Deck 6: Attitudes

Question 1

Which of the following types of attitudes is most closely associated with cognitive control?

A) Unconscious attitudes
B) Ambivalent attitudes
C) Implicit attitudes
D) Explicit attitudes

Answer 1

Explicit attitudes

Question 2

If George likes Italian food and he is invited by his friend to try a new Italian restaurant, he most likely will hold a positive attitude toward these plans. This best illustrates the notion of:

A) ambivalence.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) cognitive consistency.
D) cognitive strength.

Answer 2

cognitive consistency.

Question 3

___________ is defined as having an evaluative component towards a stimulus that is made up of affective, behavioural, and cognitive information.

A) An attitude
B) An ambivalent attitude
C) Aptitude
D) Observational learning

Answer 3

An attitude

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT considered one of main components of an attitude?

A) Cognition
B) Affect
C) Behaviour
D) Aptitude

Question 5

Possessing simultaneously strong contradictory emotions and motivations is defined as:

A) an implicit attitude.
B) an explicit attitude.
C) an ambivalent attitude.
D) an attitude.

Question 6

Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym. She believes that spending time at the gym benefits her health. This represents which component of her attitude?

A) Behaviour
B) Affect
C) Cognition
D) Both behaviour and cognition

Question 7

Which of the following statements about implicit attitudes is most true?

A) Implicit attitudes are within our control.
B) Implicit attitudes are consciously activated.
C) Implicit attitudes are formed over a longer period of time.
D) Implicit attitudes are automatically activated.

Question 8

Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym. She feels happy when she is able to spend time exercising. This represents which component of her attitude?

A) Behaviour
B) Affect
C) Cognition
D) Both affect and cognition

Question 9

An attitude that one recognizes and can control is known as a(n) __________.

A) explicit attitude
B) unconscious attitude
C) implicit attitude
D) internal attitude

Question 10

Why do affective experiences seem to have more of an affect on implicit attitudes than on explicit attitudes?

A) Because affective experiences are related to cognitive control
B) Because affective experiences are related to controlled processing
C) Because affective experiences are related to automatic reactions
D) Because affective experiences are related to consciousness

Question 11

Johnny was in a boating accident when he was little. Now he has an automatic fearful reaction to the ocean. Johnny's attitude towards the ocean represents a(n):

A) explicit attitude.
B) conscious attitude.
C) implicit attitude.
D) internal attitude.

Question 12

According to your textbook, what is one suggested reason why we are more likely to pay attention to negative information over positive information?

A) Because we spend time with other people who focus on negative information
B) Because we learn this tendency from our peers
C) Because our culture teaches us to focus on the negative
D) Because paying attention to negative information would aid in our survival by helping us to avoid potential dangers

Question 13

________ show a greater negativity bias and greater arousal to negative information relative to ________.

A) Men; women
B) Women; men
C) Older people; younger people
D) Wealthier people; poorer people

Question 14

Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by __________ in his famous experiment with dogs.

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Albert Bandura
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Edward Thorndike

Question 15

Bob was recently in a car accident that paralyzed him from the waist down. He realizes the driver that hit him was not to blame, but he has very mixed emotions towards this person. Bob's attitude is ___________.

A) ambivalent
B) indifferent
C) explicit
D) implicit

Question 16

When you are forming an attitude about an idea, object, or person you are more likely to focus on the negative information over the positive information. This is termed __________.

A) attitude ambivalence
B) mere exposure
C) negativity bias
D) the pessimism effect

Question 17

What have researchers found with respect to how the brain responds to positive, negative, and neutral stimuli?

A) Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to negative stimuli compared with positive stimuli.
B) Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to neutral stimuli compared with negative stimuli.
C) Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to positive stimuli compared with negative stimuli.
D) Brain waves were larger when participants were exposed to neutral stimuli compared with positive stimuli.

Question 18

Lisa has a positive attitude toward working out at the gym. She goes to the gym to workout five days a week. This represents which component of her attitude?

A) Behaviour
B) Affect
C) Cognition
D) Both behaviour and affect

Question 19

Affective experiences are most closely associated with which of the following?

A) External attitudes
B) Implicit attitudes
C) Conscious attitudes
D) Explicit attitudes

Question 20

If our positive reaction is low and our negative reaction is low, it can be said that our attitude is ________.

A) indifferent
B) negative
C) ambivalent
D) positive

Question 21

Operant conditioning was first discovered by:

A) Ivan Pavlov.
B) Albert Bandura.
C) B.F. Skinner.
D) Edward Thorndike.

Question 22

Tommy's mom wants him to clean his room more often. She decides she will not make him do the dishes if cleans his room. This is an example of:

A) Negative reinforcement.
B) Positive reinforcement.
C) Positive punishment.
D) Negative punishment.

Question 23

Mere exposure does not increase liking in all cases. Which of the following has been identified as a time when mere exposure will likely not result in a more positive attitude?

A) When people have an initial highly negative reaction to a stimulus
B) When people are overexposed to a stimulus
C) When people have an initial neutral response to a stimulus
D) When people are unfamiliar with a stimulus

Question 24

A parent offers her child a toy every time he cleans his room. In this example, offering a toy represents which of the following?

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

Question 25

Spanking is an example of:

A) negative reinforcement.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 26

According to the name-letter effect, Matthew Morrison will:

A) prefer the letter 'M' over other letters in the alphabet.
B) prefer the name Matthew over other names.
C) dislike his initials.
D) prefer the letter 'M' over other letters and prefer the name Matthew.

Question 27

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital. This drug increases the heart rate of the patient. After awhile, the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

A) The drug
B) The increased heart rate in response to the drug
C) The small hospital room
D) The increased heart rate in response to the small hospital room

Question 28

A teacher rewards his students with a piece of candy every time they hand in their homework on time. The number of students who turn their homework in on the due date increases. This illustrates what type of learning?

A) Observational learning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Explicit learning

Question 29

Which method of learning involves rewarding desirable behaviour and punishing undesirable behaviour?

A) Observational learning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Explicit learning

Question 30

Jane tries on a new pair of shoes and thinks that they look just 'ok.' Jane finds that after going back to the store and trying the shoes on again that she really likes the way they look on her. Jane's increased liking can be explained by which of the following?

A) The name-letter effect
B) Mere exposure effect
C) Operant conditioning
D) Observational learning

Question 31

____________ is defined as a stimulus that elicits a response automatically, without learning taking place.

A) Conditioned response
B) Conditioned stimulus
C) Unconditioned stimulus
D) Unconditioned response

Question 32

Your parents are trying to reduce the number of times you skip your high school classes. They take away your phone privileges every time they find out you did not go to class. This is an example of:

A) Negative reinforcement.
B) Positive reinforcement.
C) Positive punishment.
D) Negative punishment.

Question 33

Operant conditioning occurs through the mechanisms of reinforcement and punishment. What is a major difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A) Reinforcement involves increasing a behaviour, while punishment involves decreasing a behaviour.
B) Reinforcement involves decreasing a behaviour, while punishment involves increasing a behaviour.
C) Reinforcement involves stabilizing a behaviour, while punishment involves decreasing a behaviour.
D) There is no major difference between reinforcement and punishment.

Question 34

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital. This drug increases the heart rate of the patient. After awhile, the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

A) The drug
B) The increased heart rate
C) The small hospital room
D) The doctor

Question 35

How can operant conditioning influence our attitudes?

A) Our attitudes are likely to become more positive if a behaviour is ignored.
B) Our attitudes are likely to become more negative if a behaviour is reinforced.
C) Our attitudes are likely to become more positive if a behaviour is punished.
D) Our attitudes are likely to become more negative if a behaviour is punished.

Question 36

____________ is defined as a response that occurs automatically in response to some stimulus, without learning taking place.

A) Conditioned response
B) Conditioned stimulus
C) Unconditioned stimulus
D) Unconditioned response

Question 37

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital. This drug increases the heart rate of the patient. After a while, the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

A) The drug
B) The increased heart rate
C) The small hospital room
D) The doctor

Question 38

Research shows that people with names like Tanya are more likely to live in Tampa and people with names like Sarah are more likely live in Sarasota. What can we conclude from this research?

A) We can conclude that having certain initials is correlated with certain outcomes.
B) We can conclude that living in a place that starts with an 'S' causes people choose names that start with an 'S.'
C) We can conclude that living in a place that starts with a 'T' causes people choose names that start with a 'T.'
D) We can conclude that having a name that starts with a 'T' causes people to live in places that start with a 'T.'

Question 39

A doctor administers a drug to a patient in a small room in the hospital. This drug increases the heart rate of the patient. After a while, the patient's heart rate increases just by being in the small room before the drug is even given. In this example, what is the unconditioned response?

A) The drug
B) The increased heart rate
C) The small hospital room
D) The doctor

Question 40

What do positive punishment and negative punishment have in common?

A) They are both designed to increase a desired behaviour.
B) They both involve the addition of an undesirable stimulus.
C) They are both designed to decrease the frequency of a behaviour.
D) They both involve the removal of something pleasurable.

Question 41

If a researcher wants to know whether university students' attitudes toward recycling predict their recycling behaviour, which of the following questions should she ask?

A) Is it important for citizens to recycle?
B) How do you feel about the environment?
C) Is recycling important to university students?
D) Do you feel it is important for you to recycle?

Question 42

An attitude that is accessible all the time refers to ___________.

A) accessibility
B) chronic accessibility
C) acute accessibility
D) specificity

Question 43

What did early research by LaPiere (1934) and Corey (1937) suggest about the relationship between attitudes and behaviour?

A) Attitudes stem from behaviour.
B) Behaviour predicts attitudes.
C) Attitudes predict behaviour.
D) Attitudes do not always predict behaviour.

Question 44

Personally relevant attitudes are argued to have what kind of effect on behaviour?

A) Personally relevant attitudes have no impact on behaviour.
B) Personally relevant attitudes decrease the likelihood of behaviour.
C) Personally relevant attitudes increase the likelihood of behaviour.
D) Personally relevant attitudes decrease the likelihood of behaviour through decreasing the strength and accessibility of the attitude.

Question 45

What can researchers do to help minimize the tendency for participants to report socially desirable responses and encourage answers that are truthful?

A) They can use self-report measures.
B) They can use explicit attitude measures.
C) They can threaten participants.
D) They can employ the 'bogus pipeline' strategy.

Question 46

Corey (1937) measured student's attitudes toward academic cheating. He then had students complete tests which were marked by a researcher, and then marked by themselves, which gave students the opportunity to cheat by covertly changing their test mark. What were the findings?

A) Students cheated on the majority of tests, regardless of their previously stated attitudes toward cheating.
B) Students did not cheat on any test, regardless of their previously stated attitudes toward cheating.
C) Students did not cheat on any test, but only if they held negative attitudes towards cheating.
D) Students cheated on every single test, by only if they held positive attitudes towards cheating.

Question 47

___________ measures how easily we associate categories with positive or negative attitudes.

A) The Implicit Association Test
B) The Intrinsic Association Test
C) The Non-conscious Association Test
D) The Basic Associations Test

Question 48

The use of a bogus pipeline in research can:

A) provide participants with a way to withdraw their consent from the survey.
B) increase participants' honesty, even if responses are about negative behaviours.
C) increase the probability that participants will answer in a socially desirable fashion.
D) reduce participants' honesty, especially if responses are about negative behaviours.

Question 49

James is trying to decide if he wants to exercise. He thinks exercise is important and knows that his doctor, friends, and family want him to exercise. However, he is not sure if he is too out of shape to initiate an exercise routine. His belief that he might not be able to engage in exercise because of his fitness level best represents which component of the theory of planned behaviour?

A) Attitudes
B) Perceived control
C) Social norms
D) Cultural norms

Question 50

Bob is watching a news show on the issue of abortion. As a result, his attitude about abortion is now active in his consciousness. This demonstrates the idea of __________.

A) attitude accessibility
B) attitude strength
C) attitude specificity
D) attitude generality

Question 51

The theory of planned behaviour suggests that which of the following leads to behaviour?

A) Intelligence, desire, and introversion
B) Collectivism, age, and status
C) Perceived expertise, introverson, and age
D) Perceived control, attitudes, and social norms

Question 52

If a researcher wants to assess implicit attitudes, she should probably NOT use a self-report measure because:

A) self-report measures are very difficult to administer to participants.
B) self-report measures are generally unreliable.
C) people are often unaware of their implicit attitudes.
D) self-report measures often take a long time for participants to fill out.

Question 53

George works in a modelling agency and often must decide whether people are attractive are not. According to ________, George are more likely to categorize other individuals in terms of their ________.

A) specificity; status
B) chronic accessibility; beauty
C) cognitive dissonance; intelligence
D) attitudes; behaviour

Question 54

Which theory states that attitudes, social norms, and perceived control will lead to the intention to perform a behaviour?

A) Theory of planned behaviour
B) Social learning theory
C) Theory of reasoned action
D) Cognitive dissonance theory

Question 55

Observational learning is another name for:

A) modelling.
B) unconscious learning.
C) classic conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 56

During her childhood, Holly sees that her mother disapproves of same-sex marriages. Through watching her mother, Holly ends up adopting a similar viewpoint. This could be considered an example of what type of learning?

A) Observational learning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Observational learning, operant learning, and classical learning

Question 57

Researchers have found that optimistic attitudes predict:

A) decreased life expectancy.
B) decreased immune functioning.
C) increased immune functioning.
D) decreased life expectancy and decreased immune functioning.

Question 58

Which of the following represents a main criticism of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)?

A) The IAT only measures explicit attitudes.
B) The IAT measures associations of adjectives with specific groups but does not necessarily reflect an individual's real attitude.
C) The IAT only measures conscious attitudes.
D) The IAT does not capture associations between concepts.

Question 59

Emma is trying to decide if she wants to exercise. She thinks exercise is important and knows that her doctor, friends, and family think it's a good idea for her to exercise. However, she is not sure if she is too out of shape to initiate an exercise routine. The favourable attitude that her doctor, friends, and family hold regarding her exercise behaviour best represents which component of the theory of planned behaviour?

A) Attitudes
B) Perceived control
C) Social norms
D) Cultural norms

Question 60

Which of the following statements regarding the affect of observational learning on attitudes is true?

A) Attitudes formed through observational learning are never strong.
B) Attitudes formed through observational learning cannot be reversed.
C) Attitudes formed through observational learning can be reversed.
D) Attitudes formed through observational learning are not long-lasting.

Question 61

Research suggests that an attitudinal shift as a result of cognitive dissonance is much more likely to occur when the counter-attitudinal behaviour is conducted in front of others. This finding supports which of the following statements?

A) People are more concerned with appearing consistent in their attitudes in the eyes of others than they are with actually being consistent.
B) People are concerned with holding attitudes that are consistent with their behaviour.
C) People are never concerned with holding attitudes that are consistent with their behaviour.
D) Attitudes often do not match behaviour.

Question 62

If we experience some form of reinforcement for a behaviour, our attitude should become more positive toward that behaviour.

Question 63

Valins (1966) exposed male students to "centrefolds" and mislead participants to believe they experienced a greater response to a particular photograph. When given the option, most men chose to take home the "centerfold" that they thought got their heart rates up. What does this study demonstrate?

A) Emotions often follow behaviours
B) Cognitive dissonance reduction
C) Post-decision dissonance
D) Self-affirmation theory

Question 64

Which of the following is a limitation of Cooper & Fazio's (1984) four-step model of attitude change?

A) It is only able to explain negative attitude change, but not positive attitude change.
B) Cognitive dissonance does not cause physical discomfort or tension.
C) It does not account for the ability of cognitive dissonance to change behaviour instead of attitudes.
D) The model requires all four steps to be in place for attitude change to occur.

Question 65

Jill is trying to decide between a red prom dress that she really likes and a black prom dress that she also really likes. Even though she likes both dresses about the same, she decides to choose the red dress. Now she feels the red dress was actually a better choice and that it looks much better on her than the black dress. Which of the following ideas best accounts for her change in opinion?

A) Attitude accessibility
B) Post-decisional dissonance
C) Attitude strength
D) Attitude specificity

Question 66

Clark, Wegener, and Fabrigar (2008) found that persuasive messages in line with participant's pre-existing attitudes about a topic ________ the accessibility of the attitude, and ________ the persuasiveness of the message.

A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) increase; increase

Question 67

Affect is one main component of an attitude.

Question 68

Cooper and Fazio (1984) postulate that four steps must occur for people to experience and attempt to reduce cognitive dissonance. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as one of those steps?

A) People have to feel very little guilt about the action.
B) People have to perceive personal responsibility for the action.
C) People have to perceive that there are negative consequences to their attitude-discrepant action.
D) People have to attribute their arousal to the action in question.

Question 69

Attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioural control comprise components of self-affirmation theory.

Question 70

The Implicit Associations Test is a measure used to assess explicit attitudes.

Question 71

According to your text, we are less likely to donate to charities for causes with which we have direct experience.

Question 72

If we paid people a great deal of money to perform a behaviour inconsistent with their attitude, research suggests people would experience cognitive dissonance, and therefore change their attitude to match their behaviour.

Question 73

Anna will likely experience post-decisional dissonance after she chooses between two equally attractive universities.

Question 74

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) asked participants to perform a boring task and then paid them either $20 or $1 to lie to the next participant, telling them that the task was enjoyable. Afterwards they asked participants to rate how much they liked the task. Participants who received $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than participants who received $20. What has been proposed as a likely reason for this result?

A) The participants paid $20 actually liked the task but lied about how they felt.
B) The participants paid $1 actually disliked the task but lied about how they felt.
C) The participants paid $1 did not have sufficient justification for lying so changed their attitude to match their behaviour.
D) The participants paid $20 experienced cognitive dissonance.

Question 75

Which of the following is true about the relationship between cognitive dissonance and culture?

A) Cognitive dissonance and dissonance reduction techniques are the same in individualist and collectivist cultures.
B) Japanese participants engage in dissonance-reduction only after being asked to consider the preferences of a self-relevant other person.
C) Canadian participants engage in dissonance-reduction only after being asked to consider the preferences of a self-relevant other person.
D) Dissonance-reduction techniques may not be utilized in individualistic cultures as much as in collectivist cultures.

Question 76

The statement that taking vitamins is good for your health represents the cognitive component of an attitude.

Question 77

Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus in order to increase a behaviour.

Question 78

Glen spent four years in university, working very hard towards his degree in journalism. After graduating, he has been unable to find a job in his field, and instead works as a waiter. He often states that university was worthwhile because he met a lot of new people and made some friends. Which of the following concepts is Glen demonstrating?

A) Impression management
B) Self-affirmation
C) Post-decision dissonance
D) Effort justification

Question 79

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) asked participants to perform a boring task and then paid them either $20 or $1 to lie to the next participant by telling them that the study was enjoyable. Afterwards they asked participants to rate how much they liked the task. The 'surprising' finding from Festinger and Carlsmith's study was:

A) the participants paid $20 reported liking the task more than those paid $1.
B) the participants paid $1 reported liking the task more than those paid $20.
C) those paid $20 reported the same level of liking as participants paid $1.
D) the participants paid $20 really liked the task but lied to researchers about their level of enjoyment.

Question 80

Culture moderates the extent to which individuals experience dissonance.