Deck 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System

Question 1

The parietal lobes are found rostral to the occipital lobes and posterior to the frontal lobes.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Structures located relatively toward the belly of a four-legged animal are referred to as​ 

A)rostral. 
B)caudal. 
C)dorsal. 
D)ventral.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The amygdala participates in emotional behavior and is particularly important in the fear response.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Your right arm is __________ to your right leg.​ 

A)proximal 
B)distal 
C)contralateral 
D)ipsilateral

Question 5

A person's hand is __________ relative to his or her elbow.​ 

A)proximal 
B)distal 
C)contralateral 
D)ipsilateral

Question 6

Two structures on opposite sides of the midline are referred to as​ 

A)proximal. 
B)distal. 
C)ipsilateral. 
D)contralateral.

Question 7

The nerve fibers that originate in the cerebral cortex and control movement cross the midline just above the junction of the medulla and spinal cord.As a result,these fibers provide input to _________ structures of the body,or structures that are on the _________ side of the midline as the cortical cells providing their motor input.​ 

A)ipsilateral; same 
B)contralateral; opposite 
C)ipsilateral; opposite 
D)contralateral; same

Question 8

The neuraxis runs in a straight line​ 

A)parallel to the ground in four-legged animals and humans. 
B)perpendicular to the ground in four-legged animals and humans. 
C)parallel to the ground in four-legged animals but makes a 90 degree turn in the brains of humans. 
D)parallel to the ground in humans but makes a 90 degree turn in the brains of four-legged animals.

Question 9

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain is known as the​ 

A)sagittal slice. 
B)proximal. 
C)neuraxis. 
D)plane of section.

Question 10

Structures located relatively toward the tail of a four-legged animal are referred to as​ 

A)rostral. 
B)caudal. 
C)dorsal. 
D)ventral.

Question 11

The arachnoid layer of the meninges is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Question 12

All cranial nerves carry both sensory and motor information to and from the brain.

Question 13

Nerves originating in the lumbar division of the spinal cord serve the lower back and legs.

Question 14

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

Question 15

Which of the following pairs of terms mean the same thing?​ 

A)ventral-superior 
B)dorsal-inferior 
C)rostral-anterior 
D)caudal-ipsilateral

Question 16

From early versions of the human being up until current homo sapiens,the brain has undergone virtually no change in size.

Question 17

The reticular formation extends from the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain.

Question 18

The primary auditory cortex is found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Question 19

A dog's ears are __________ relative to its tail.​ 

A)rostral 
B)caudal 
C)dorsal 
D)ventral

Question 20

Neurons comprising the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are located in the brain and sacral divisions of the spinal cord.

Question 21

Your cat always walks up to you and wants you to pet it on its ________ surface,but your dog lies on its back and presents its _________ surface for you to scratch.​ 

A)ventral; dorsal 
B)dorsal; ventral 
C)rostral; caudal 
D)caudal; rostral

Question 22

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)is located _________ the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC).​ 

A)behind 
B)in front of 
C)below 
D)above

Question 23

Researchers investigating appetite distinguish between the roles played by the ventromedial hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus.Where are these two structures located relative to one another?​ 

A)The lateral hypothalamus is contralateral to the ventromedial hypothalamus. 
B)The lateral hypothalamus is rostral to the ventromedial hypothalamus. 
C)The lateral hypothalamus is closer to the midline than the ventromedial hypothalamus. 
D)The ventromedial hypothalamus is located closer to the midline than the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 24

Given the fact that the motor cortex controls movement of contralateral body parts,if your grandfather experiences damage to his right hemisphere motor cortex due to a stroke,it is likely that he will​ 

A)not be able to walk at all because he will be paralyzed from the waist down. 
B)have some paralysis in the left side of his body. 
C)not be able to understand anything you say to him. 
D)have some paralysis on the right side of his body.

Question 25

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is secreted by the​ 

A)meninges. 
B)subarachnoid space. 
C)choroid plexus. 
D)ventricles.

Question 26

A subdural hematoma is a "bruise" that often occurs following a head injury and affects a layer of the membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.Given your knowledge of anatomical terms,which of the following is the likely location of this type of injury?​ 

A)the scalp 
B)the meninges 
C)the lateral ventricles 
D)the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 27

In order to assess the size of the lateral ventricles in patients with schizophrenia,Dr.Weinberger has decided to use a coronal or frontal section.In other words,he is looking at a plane of section that is​ 

A)perpendicular to the ground, dividing the brain from front to back. 
B)perpendicular to the ground, dividing the brain from side to side. 
C)parallel to the midline, dividing the brain from side to side. 
D)parallel to the ground, dividing the brain from top to bottom.

Question 28

Anatomical sections that divide the brain parallel to the midline are known as _________ sections.​ 

A)sagittal 
B)coronal 
C)horizontal 
D)axial

Question 29

Researchers who wished to have a full view of a structure from the top of the head would use a _________ section.​ 

A)sagittal 
B)coronal 
C)horizontal 
D)midsagittal

Question 30

Most of the neural input to your left eyebrow originates in the motor cortex of the left hemisphere.In other words,your eyebrow receives input from the _________ hemisphere.​ 

A)proximal 
B)distal 
C)contralateral 
D)ipsilateral

Question 31

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)may be found in the​ 

A)central and peripheral nervous systems. 
B)peripheral nervous system only. 
C)lateral and distal ventricles of the brain. 
D)ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 32

The subarachnoid space is found between the arachnoid layer and the​ 

A)pia mater. 
B)dura mater. 
C)skull bones. 
D)lateral ventricles.

Question 33

The superior and inferior colliculi are located in the midbrain.Where are these two structures located relative to one another?​ 

A)The superior colliculi are located above the inferior colliculi. 
B)The superior colliculi are located below the inferior colliculi. 
C)The superior colliculi are closer to the midline than the inferior colliculi. 
D)The superior colliculi are farther away from the midline than the inferior colliculi.

Question 34

You just heard about a friend who has a tumor on the meninges of her right temporal lobe.This means that the tumor is ________ to the midline of the brain.​ 

A)contralateral 
B)medial 
C)ventral 
D)lateral

Question 35

Early computerized tomography (CT)equipment could take images from only one perspective,the axial or horizontal section.This means that the resulting images were from sections that are _________ to the ground,dividing the brain from _________.​ 

A)perpendicular; front to back 
B)perpendicular dividing the brain from side to side. 
C)parallel to the midline, dividing the brain from side to side. 
D)parallel to the ground, dividing the brain from top to bottom.

Question 36

Which layer(s)of the meninges is/are missing in the peripheral nervous system?​ 

A)pia mater, arachnoid layer, and dura mater 
B)pia mater only 
C)pia mater and dura mater only 
D)arachnoid layer and subarachnoid space

Question 37

Which of the meninges is described as a leatherlike tissue that follows the contours of the skull bones?​ 

A)pia mater 
B)dura mater 
C)arachnoid layer 
D)subarachnoid space

Question 38

Which layers of the meninges are found in the peripheral nervous system?​ 

A)pia mater, arachnoid layer, and dura mater 
B)pia mater only 
C)pia mater and dura mater only 
D)arachnoid layer and dura mater only

Question 39

The primary purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is to​ 

A)nourish the cells of the brain and spinal cord. 
B)float the brain within the skull. 
C)remove toxins from the brain and excrete them from the body. 
D)provide circulation for chemical messengers.

Question 40

The correct ordering of the layers of the meninges from the skull to the brain is:​ 

A)pia mater, arachnoid layer, dura mater. 
B)arachnoid layer, pia mater, dura mater. 
C)dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid layer. 
D)dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater.

Question 41

The spinal cord extends _________ of the vertebral column.​ 

A)down the entire length 
B)down about two-thirds the length 
C)about halfway down the length 
D)about a third of the way down the length

Question 42

The correct order of the spinal divisions from rostral to caudal is:​ 

A)cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal. 
B)cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, coccygeal. 
C)thoracic, cervical, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal. 
D)cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccygeal, sacral.

Question 43

Which of the following is a component of the peripheral nervous system?​ 

A)the corpus callosum 
B)the red nucleus 
C)the sympathetic nervous system 
D)the central canal

Question 44

You've just heard that someone's spinal cord has been injured at L2 (lumbar nerve 2).Given what you've learned in this chapter,which of the following will likely be true?​ 

A)The person will be totally paralyzed from the neck down. 
B)The person will be totally paralyzed from just below the arms. 
C)Depending on how severe the injury, the person may be unable to move or feel anything from around the waist down. 
D)Depending on how severe the injury, the person may be unable to move or feel anything from around the chest down.

Question 45

Running down the center of the spinal cord is the​ 

A)subarachnoid space. 
B)fourth ventricle. 
C)central canal. 
D)spinal ventricle.

Question 46

As a result of an accident that occurred while playing football,Michael must wear a device known as a cervical collar until his injuries heal.Based on this information,we know that Michael injured his​ 

A)shoulder 
B)knee 
C)neck 
D)lower back

Question 47

Spinal neurons that pass motor information to the body's muscles may be found in _________ of the spinal cord.​ 

A)the white matter 
B)the dorsal horns 
C)the ventral horns 
D)both the dorsal and ventral horns

Question 48

A thoracic surgeon operates in the vicinity of the thoracic division of the spinal cord; that is,the structures located in the​ 

A)neck 
B)torso 
C)lower back 
D)genitals and legs

Question 49

Which of the following statements is correct?​ 

A)The central nervous system is encased in bone, but has no cerebrospinal fluid. 
B)The peripheral nervous system is encased in bone, but has no cerebrospinal fluid. 
C)The peripheral nervous system is encased with bone and is bathed with cerebrospinal fluid. 
D)The central nervous system is encased with bone and is bathed with cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 50

Why would your doctor want to do a spinal tap if she suspected that you had an infection of the brain?​ 

A)Because the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the spinal cord is continuous with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain. 
B)Because the spinal cord is part of the central nervous system. 
C)Because the peripheral and central nervous systems are connected. 
D)She wouldn't do a spinal tap because the spinal cord is made of different kinds of neurons than the brain.

Question 51

A person with cervical spinal cord damage is known as a _________ and experiences loss of sensation and motor control in the _________.​ 

A)paraplegic; arms and legs 
B)paraplegic; legs only 
C)quadriplegic; arms, legs, and torso 
D)quadriplegic; legs only

Question 52

The knee jerk reflex,in which your foot kicks in response to a tap on your knee,is also known as a _________ reflex.​ 

A)withdrawal 
B)postural 
C)patellar 
D)polysynaptic

Question 53

A condition that results when the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is blocked is known as​ 

A)hydrocephalus. 
B)meningioma. 
C)meningitis. 
D)septicemia.

Question 54

If you go to the doctor with a horrible headache and a stiff neck,why might she suggest a spinal tap?​ 

A)A spinal tap will tell if you have a brain tumor 
B)The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to help diagnose specific diseases. 
C)The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the same as the blood supply, and the doctor can tell if you have an infection. 
D)The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the only way the doctor can tell if you are on drugs.

Question 55

A friend calls and says his child is complaining of a severe headache. When the child bends her head forward she screams in pain.The parent asks you what to do.Given what you have read in this chapter,what would you suggest?​ 

A)Have the child lie down; she'll probably be fine. 
B)Call the pediatrician in the morning. 
C)Get the child immediately to a physician to be evaluated for meningitis. 
D)The child probably has a brain tumor and should see a neurologist.

Question 56

The blood supply to the brain is provided by the​ 

A) carotid and vertebral arteries. 
B)subclavian and axillary arteries. 
C)celiac artery. 
D)aorta.

Question 57

Julie's physician tells her that she damaged a disk in the lumbar region of her spinal cord.It is likely that Julie sought medical advice due to pain she experienced in her​ 

A)neck 
B)upper back 
C)shoulder 
D)lower back

Question 58

Axons carrying sensory information to the brain may be found in​ 

A)the ventral white matter of the spinal cord. 
B)the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord. 
C)both the ventral and dorsal white matter of the spinal cord. 
D)the lateral gray matter of the spinal cord only.

Question 59

This figure illustrates the circulation of​ 

A)blood through the brain and spinal cord. 
B)cerebrospinal fluid between the meninges and the upper layer of cortex. 
C)cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and in the subarachnoid space. 
D)cerebrospinal fluid, from its manufacture in the subarachnoid space into the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 60

The region consisting of the head,neck,and arms is served by nerves exiting the _________ division of the spinal cord.​ 

A)sacral 
B)lumbar 
C)thoracic 
D)cervical

Question 61

The brainstem contains which of the following structures?​ 

A)the central sulcus 
B)the corpus callosum 
C)the medulla 
D)the hypothalamus

Question 62

Alcohol interferes with skilled movements primarily through its action on the​ 

A)reticular formation. 
B)hypothalamus. 
C)cerebellum. 
D)medulla.

Question 63

The medulla contains nuclei responsible for which of the following functions?​ 

A)balance and motor coordination 
B)heart rate and respiration 
C)visual reflexes 
D)auditory reflexes

Question 64

The ________ is the most caudal portion of the brain,and is a gradual swelling of tissue that likes above the cervical spine.

A)medulla 
B)cerebellum 
C)pons 
D)reticular formation

Question 65

The reticular formation is involved with regulation of​ 

A)appetite. 
B)heart rate and respiration. 
C)sexual activity. 
D)consciousness and arousal.

Question 66

Which of the following structures does not contain any parts of the reticular formation?​ 

A)the midbrain 
B)the diencephalon 
C)the medulla 
D)the pons

Question 67

Another name for the midbrain is the​ 

A)myelencephalon. 
B)metencephalon. 
C)mesencephalon. 
D)diencephalon.

Question 68

Jonathan has been diagnosed with a tumor located in his medulla.His physician warns him that until treated,the tumor will most directly affect his 

A)balance and motor coordination. 
B)breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. 
C)control of aggression. 
D)decision-making.

Question 69

The reticular formation is located in the​ 

A)medulla. 
B)medulla and pons. 
C)pons. 
D)medulla, pons, and midbrain.

Question 70

Stanley is experiencing ongoing degeneration in his cerebellum.Consequently,which of the following behaviors may become progressively more difficult for him?​ 

A)breathing 
B)maintaining a normal core body temperature 
C)sleeping 
D)language skills

Question 71

The brainstem contains the​ 

A)hindbrain only. 
B)midbrain only. 
C)hindbrain and midbrain. 
D)hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

Question 72

The myelencephalon and metencephalon are located in the​ 

A)hindbrain. 
B)midbrain. 
C)forebrain. 
D)cerebellum.

Question 73

Lucy is experiencing problems with maintaining both her muscle tone and her balance.Her physician is likely to look for the source of her problems in the​ 

A)vestibular system and the cerebellum. 
B)reticular formation. 
C)red nucleus and the cerebellum. 
D)cochlear nucleus and the inferior colliculi.

Question 74

The brainstem contains the​ 

A)rhombencephalon only. 
B)mesencephalon only. 
C)rhombencephalon and mesencephalon. 
D)rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, and proencephalon.

Question 75

Which of the following structures are important to the regulation of mood,states of arousal,and sleep?​ 

A)the vestibular nucleus and the cochlear nucleus 
B)the raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus 
C)the red nucleus and substantia nigra 
D)periaqueductal gray and the red nucleus

Question 76

Which of the following structures is found in humans,but not in other animals?​ 

A)periaqueductal gray 
B)the superior colliculi 
C)the neodentate nucleus 
D)the substantia nigra

Question 77

The cochlear and vestibular nuclei are located in the​ 

A)midbrain. 
B)medulla. 
C)pons. 
D)cerebellum.

Question 78

Autism spectrum disorder is frequently associated with abnormal development in the​ 

A)cerebellum. 
B)reticular formation. 
C)medulla. 
D)vestibular nuclei.

Question 79

The locus coeruleus is located in the​ 

A)medulla. 
B)pons. 
C)midbrain. 
D)cerebellum.

Question 80

The pons and cerebellum make up which of the following divisions?​ 

A)telencephalon 
B)diencephalon 
C)mesencephalon 
D)metencephalon