Deck 18: Advanced Topics in Linear Analytics

Question 1

Marketing metrics are qualitative benchmarks.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

One way to determine the relationship between X and Y is to simply visually draw the best-fit straight line through the points in the figure.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A scatter plot is a simple plot graphically depicting the corresponding values of variables onto one another in a Cartesian plane.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In a correlation matrix,the main diagonal contains correlations of zero.

Question 5

The ordinary least-squares method of regression analysis is based on the logic of how much better a regression line can predict values of Y compared to simply using the mean as a prediction.

Question 6

Measure of association is a general term that refers to causality.

Question 7

A correlation coefficient indicates the magnitude of the linear relationships but not the direction of that relationship.

Question 8

The least-squares regression line minimizes the sum of the squared deviations of the actual values from the predicted values in the regression line.

Question 9

The square of the correlation coefficient indicates the part of the total variance of Y that can be accounted for by X.

Question 10

A Spearman correlation is more appropriate for interval and ratio data than is the Pearson product-moment correlation.

Question 11

The statistical significance of a correlation can be tested using the t-test.

Question 12

Standardized variables are often called G-scores.

Question 13

Covariance is the extent to which a change in one variable corresponds systematically to a change in another.

Question 14

Correlation coefficients are sufficient to establish that a causal relationship exists between the two variables under study.

Question 15

The coefficient of determination reflects the proportion of variance that can be explained by the regression line.

Question 16

A correlation coefficient equal to +1.0 indicates a perfect positive relationship.

Question 17

The symbol for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is r.

Question 18

A correlation coefficient equal to -1.0 indicates an extremely weak relationship.

Question 19

If r = -.88,this indicates a weak relationship between the two variables under study.

Question 20

Standardized variables are generated by subtracting the mean of a variable from each observation and multiplying the result by the standard deviation of that variable.

Question 21

A negative relationship means that as one variable decreases in value,the other also decreases.

Question 22

Which of the following measures that part of the total variance of Y that we can account for by knowing the value of X?

A)product-moment correlation
B)correlation coefficient
C)F-test
D)coefficient of determination

Question 23

The coefficient of determination reflects the proportion of variance that can be explained by the regression line.

Question 24

If the correlation between two variables is - 0.75,this means that there is a ____.

A)weak positive relationship between the variables
B)strong inverse relationship between the variables
C)weak negative relationship between the variables
D)strong positive relationship between the variables

Question 25

In a correlation matrix,the correlations in the main diagonal are all equal to ____.

A)-1.00
B)0
C)+0.50
D)+1.00

Question 26

When there is a strong positive correlation between two variables,but,in fact,both variables are caused by a third variable,the relationship between the first two variables is said to be ____.

A)strong and negative
B)weak and negative
C)inverse
D)spurious

Question 27

If the correlation coefficient is - 0.62,the coefficient of determination is approximately ____.

A)- 0.62
B)- 0.38
C)+ 0.38
D)+ 0.62

Question 28

Control variables are predictor variables not involved in any causal assertion or hypothesis but are included to better understand the true effect of hypothesized causal variables on dependent variables.

Question 29

When the correlation between two variables is +.92,this means that as one variable ____,the other variable ____.

A)decreases;increases
B)increases;decreases
C)increases;increases
D)decreases;stays the same

Question 30

A covariance matrix contains the covariance for every pair of variables among a set of metric variables.

Question 31

If there is no relationship between two variables,the correlation coefficient between them would be:

A)-1.0
B)0.0
C)+0.50
D)+1.0

Question 32

A bivariate statistical technique that is used to measure the strength of the relationship between two variables is also called a ____.

A)one-group t-test
B)two-group t-test
C)measure of association
D)correlation matrix

Question 33

Which term refers to the absolute amount of association between two variables,determined by how a change in one variable corresponds systematically to a change in another?

A)spurious association
B)significance
C)covariance
D)standardized coefficient

Question 34

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ranges between:

A)zero and +1.0
B)-1.0 and zero
C)-1.0 and +1.0
D)-2.0 and +2.0

Question 35

A correlation matrix is a standardized covariance matrix.

Question 36

The standard form for reporting observed correlations among multiple variables is the ____.

A)correlation matrix
B)contingency table
C)Pearson grid
D)inverse table

Question 37

The Pearson product-moment correlation requires that the data be measured on at least a ____ scale.

A)nominal
B)interval
C)ordinal
D)non-numeric

Question 38

The ____ is a measure obtained by squaring the correlation coefficient.

A)t-statistic
B)coefficient of determination
C)F-ratio
D)Pearson coefficient

Question 39

If the correlation between X and Y is -.72,approximately what percentage of the variance in Y can be explained by X?

A)28%
B)52%
C)72%
D)85%

Question 40

If the regression equation is: Y = 24.35 - 14.2X,then 24.35 is the ____,while -14.2 is the ____.

A)slope;y-intercept
B)independent variable;slope
C)dependent variable;y-intercept
D)y-intercept;slope

Question 41

Which correlation coefficient indicates a moderate negative relationship?

A)-1.0
B)-0.5
C)+0.5
D)+1.0

Question 42

Which correlation coefficient indicates a perfect negative relationship?

A)-1.0
B)-0.5
C)+0.5
D)+1.0

Question 43

If the regression equation is: Y = -4.2 + 3.6X,then the expected score for Y when X is 4 would be ____.

A)-18.6
B)-10.2
C)+10.2
D)+18.6

Question 44

If the coefficient of determination between X and Y is 0.85,approximately what percentage of the variance in Y can be explained by X?

A)52%
B)72%
C)85%
D)92%

Question 45

The portion of dependent variable variance left over after the predictor variables are included in a model intended to represent Y is ____.

A)white noise
B)residual
C)correlation
D)covariance

Question 46

Which correlation coefficient indicates a moderate positive relationship?

A)-1.0
B)-0.5
C)+0.5
D)+1.0

Question 47

Which correlation coefficient indicates a perfect positive relationship?

A)-1.0
B)-0.5
C)+0.5
D)+1.0

Question 48

The extent to which a change in one variable corresponds systematically to a change in another is referred to as ____________________.

Question 49

Which approach is most appropriate if the purpose of the regression analysis is forecasting?

A)standardized regression coefficient (β)
B)Y-intercept α
C)coefficient of determination (R²)
D)raw parameter estimates

Question 50

If the coefficient of determination between X and Y is .28,approximately what percentage of the variance in Y can be explained by X?

A)28%
B)58%
C)78%
D)88%

Question 51

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ranges between ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 52

The Pearson product-moment correlation requires at least ____________________-level data.

Question 53

A(n)____________________ relationship exists when the value of one variable goes up while the value of the other variable goes down.

Question 54

The statistical measure of the association between two variables that is a standardized representation of covariance is known as the ____________________ coefficient.

Question 55

If the coefficient of determination between X and Y is .72,approximately what percentage of the variance in Y can be explained by X?

A)22%
B)52%
C)72%
D)82%

Question 56

The statistical significance of a regression model is determined using which test?

A)t-test
B)ꭓ²
C)F-test
D)Z-test

Question 57

Which VIF value would cause a researcher to suspect multicollinearity?

A)0.0
B)0.5
C)1.0
D)5.0

Question 58

If the coefficient of determination is approximately +0.38,the correlation coefficient might be ____.

A)-0.62
B)-0.38
C)+0.23
D)+ 0.38

Question 59

Which effect occurs if multiple predictor variables are strongly correlated with each other?

A)multicollinearity
B)heteroskedasticity
C)enodgeneity
D)dependency

Question 60

Which regression estimation technique is based on the logic of how much better a regression line can predict values of Y compared to simply using the mean as a prediction for all observations,no matter what the value of X may be?

A)visual estimation
B)maximum likelihood
C)coefficient of determination
D)ordinary least squares (OLS)

Question 61

Covariation in which one variable increases while the other decreases indicates a(n)____________________ relationship.

Question 62

As multicollinearity increases,the adjusted R² becomes ____________________ than the unadjusted R².

Question 63

Compare and contrast correlation,covariance,and causation.

Question 64

Discuss the common procedures for testing association for data that are ordinal and that are interval/ratio.

Question 65

The square of the correlation coefficient is called the ____________________.

Question 66

An overall estimate of variance overlap among independent variables is the ____________________.

Question 67

Discuss the steps in regression analysis when a researcher's goal is to explain.

Question 68

A correlation coefficient indicates both the ____________________ of the relationship between two variables by its absolute value and the ____________________ of this relationship by its sign.

Question 69

If the correlation between two variables is -.55,the coefficient of determination is approximately ____________________.

Question 70

Explain what an acceptable R² value is.

Question 71

Underspecification leads to a pattern in ____________________.

Question 72

A major assumption of any GLM is that the residual terms are ____________________.

Question 73

Discuss the pros and cons of raw regression estimates and standardized regression estimates and explain when each is appropriate.

Question 74

In a correlation matrix,the values in the main diagonal equal ____________________.

Question 75

The standard format for reporting the correlations between pairs of several variables is called the ____________________.