Deck 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

__________,which trigger chemical reactions throughout the body,are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built.

A) Phenotypes
B) Proteins
C) Carbohydrates
D) Autosomes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Our __________ determine(s)our species and influences all our unique characteristics.

A) genotype
B) phenotypes
C) regulator genes
D) karyotype

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Christine is 5′7″ and has blue eyes.Such directly observable characteristics are called __________.

A) alleles
B) phenotypes
C) chromosomes
D) genotypes

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)looks like a __________.

A) long cylinder
B) small sphere
C) twisted ladder
D) bundle of rods

Question 5

A gamete __________.

A) contains 46 chromosomes
B) is formed through mitosis
C) contains 23 chromosomes
D) is formed when the chromosomes copy themselves

Question 6

__________ halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.

A) Mitosis
B) Genomic imprinting
C) Cytoplasm
D) Meiosis

Question 7

Phenotypes depend in part on an individual's __________.

A) cells
B) chromosomes
C) genotype
D) DNA

Question 8

Chromosomes look like __________.

A) spheres
B) cones
C) rods
D) cubes

Question 9

The sperm and the ovum are sex cells,or __________.

A) autosomes
B) gametes
C) zygotes
D) phenotypes

Question 10

Lynn,a Canadian,and Sasha,a Russian,are probably about __________ percent genetically identical.

A) 69.6
B) 79.6
C) 89.6
D) 99.6

Question 11

When sperm and ovum unite at conception,a(n)__________ results.

A) autosome
B) gamete
C) zygote
D) allele

Question 12

The area surrounding the cell nucleus is called the __________.

A) zygote
B) cytoplasm
C) gamete
D) gene

Question 13

In the male,__________ are produced when meiosis is complete.

A) no sperm
B) four sperm
C) 40,000 sperm
D) no sex cells

Question 14

The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in __________.

A) severe mutations
B) incredible variability among siblings
C) higher rates of fraternal twins
D) higher numbers of female zygotes than male zygotes

Question 15

If a cell donor's twenty-third pair of chromosomes do not match,the cell __________.

A) cannot be given to the recipient
B) donor is a female
C) does not have a nucleus
D) donor is male

Question 16

Straightforward comparisons of human and chimpanzee DNA are misleading because __________.

A) we do not share any of our genetic makeup with primates
B) it takes multiple DNA base pairs to influence human traits
C) the species-specific genetic material responsible for human attributes is extensive
D) the communication system between the cell nucleus and cytoplasm is more intricate in primates

Question 17

A __________ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) gene
D) gamete

Question 18

Protein-coding genes __________.

A) directly affect our body's characteristics
B) modify instructions given by regulator genes
C) come in 23 matching pairs
D) are formed through meiosis

Question 19

Which statement about human chromosomes is true?

A) They come in 46 matching pairs.
B) They store and transmit genetic information.
C) In females, each chromosome is inherited from the mother.
D) Each member of a pair is a different length, size, and genetic function.

Question 20

The __________ is the control center of a cell in the human body.

A) genotype
B) gamete
C) autosome
D) nucleus

Question 21

In dominant-recessive inheritance,the one allele that affects the child's characteristics is called __________.

A) dominant-recessive
B) dominant
C) recessive
D) a carrier

Question 22

Phil has blond hair.This means that Phil inherited a __________ pair of __________ alleles for hair color.

A) homozygous; recessive
B) heterozygous; dominant
C) homozygous; dominant
D) heterozygous; recessive

Question 23

Carriers of the sickle cell gene __________.

A) often do not display symptoms until after they have passed the gene on to their children
B) can be treated during infancy if placed on a diet that is low in phenylalanine
C) are more resistant to malaria than are individuals with two alleles for normal red blood cells
D) develop sickle-shaped red blood cells that cause degeneration of the nervous systems

Question 24

One well-known recessive disorder is __________,which affects the way the body breaks down proteins contained in many foods.

A) Cooley's anemia
B) cystic fibrosis
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 25

Autosomes are chromosomes that are __________.

A) sex cells
B) zygotes
C) not matching
D) not sex cells

Question 26

In females,the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is called __________.

A) an autosome
B) dizygotic
C) XX
D) XY

Question 27

Fraternal twinning occurs __________.

A) less often with each additional birth
B) more often among women with poor diets
C) more often among women of slight body build
D) more often among women whose sisters gave birth to fraternal twins

Question 28

In many Western countries,__________.

A) rates of miscarriage and birth defects are higher for girls
B) rates of learning disabilities and behavior disorders are higher for girls
C) there has been a dramatic increase in sex-selective abortions
D) the proportion of male births has declined in recent decades

Question 29

In the female,meiosis results in __________.

A) just one ovum
B) two ova
C) three ova
D) four ova

Question 30

A healthy man can father a child __________.

A) at any age after sexual maturity
B) for about two decades
C) for about three decades
D) for about four decades

Question 31

During their early years,children of single births often __________ than twins.

A) develop more slowly
B) are healthier
C) have more shrill cries
D) are more sickly

Question 32

Patsy and Terry are fraternal twins.This type of twinning results from __________.

A) a zygote that duplicates and separates into two clusters of cells
B) the fertilization of one ovum by two Y-bearing sperm
C) the release and fertilization of two ova
D) the fertilization of one ovum by two X-bearing sperm

Question 33

Animal research shows that a variety of environmental influences prompt monozygotic twinning,including __________.

A) early fertilization of the ovum
B) young maternal age
C) variation in oxygen levels
D) poor diet

Question 34

Which statement is supported by research on dominant and recessive diseases?

A) Children who inherit the dominant allele rarely develop the disorder.
B) Males are more likely than females to inherit recessive disorders carried on the autosomes.
C) Only rarely are serious diseases due to dominant alleles.
D) The recessive allele has no effect on the individual's characteristics.

Question 35

Fraternal twins are __________.

A) genetically identical
B) no more alike than ordinary siblings
C) less common than other types of multiple offspring
D) less likely with each additional birth

Question 36

Children with diabetes tend to have fathers,not mothers,with the illness.The pattern of inheritance is best explained by __________.

A) incomplete dominance
B) X-linked inheritance
C) genomic imprinting
D) genetic mutation

Question 37

About __________ female sex cells are present at birth.

A) 100 to 200
B) 1,000 to 2,000
C) 100,000 to 200,000
D) 1 to 2 million

Question 38

Eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because __________.

A) males are more likely than females to inherit harmful recessive alleles
B) the Y chromosome is much longer than the X chromosome
C) the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those on the X chromosome
D) his sex chromosomes match, which makes him more susceptible to disease

Question 39

A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces __________.

A) identical twins
B) dizygotic twins
C) triplets
D) triple X syndrome

Question 40

Taylor's twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XY.Taylor is __________.

A) male
B) a fraternal twin
C) female
D) an identical twin

Question 41

If a family history of intellectual disabilities,psychological disorders,physical defects,or inherited diseases exists,a genetic counselor prepares a __________,which identifies affected relatives in a couple's family tree.

A) pedigree
B) carrier detector
C) prenatal diagnosis
D) genetic diagnosis

Question 42

Mr.and Mrs.Hopewell are concerned because they have been trying without success to have a baby for over a year.Which procedure would you recommend to them?

A) gene therapy
B) genetic counseling
C) genetic engineering
D) fetal medicine

Question 43

Hoda,an economically disadvantaged mother of four,is considering becoming a surrogate.What is one realistic concern that Hoda might have about surrogate motherhood?

A) About 50 percent of surrogate procedures result in multiple births.
B) The success rate of surrogacy is only about 25 percent.
C) Knowledge that their mother would give away a baby might cause insecurities in Hoda's children.
D) Most U.S. states allow only "altruistic" surrogacy, in which the surrogate has no financial gain.

Question 44

Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that __________.

A) males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males
B) verbal difficulties are common among females who are missing an X chromosome
C) females who are missing an X chromosome often have trouble with spatial relationships
D) most children with these disorders suffer from intellectual disability

Question 45

To detect developmental problems before birth,doctors use __________.

A) prenatal diagnostic methods
B) genomic imprinting
C) gene therapy
D) carrier detectors

Question 46

In __________,normal body cells mutate,an event that can occur at any time of life.

A) somatic mutation
B) germline mutation
C) polygenic inheritance
D) genomic imprinting

Question 47

Margot,58,and Todd,62,have decided to use donor ova in combination with in vitro fertilization to help Margot become pregnant.Which statement is true?

A) Most children conceived through in vitro fertilization are less well-adjusted than naturally conceived children.
B) Among in vitro babies, the rate of low birth weight is nearly five times lower than in the general population.
C) Due to the biological effects of in vitro techniques and their older age, Margot and Todd have a lower risk of miscarriage.
D) Based on life expectancy data, there is a moderate chance that Margot or Todd will die before their child enters college.

Question 48

Which woman is at the greatest risk of bearing a baby with Down syndrome?

A) Gemma, age 15, who lives in a rural community
B) Melina, age 24, who lives with a smoker
C) Ursula, age 33, who was exposed to electromagnetic waves
D) Kay, age 42, who lives in an urban area

Question 49

Donor insemination __________.

A) is commonly used to overcome female reproductive difficulties
B) involves giving a woman hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova
C) permits women without a male partner to become pregnant
D) is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged

Question 50

Usually,in vitro fertilization __________.

A) is used to overcome male reproductive difficulties
B) poses less risk than natural conception to infant survival
C) is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged
D) involves wealthy contractors for infants

Question 51

Which statement about children conceived through reproductive technologies is true?

A) Children who are not informed of their gamete-donor origins experience more positive maternal interaction.
B) Caregiving is somewhat warmer for young children conceived through donor insemination or in vitro fertilization.
C) Most parents who have used the reproductive technology procedures tell their children how they were conceived.
D) Adolescents conceived through insemination tend to be less well-adjusted than naturally conceived children.

Question 52

In which disease or disorder does genomic imprinting operate on the sex chromosomes?

A) fragile X syndrome
B) Huntington disease
C) sickle cell anemia
D) Marfan syndrome

Question 53

Except for __________,prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because of injury risk to the developing organism.

A) amniocentesis
B) fetoscopy
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) maternal blood analysis

Question 54

Most chromosomal defects result from __________.

A) X-linked disorders
B) mistakes occurring during mitosis
C) mistakes occurring during meiosis
D) recessive disorders

Question 55

Manny inherited an extra X chromosome.If he is like many boys with Klinefelter syndrome,Manny will have difficulty __________.

A) reading
B) drawing pictures
C) following travel directions
D) noticing changes in facial expressions

Question 56

There was a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis,so Aziz received three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two.Aziz has __________ syndrome.

A) XYY
B) Klinefelter
C) Turner
D) Down

Question 57

Terrace is 6′2″ and weighs 165 pounds,while his brother,Jayquan,is 5′9″ and weighs 210 pounds.These traits are due to __________.

A) dominant‒recessive inheritance
B) polygenic inheritance
C) somatic mutation
D) germline mutation

Question 58

The majority of individuals with fragile X syndrome suffer from __________.

A) childhood cancer
B) high anxiety
C) severe obesity
D) diabetes

Question 59

About 70 percent of individuals with Down syndrome who live past age 40 show symptoms of __________ disease.

A) Tay-Sachs
B) Huntington's
C) Alzheimer's
D) kidney

Question 60

Studies of mutation demonstrate that __________.

A) some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance
B) mutations are never desirable
C) females are more susceptible than males to harmful mutations
D) most mutations cause only a temporary change in a segment of DNA

Question 61

Most homeless families consist of __________.

A) childless couples
B) single fathers with adolescent children
C) single mothers with adolescent children
D) women with children under age 5

Question 62

Adopted children and adolescents tend to __________.

A) have trouble developing feelings of trust and affection toward their adoptive parents
B) fare better if they are adopted in their birth country after infancy and toddlerhood
C) develop less favorably than institutionalized agemates who remain in their birth country
D) have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children and adolescents

Question 63

Dr.Shaw modifies gene-specified proteins involved in biological aging and disease.This approach is known as __________.

A) fetoscopy
B) amniocentesis
C) proteomics
D) genetic counseling

Question 64

When Erin and Brooke willingly comply,their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future.This is an example of a(n)__________ influence between parents and their children.

A) direct
B) coparenting
C) maladaptive
D) indirect

Question 65

Of all Western nations,__________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Germany
D) France

Question 66

Amelia and Andrew praise and stimulate their children,and they mutually support each other's parenting behaviors.Amelia and Andrew engage in effective __________.

A) induction
B) permissive parenting
C) coparenting
D) niche-picking

Question 67

__________ is the most widely used prenatal diagnostic method.

A) Amniocentesis
B) Chorionic villus sampling
C) Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging
D) Fetoscopy

Question 68

When asked about personal qualities they desire for their children,higher-SES parents are likely to emphasize __________.

A) obedience
B) politeness
C) happiness
D) cleanliness

Question 69

In several studies,affluent teenagers were __________ likely than youths in general to __________.

A) less; engage in alcohol and drug use
B) more; report high levels of anxiety and depression
C) less; self-medicate
D) more; have physically and emotionally available parents

Question 70

People who work in skilled and semiskilled manual occupations tend to __________ than people in professional and technical occupations.

A) marry later
B) have more children
C) talk to their children more
D) verbally praise their children more

Question 71

Nearly 10 percent of __________ children live in deep poverty.

A) Canadian
B) U.S.
C) Norwegian
D) Swedish

Question 72

Which prenatal diagnostic method is used after in vitro fertilization but before implantation?

A) chorionic villus sampling
B) ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging
C) fetal surgery
D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Question 73

Young people today are more likely to have __________ than at any time in history.

A) older relatives
B) married parents
C) living siblings
D) unemployed parents

Question 74

Neighborhood resources __________.

A) play little or no role in children's development
B) have a greater impact on adults than on children and youths
C) are not important in late adulthood because most elders are homebound
D) have a greater impact on economically disadvantaged than on well-to-do young people

Question 75

Most adopted children __________.

A) fare well, despite the risks
B) have persistent social problems
C) are less intelligent than their biological relatives
D) have persistent cognitive problems

Question 76

Longitudinal follow-up research on the Better Beginnings,Better Futures Project of Ontario,Canada,revealed a(n)__________.

A) reduction in children's social adjustment
B) increase in adolescent delinquency
C) improved sense of community connection
D) reduction in children's academic achievement

Question 77

Well-educated adults tend to have __________ than adults with less education.

A) smaller social networks
B) more social support
C) less life satisfaction
D) less school contact

Question 78

For both affluent and low-SES youths,what simple routine is associated with a reduction in adjustment difficulties?

A) eating dinner with parents
B) early bedtimes
C) completing homework before dinner
D) weekly family night

Question 79

In an experimental study of neighborhood mobility,compared with their peers who remained in poverty-stricken areas,children and youths who moved into low-poverty neighborhoods and remained there for several years showed __________.

A) more mental health issues
B) better school achievement
C) more physical health issues
D) more social problems

Question 80

Grandparents are an example of __________ that can promote children's development.

A) unidirectional influences
B) third parties
C) niche-picking
D) a macrosystem