Deck 9: To Parent or Not to Parent

Question 1

Which of the following nations has the highest total fertility rate among developed nations?

A) the United States
B) Australia
C) the United Kingdom
D) Japan

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In 2006, __________ percent of women 40-44 were childless.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Because some of America's values, laws, employment policies, and culture are slanted against
Parents and their children, some scholars have warned that our society is characterized by

A) structural antinatalism.
B) terroristic childlessness.
C) anti-family-friendly policies.
D) anti-fertility.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The text offers several explanations for the drop in overall fertility levels. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) waiting longer to have their first babies
B) childbearing having increasingly shifted to later ages
C) an increase in sexual abstinence
D) a higher incidence of childlessness

Question 5

Significant changes have taken place in American childbearing patterns in the decades since World War II. Which is NOT one of these changes discussed by the text?

A) The average number of children an American woman bears has declined.
B) Women are having children at later ages.
C) Teen pregnancies are on the rise.
D) Childlessness-by choice or circumstance-is more common today.

Question 6

Which racial/ethnic group has the highest fertility rate in the U.S ?

A) non-Hispanic whites
B) Asian Americans
C) blacks
D) Hispanics

Question 7

Multiple births have increased dramatically since 1980, with the birthrate for twins at ____ for every 1,000 births.

A) 32
B) 42
C) 52
D) 62

Question 8

On average, American women are now having around __________ children each.

A) 1
B) 1.5
C) 2
D) 2.5

Question 9

In a 2002 survey, women respondents reported that over one-third of their recent births were __________.

A) unwanted
B) planned
C) unintended
D) mistimed

Question 10

An estimate of the cost of raising a child born in 2007 to the age of 18 for middle-income families was

A) $35,000.
B) $65,000.
C) $125,000.
D) $269,000.

Question 11

When parents are interviewed, they report a variety of emotional satisfactions from having children. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) meaning and purpose in life
B) the assurance that they would be well cared for in their old age
C) the identity of parenthood
D) a sense of commitment and meaning in an uncertain social world

Question 12

Today, among married American women of all ages, there is a strong preference for

A) one-child families.
B) two-child families.
C) three-child families.
D) childlessness.

Question 13

Traditionally in American society, children were viewed as

A) demographic statistics.
B) emotional liabilities.
C) emotional necessities.
D) economic assets.

Question 14

The value of children perspective has more recently been supplemented by a(n) __________ perspective on the benefits of parenthood.

A) social capital
B) pro-natalist
C) anti-natalist
D) economic liability

Question 15

The text points out that in American society, having children is taken for granted, whereas not having children seems to need a justification. This reflects a

A) pro-child policy.
B) pronatalist bias.
C) child-focused tendency.
D) parenthood bias.

Question 16

The text cites a dramatic increase in __________ as one of the striking developments in American women's fertility patterns in recent years.

A) total fertility
B) the number of adoptions
C) multiple births
D) the number of abortions

Question 17

The technical term used in social science for reproductive capacity is

A) fecundity.
B) fertility.
C) total fertility.
D) crude fertility.

Question 18

As noted in the text, which of the following terms is often used now instead of the more negative sounding childless?

A) non-natal
B) childfree
C) child absentia
D) pro-choice childlessness

Question 19

In 1976, the U.S. total fertility rate dropped to the lowest level ever recorded, which was

A) 2.138
B) 2.038
C) 1.938
D) 1.738

Question 20

With regard to the current fertility rate among black Americans, which of the following explanations best applies?

A) functionalist
B) differential opportunity
C) labeling
D) social conflict

Question 21

Unwed birthrates are highest among

A) young women in their twenties.
B) teens.
C) middle-aged women.
D) older women, age 40 and over.

Question 22

In a study using a national sample of more than 24,000 eighth graders surveyed in 1998, sociologist Douglas Downey found that only children were

A) more likely to talk frequently with their parents.
B) less likely to have attended art classes outside of school.
C) less likely to have visited history museums.
D) less likely to talk frequently with their parents.

Question 23

The text lists several advantages to later parenthood. Which is NOT one of these?

A) completed education and freedom to establish a career
B) more money to arrange support services
C) confident in their ability as parents
D) late mothers were eager to become grandmothers

Question 24

Studies comparing marriages with and without children consistently report marital happiness to be higher in

A) families with large numbers of children.
B) families with a small number of children.
C) families with the "normative" number of children.
D) child-free unions.

Question 25

In 2008, __________ percent of all births were to unmarried women.

A) 0
B) 10
C) 25
D) 40

Question 26

What percent of U.S. women surveyed in 2001 said "no" to the question of whether "a woman needs the experience of motherhood to have a complete life?"

A) 10
B) 30
C) 50
D) 70

Question 27

The text lists several advantages to having a one-child family. Which of the following is NOT one of these advantages?

A) Parents can enjoy parenthood without feeling overwhelmed and tied down.
B) Families have more free time and are better off financially.
C) Parents can buy fewer Christmas and birthday presents.
D) Family members share decisions more equally and can spend more time together.

Question 28

The 2000 census indicated that some __________ siblings live together in the U.S.

A) 100,000
B) 400,000
C) 700,000
D) 1 million

Question 29

From a review of the literature about couples who decided not to have children, which of the following is NOT one of motives for childlessness?

A) dislike of children
B) freedom from responsibility and opportunity for self-fulfillment
C) higher marital satisfaction
D) monetary advantages

Question 30

Evidence shows that children, especially when they are young, tend to have which of the following influences on marriage?

A) disruption
B) dissolution
C) stabilization
D) altercation

Question 31

Births to women in their twenties, the primary age for childbearing, comprise __________ of all births in the United States.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) just over half
D) over three-fourths

Question 32

There seems to be a connection between childlessness and _____________

A) career commitment.
B) race and ethnicity.
C) high family incomes.
D) managerial occupations.

Question 33

WAfter declining during the 1990s, nonmarital birthrates have

A) stabilized.
B) risen again to an all-time high.
C) risen slightly.
D) declined sharply since 2000.

Question 34

The text lists several advantages to earlier parenthood. Which is NOT among them?

A) better physical health
B) grandparents are younger, and could help with the children
C) more time to pursue a career before having children
D) less of a "generation gap" between themselves and their children

Question 35

For prospective parents who seek to time their parenthood earlier or later in life, what advice does the text give?

A) it's better to have children when you are younger, due to youthful energy
B) have an awareness of the trade-offs-having children is a challenge at any age!
C) children are more of a joy when you are an older parent
D) pregnancies should be timed when you are in your mid-twenties

Question 36

The proportion of one-child families in America appears to be growing due to at least three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) the high cost of rearing a child through college
B) women's increasing career opportunities and aspirations
C) the choice to have just one child becomes easier to make as more couples do so
D) negative personal experiences with siblings from childhood

Question 37

Which racial/ethnic group has the highest proportion of nonmarital births?

A) Hispanic
B) non-Hispanic white
C) African American
D) Native American/Alaska native

Question 38

Janet is employed as an executive within a major corporation. When she decided to have a child, she stepped down from this position, thus giving up a six-figure income. Janet's situation illustrates which of the following "costs?"

A) opportunity
B) direct
C) indirect
D) residual

Question 39

Your text lists several disadvantages to having a one-child family. Which of the following is NOT one of these disadvantages?

A) Children have the lack of opportunity to develop sibling relationships.
B) Family passes and discounts are unavailable.
C) Children may face extra pressure from parents to succeed.
D) As adults, single children have no help in caring for their aging parents.

Question 40

From 1940 to 1960, approximately __________ percent of all births were to unmarried women.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 40

Question 41

Which of the following concepts indicates the condition of wanting to conceive and bear a child but being physically unable to do so?

A) involuntary infertility
B) subfecundity
C) primary infertility
D) tertiary infertility

Question 42

The diaphragm was invented in

A) 1673.
B) 1783.
C) 1883.
D) 1993.

Question 43

WWhich United States Supreme Court decision legalized abortion throughout the United States?

A) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
B) Roe v. Wade
C) Miranda v. Arizona
D) Escobedo v. Illinois

Question 44

The increase in childbearing among older single women is largely a(n) __________ phenomenon.

A) black
B) Hispanic
C) Asian
D) white, middle-class

Question 45

Going through infertility treatment is costly, with the average cost for one IVF running at over ____________, with additional costs for fertility drugs.

A) $8,000
B) $5,000
C) $3,000
D) $1,000

Question 46

The American Psychological Association has taken the position that

A) "abortion is a safe procedure that carries few. . .psychological risks."
B) "those who have abortions are at risk for 'abortion trauma'"
C) "abortion is a mental health risk for some individuals."
D) abortion is bad for your mental health

Question 47

According to the text, for as long as most people can remember, the words "teenage pregnancy" have been associated with which word?

A) tragedy
B) problem
C) crisis
D) challenge

Question 48

In 2005, around __________ percent of pregnancies ended in abortion.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 25

Question 49

The text observes that the psychological burden of infertility may fall especially hard on

A) the most severely impoverished.
B) the working poor.
C) professional, goal-oriented individuals.
D) blue-collar workers.

Question 50

Louise Brown, the first "test tube" baby, ___________ in 2006.

A) gave birth to her first child
B) had a nervous breakdown
C) turned 30.
D) died of a genetic disease.

Question 51

In 2000, there were more than __________ adopted children in U.S. households.

A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 1.5 million
D) 2 million

Question 52

Almost __________ percent of all legal abortions take place during the first trimester (first 12 weeks) of pregnancy.

A) 60
B) 70
C) 80
D) 90

Question 53

__________ percent of American women have had an induced abortion at some point in their lives.

A) Five
B) Ten
C) Thirty
D) Forty

Question 54

In 2006, a Gallup Poll revealed that, in reference to the Roe v. Wade decision, a majority of Americans believe that the decision should

A) be overturned, and abortion should be illegal.
B) be modified to rule out abortion under specific circumstances.
C) remain the law of the land.
D) be liberalized even further.

Question 55

In the U.S., about __________ of unintended pregnancies are aborted.

A) one-fifth
B) two-fifths
C) three-fifths
D) four-fifths

Question 56

During the 1990s, declines in the teen birth rate were especially large for __________ women.

A) black
B) Hispanic
C) white
D) Asian

Question 57

Embryo transfer technology, along with surrogacy, creates the possibility that a child could have three mothers. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) the genetic mother
B) the gestational mother
C) the social (child-rearing) mother
D) the spiritual mother

Question 58

Of any industrialized country, which nation has by far the highest teen pregnancy, abortion, and birthrates?

A) Japan
B) China
C) the United States
D) Russia

Question 59

__________ of fertility-impaired women sought medical help in 1995.

A) One-tenth
B) One-quarter
C) One-third
D) Almost half

Question 60

The average success rate of reproductive technology (resulting in a baby) is __________ percent.

A) 7
B) 10
C) 17
D) 27

Question 61

As overall fertility levels have dropped, childbearing has increasingly shifted to later ages.

Question 62

Jimmy is an adoptive child. Before his adoption was finalized, he was returned to the agency that handled his case. This reflects which of the following?

A) private adoption
B) dissolved adoption
C) disrupted adoption
D) closed adoption

Question 63

The text observes that, more so than in the past, our society presents the possibility of choice and decision making about parenthood.

Question 64

Which of the following categories does NOT represent the large majority of youngsters now handled by adoption agencies?

A) ethnic minorities
B) white infants who are not developmentally disabled
C) children who are no longer infants
D) disabled children

Question 65

The Multi-Ethnic Placement Act of 1994 and the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997

A) prohibit delay or denial in placement of children on the basis of race, color, or national origin of the parents.
B) limit adoptions according to racial criteria.
C) limit adoptions according to ethnic criteria.
D) both b and c above

Question 66

Generally, whites have had higher fertility rates than blacks.

Question 67

Ruth is an adoptive child. After her adoption was finalized, she was returned to the agency that handled her case. This reflects which of the following?

A) dissolved adoption
B) open adoption
C) disrupted adoption
D) closed adoption

Question 68

Children who have experienced disrupted or dissolved adoption events may suffer from what is called __________ disorder.

A) posttraumatic stress
B) attachment
C) emotional
D) adoption

Question 69

Those who adopt unrelated children

A) are less likely to be older.
B) are less educated women and couples.
C) are most commonly couples or individuals in which the woman has had no children, has impaired fertility, and has used infertility services.
D) have lower incomes.

Question 70

Today, a one-child preference dominates Americans' preferences.

Question 71

The text points out that a stable marriage is a happy marriage.

Question 72

Today, __________ percent of adopted children are of a different race than one or both of their parents.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50

Question 73

The tendency for the more highly educated and wealthier in any group to have fewer offspring is characteristic of the white population, but not for the members of racial and ethnic minority groups.

Question 74

Chuck and Lisa arranged an adoption with a birth mother through an attorney. This example reflects all EXCEPT which of the following types of adoption?

A) independent
B) lawyer-assisted
C) public
D) private

Question 75

Children in the United States are more likely to be poor than in comparable countries.

Question 76

The terms fecundity and fertility describe the physical ability to have children.

Question 77

Latinos have the lowest fertility rate of any U.S. racial/ethnic group.

Question 78

Brad and Jan have recently adopted a child through a licensed agency. This example reflects __________ adoption.

A) public
B) private
C) independent
D) central registry

Question 79

Regarding international adoption, in 2000, most children were adopted from

A) Africa.
B) Russia.
C) Guatemala.
D) Asia.

Question 80

On a purely financial basis, children considerably decrease a couple's level of living.