants remember sounds as well as they remember sights?
C)​Does the infant hear a difference between the sounds?

Question 50

​Before infants can do much,psychologists can test their hearing by measuring which behavior?

A)Babbling
B)​Sucking
C)​Hand grasp
D)​Urination

Question 51

​How does drinking alcohol during pregnancy endanger a developing fetus?

A)It prevents oxygen from crossing through the placenta to the fetus.
B)​It decreases the excitation of neurons in the fetus's brain.
C)​It stimulates the mother's abdominal muscles, leading to premature birth.
D)​It changes the ratio of sodium to potassium within axons.

Question 52

An infant increases its sucking rate when it hears a sound.After repetitions of that sound,the sucking rate declines.What term applies to this decrease of response?​

A)Sensitization
B)​Habituation
C)​Dishabituation
D)​Confabulation

Question 53

​An infant shows habituation after repetitions of the sound "ba." When the sound shifts to "pa," the infant increases responses.What do psychologists infer?

A)The infant hears a difference between the two sounds.
B)​The infant prefers "pa" to "ba."
C)​The infant prefers "ba" to "pa."
D)​The infant is learning to imitate these sounds.

Question 54

​Infants less than 3 days old sucked on a nipple to hear their mother's voice or another woman's voice.What happened?

A)They sucked more when they could hear the other woman.
B)​They sucked more when they could hear their mother.
C)​They sucked vigorously but equally for either voice.
D)​They stopped sucking whenever they heard either woman's voice.

Question 55

When infants look at a picture of a face,does it matter how realistic the picture is?​

A)Any display that remotely resembles a face is equally effective in gaining attention.
B)​Any drawing with a smile is effective, but the face must be smiling.
C)​Any drawing with the eyes toward the top is effective.
D)​The picture must be detailed and realistic to gain the infant's attention.

Question 56

A researcher played the sounds "ba-ba-ba-ba-ba ..." until infants' response habituated,and then substituted "pa." What happened to the infants' responses,and what conclusion follows?​

A)Their responses increased. Conclusion: They prefer "pa" to "ba."
B)​Their responses increased. Conclusion: They hear a difference between the sounds.
C)​Their responses stayed the same. Conclusion: They cannot tell the difference.
D)​Their responses decreased. Conclusion: They prefer "ba" to "pa."

Question 57

​Which of these attracts the most attention by a 2-day-old human infant?

A)A drawing of a face
B)​Narrow diagonal black and white stripes
C)​A solid red page
D)​A square

Question 58

​Which of these best describes the developing ability to recognize faces?

A)Infants are born with full ability to recognize one face from another.
B)​A 6-month-old shows some recognition, but the ability continues developing for years.
C)​The ability to recognize faces appears suddenly, at about the time children start talking.

Question 59

​What causes a human fetus's first muscle movements?

A)Touch stimuli cause them.
B)​Visual stimuli cause them.
C)​Sounds cause them.
D)​The brain causes them without any stimuli.

Question 60

Suppose an infant habituates to the sound "ba" and fails to change its sucking rate when we substitute the sound "bla." What interpretation would follow from this result?​

A)The infant hears a difference between the sounds.
B)​The infant does not hear a difference between the sounds.
C)​The infant prefers the sound "ba."
D)​The infant prefers the sound "bla."

Question 61

According to Piaget,what are the main elements in a child's cognitive development?​

A)Assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration
B)​Sensation and memorization
C)​Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
D)​Habituation and dishabituation

Question 62

​Suppose a newborn sucks to hear its father's voice.When the response habituates,the experimenters substitute a different man's voice.What do we infer if the sucking rate increases?

A)The newborn prefers the sound of women's voices.
B)​The newborn prefers the sound of the father's voice.
C)​The newborn does not hear a difference between the voices.
D)​The newborn hears a difference between the voices.

Question 63

Which of these best describes Piaget's view of children's cognitive development?​

A)Children have to develop socially and emotionally before they develop cognitively.
B)​Children's cognitive development depends mostly on memorization.
C)​Children's thinking is qualitatively different from that of adults.
D)​Children think like adults, except that they are slower and less confident.

Question 64

What evidence do we have that babies can hear,even in the first 3 days after birth?​

A)The words they hear in the first 3 days enter their vocabulary sooner than average.
B)​They babble more loudly in a loud room than in a quiet room.
C)​They respond differently to their mother's voice than to that of other women.
D)​They kick their legs in time with the rhythm of any song they hear.

Question 65

​Which of these did Piaget say about stages of intellectual development?

A)Some children skip over one of the intermediate stages.
B)​Everyone goes through the same stages in the same order.
C)​The stages of development vary sharply from one culture to another.
D)​People generally take a step backward at adolescence before making further progress.

Question 66

What evidence (if any)indicates that infants less than 3 days old can recognize their mother's voice?​

A)They attempt to imitate their mother's voice, but not that of any other woman.
B)​They suck more vigorously to turn on a recording of their mother's voice.
C)​They habituate more rapidly to hearing their mother's voice than that of another woman.
D)​No evidence indicates that infants can recognize their mother's voice.

Question 67

​What evidence,if any,shows that infants remember melodies they heard before birth?

A)Hearing that melody changes the infants' heart rate.
B)​The infants sometimes hum that melody spontaneously.
C)​The infants can learn to imitate that melody more easily than other melodies.
D)​No evidence supports this ridiculous statement.

Question 68

​In Piaget's terminology,what is a schema?

A)An expectation about other people's behavior
B)​A change in brain activity
C)​A way of interacting with objects
D)​An item in visual or auditory memory

Question 69

​If a child tries to change a photo on the wall with a remote control,what is she displaying?
If a child tries to change a photo on the wall with a remote control,what is she displaying?

A)Object permanence
B)​Dishabituation
C)​Assimilation 
D)​Accommodation 

Question 70

What evidence shows that a newborn prefers the sound of his/her mother's voice?​

A)A newborn sucks harder if sucking turns on the sound of the mother's voice.
B)​A newborn turns its head toward the mother's voice, but not toward other voices.
C)​Hearing the mother's voice elicits a smile, but other voices do not.
D)​Hearing the mother's voice helps the infant go to sleep.

Question 71

​Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characteristic of infants?

A)The formal operations stage
B)​The preoperational stage
C)​The concrete operations stage
D)​The sensorimotor stage

Question 72

Suppose a newborn sucks to hear its father's voice.When the response habituates,the experimenters substitute a different man's voice.What do we infer if the sucking rate remains the same?​
The newborn hears a difference between the voices.

A)The newborn prefers the sound of women's voices.
B)​The newborn prefers the sound of the father's voice.
C)​The newborn does not hear a difference between the voices.
D)​The newborn hears a difference between the voices.

Question 73

Which of Piaget's terms means applying an old schema to a new object or problem?​

A)Concrete operations
B)​Accommodation 
C)​Assimilation
D)​Formal operations

Question 74

What did Jean Piaget conclude about children's thinking?​

A)Children's thinking is just like adults' thinking, but slower.
B)​Children's thinking is just like adults' thinking, but less well informed.
C)​Children's thinking is qualitatively different from adults' thinking.
D)​Children imitate adults for years before they start thinking for themselves.

Question 75

​What was Jean Piaget's main emphasis?

A)Parenting style influences intellectual as well as social and emotional development.
B)​Children go through major transitions in how they think.
C)​Children's thinking differs greatly from one culture to another.
D)​Intellectual development continues showing major changes throughout adulthood.

Question 76

A 2-month-old infant can learn to do which of the following?​

A)Kick a leg whenever it hears the word baby
B)​Kick a leg to keep a mobile moving
C)​Kick a leg in time with a rhythmic tune
D)​Kick a leg whenever it sees the mother kick her leg

Question 77

​What did Piaget mean by accommodation?

A)Conforming to the opinions of people you respect
B)​Understanding that objects keep their volume after changing shape
C)​Modifying a schema to fit a new object
D)​Combining classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 78

​What was the order of stages in Piaget's theory of development?

A)Preoperational-concrete operations-formal operations-sensorimotor 
B)​Concrete operations-preoperational-formal operations-sensorimotor 
C)​Sensorimotor-preoperational-concrete operations-formal operations
D)​Sensorimotor-formal operations-concrete operations-postoperational 

Question 79

Experimenters played a melody for fetuses before birth and tested them after birth.What happened?​

A)When infants heard that melody, they kicked their legs in time with its rhythm.
B)​When infants heard that melody, they smiled and turned toward it.
C)​When infants heard that melody, their heart rate changed.
D)​The infants showed no indication of remembering that melody.

Question 80

​Which is the final one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
The sensorimotor stage

A)The formal operations stage
B)​The preoperational stage
C)​The concrete operations stage
D)​The sensorimotor stage