Deck 33: Invertebrates

Question 1

Which of the following are characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria?
1) a gastrovascular cavity
2) a polyp stage
3) a medusa stage
4) cnidocytes
5) a pseudocoelom

A)1 and 4
B)2 and 3
C)2, 3, and 4
D)1, 2, 3, and 4
E)all five of these

Answer 1

D

Question 2

While vacationing in a country that lacks adequate meat inspection, a student ate undercooked ground beef. Sometime later the student became easily fatigued, and lost body weight. At about the same time, whitish, flattened, rectangular objects full of small white spheres started appearing in his feces. Administration of niclosamide cured the problem. The student had probably been infected by a

A)pinworm.
B)hookworm.
C)nematode.
D)tapeworm.
E)proboscis worm.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found

A)encysted in freshwater snails.
B)encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig.
C)crawling in the abdominal blood vessels of cows and pigs.
D)encysted in the human brain.
E)crawling in the intestines of cows and pigs.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which cells in a sponge are primarily responsible for trapping and removing food particles from circulating water?

A)choanocytes
B)mesoglea cells
C)pore cells (porocytes)
D)epidermal cells

Question 5

Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?

A)dorsoventrally flattened bodies
B)flame bulbs
C)radial symmetry
D)a digestive system with a single opening
E)both A and D

Question 6

Which chemical is synthesized by some sponges and acts as an antibiotic?

A)streptomycin
B)spongin
C)calcium carbonate
D)silica
E)cribrostatin

Question 7

Which of the following is correctly associated with sponges?

A)osculum
B)body cavity
C)cnidocytes
D)spicules made of chitin
E)muscle cells and nerve cells

Question 8

In a small stream, you pick up a rock and observe many small, flattened worms crawling on its undersurface. You decide that they belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes. To which class do they probably belong?

A)Cestoda
B)Monogenea
C)Turbellaria
D)Trematoda

Question 9

Which of these can be observed in the mesohyl of various undisturbed sponges at one time or another?
1) amoebocytes
2) spicules
3) spongin
4) zygotes
5) choanocytes

A)1 only
B)1 and 2
C)1, 2, and 3
D)1, 2, 3, and 4
E)all five of these

Question 10

Generally, members of which flatworm class(es)are nonparasitic?

A)Turbellaria
B)Trematoda
C)Cestoda
D)Monogenea
E)A, C, and D

Question 11

Which of the following is True of members of the phylum Cnidaria?

A)They are not capable of locomotion because they lack True muscle tissue.
B)They are primarily filter feeders.
C)They have either or both of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae.
D)They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.
E)They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).

Question 12

The members of which class of the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps?

A)Hydrozoa
B)Scyphozoa
C)Anthozoa
D)Cubozoa
E)both B and D

Question 13

Corals are most closely related to which group?

A)jellies
B)freshwater hydras
C)sea anemones
D)sponges
E)barnacles

Question 14

A sponge's structural materials (spicules, spongin)are manufactured by the

A)pore cells.
B)epidermal cells.
C)choanocytes.
D)zygotes.
E)amoebocytes.

Question 15

What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population?

A)Reduce the mosquito population.
B)Reduce the freshwater snail population.
C)Purify all drinking water.
D)Avoid contact with rodent droppings.
E)Carefully wash all raw fruits and vegetables.

Question 16

Which of the following correctly characterizes the phylum Rotifera?

A)a single-opening digestive tract
B)a pair of mandibles made of chitin
C)parthenogenic reproduction
D)inability to persist in environments where they might undergo desiccation
E)a relatively large size

Question 17

A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers probably belongs to which phylum?

A)Porifera
B)Cnidaria
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Nematoda
E)Echinodermata

Question 18

Which class of the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike)medusae?

A)Hydrozoa
B)Scyphozoa
C)Anthozoa
D)Cubozoa
E)Both A and C are referred to as "jellies."

Question 19

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a Cnidarian?

A)zygote
B)choanocyte
C)gamete
D)epidermal cell
E)pore cell

Question 20

Figure 33.1
Which of these factors, when used to label the horizontal axis of the graph in Figure 33.1, would account most directly for the shape of the plot?

A)spongin concentration (gm/unit volume)
B)rate of cribrostatin synthesis (molecules/unit time)
C)number of pores per sponge
D)number of spicules per sponge
E)number of choanocytes per sponge

Question 21

Which of the following statements about tapeworm feeding methods is correct?

A)They have complete digestive tracts.
B)They use degenerate mouths to ingest some of their food.
C)As adults, they live and feed in the host's bloodstream.
D)They are autotrophic.
E)They absorb nutrients across their body walls.

Question 22

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes?

A)All species can be characterized either as scavengers or as decomposers.
B)They have only longitudinal muscles.
C)They have a True coelom.
D)They have a gastrovascular cavity.
E)Many species are diploblastic.

Question 23

A lophophore is used by ectoprocts and brachiopods

A)for locomotion.
B)at a larval stage.
C)for feeding.
D)for sensory reception.
E)as a skeletal system.

Question 24

Some species of which of the following annelid classes release an anticoagulant that is of medical significance?

A)Oligochaeta
B)Polychaeta
C)Hirudinea (leeches)
D)all three of these
E)two of these

Question 25

Which of the following is found only among annelids?

A)a hydrostatic skeleton
B)segmentation
C)a clitellum
D)a closed circulatory system
E)a cuticle made of chitin

Question 26

A radula is present in members of which class(es)?

A)chitons
B)bivalves
C)gastropods
D)cephalopods

Question 27

Which molluscan class includes marine organisms whose shell consists of eight plates?

A)chitons
B)bivalves
C)gastropods
D)cephalopods

Question 28

The name of which of the following annelid classes indicates the relative number of bristles (chaetae)its members have?

A)Oligochaeta
B)Polychaeta
C)Hirudinea (leeches)
D)all three of these
E)two of these

Question 29

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which class?

A)chitons
B)bivalves
C)gastropods
D)cephalopods

Question 30

Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by

A)having sexual contact with an infected partner.
B)eating undercooked pork.
C)inhaling the eggs of worms.
D)eating undercooked beef.
E)being bitten by tsetse flies.

Question 31

A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of

A)two hinged shells.
B)a digestive system with separate mouth and anus.
C)a lophophore.
D)suspension feeding.
E)a distinct head.

Question 32

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a True coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n)

A)chordate.
B)echinoderm.
C)mollusc.
D)nematode.
E)arthropod.

Question 33

Of the annelid classes below, which have parapodia?

A)Oligochaeta
B)Polychaeta
C)Hirudinea (leeches)
D)all three of these
E)two of these

Question 34

Of the annelid classes below, which make castings that are agriculturally important?

A)Oligochaeta
B)Polychaeta
C)Hirudinea (leeches)
D)all three of these
E)two of these

Question 35

Many of which of the following annelid classes are parasites?

A)Oligochaeta
B)Polychaeta
C)Hirudinea (leeches)
D)all three of these
E)two of these

Question 36

Which molluscan class includes organisms that are primarily suspension feeders?

A)chitons
B)bivalves
C)gastropods
D)cephalopods

Question 37

If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located?

A)mantle cavity
B)coelom
C)foot
D)visceral mass
E)excurrent siphon

Question 38

Which molluscan class includes members that undergo embryonic torsion?

A)chitons
B)bivalves
C)gastropods
D)cephalopods

Question 39

Of the annelid classes below, which have externally segmented bodies?

A)Oligochaeta
B)Polychaeta
C)Hirudinea (leeches)
D)all three of these
E)two of these

Question 40

While snorkeling, a student observes an active marine animal that has a series of muscular tentacles bearing suckers associated with its head. Segmentation is not observed, but a pair of large, well-developed eyes is evident. The student is observing an animal belonging to which class?

A)chitons
B)bivalves
C)gastropods
D)cephalopods

Question 41

The possession of two pairs of antennae is a characteristic of

A)spiders.
B)insects.
C)centipedes.
D)millipedes.
E)crustaceans.

Question 42

You find a small animal with eight legs crawling up your bedroom wall. Closer examination will probably reveal that this animal has

A)antennae.
B)no antennae.
C)chelicerae.
D)A and C
E)B and C

Question 43

Which of the following have distinct central disks and long, flexible arms?

A)class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
B)class Asteroidea (sea stars)
C)class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
D)class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
E)class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Question 44

Nematode worms and annelid worms share which of the following features?

A)use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton
B)ecdysis
C)presence of a circulatory system
D)presence of segmentation
E)absence of species with parasitic lifestyles

Question 45

A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of

A)chelicerae.
B)an open circulatory system.
C)an exoskeleton.
D)a cuticle.
E)a cephalothorax.

Question 46

What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects?

A)presence of wings in the adult, but not in earlier life stages
B)presence of sex organs in the adult, but not in earlier life stages
C)radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages
D)only A and B
E)A, B, and C

Question 47

One should expect to find the "9 + 2 pattern" of microtubules in association with the feeding apparatus of which of the following?

A)annelids
B)coral animals
C)tapeworms
D)sponges
E)terrestrial insects

Question 48

While working in your garden, you discover a worm-like, segmented animal with two pairs of jointed legs per segment. The animal is probably a

A)millipede.
B)caterpillar.
C)centipede.
D)polychaete worm.
E)sow bug.

Question 49

Which of the following are entirely, or partly, composed of calcium carbonate?

A)spicules of siliceous sponges
B)coral animals' exoskeletons
C)molluscs' mantles
D)insects' cuticles
E)nematodes' cuticles

Question 50

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that its adults would also feature

A)eight legs.
B)two pairs of antennae.
C)a sessile lifestyle.
D)an open circulatory system.
E)parapodia.

Question 51

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have

A)a cuticle.
B)a ventral nerve cord.
C)open circulation.
D)wings.
E)segmented bodies.

Question 52

Infection with which parasite might cause excessive elasticity in human skeletal muscles?

A)trichinella worms
B)tapeworms
C)copepods
D)blood flukes
E)rotifers

Question 53

Which of the following are characteristics of arthropods?
1) protostome development
2) bilateral symmetry
3) a pseudocoelom
4) three embryonic germ layers
5) a closed circulatory system

A)1 and 2
B)2 and 3
C)1, 2, and 4
D)2, 3, and 5
E)3, 4, and 5

Question 54

Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms?

A)secondary radial symmetry
B)spiral cleavage
C)gastrovascular cavity
D)exoskeleton
E)lophophore

Question 55

Which of the following can extend the stomach through their mouth to feed?

A)class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
B)class Asteroidea (sea stars)
C)class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
D)class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
E)class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Question 56

Which of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm?
1) type of body cavity
2) number of muscle layers in the body wall
3) presence of segmentation
4) number of embryonic tissue layers
5) shape of worm in cross-sectional view

A)2 only
B)2 and 3
C)1, 2, and 3
D)1, 2, 3, and 5
E)all five of these

Question 57

The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong?

A)Platyhelminthes
B)Arthropoda
C)Nematoda
D)Acoela
E)Annelida

Question 58

A student observes a worm-like organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect (like a maggot). On the other hand, it might be a member of which phylum, and one way to distinguish between the two possibilities is by looking for the presence of

A)Platyhelminthes; a cuticle of chitin.
B)Nematoda; an alimentary canal.
C)Annelida; a body cavity.
D)Nematoda; a circulatory system.
E)Annelida; muscle in the body wall.

Question 59

Which of the following are elongated in the oral-aboral axis?

A)class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
B)class Asteroidea (sea stars)
C)class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
D)class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
E)class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Question 60

Which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful at dispersing to distant environments?

A)hemocoel
B)wings
C)jointed appendages
D)chewing mandibles
E)internal fertilization

Question 61

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
If the pond organisms are larvae, rather than adults, Sarah should expect them to have all of the following structures, except

A)antennae.
B)an open circulatory system.
C)an exoskeleton of chitin.
D)complex eyes.
E)sex organs.

Question 62

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Protostomes with a unique drape of tissue that may secrete a shell are part of which phylum?

A)Cnidaria
B)Annelida
C)Mollusca
D)Arthropoda
E)Echinodermata

Question 63

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
A stalked, sessile marine organism has several feathery feeding structures surrounding an opening through which food enters. The organism could potentially be a cnidarian, a lophophorate, a tube-dwelling worm, a crustacean, or an echinoderm. Finding which of the following in this organism would allow the greatest certainty of identification?

A)the presence of what seems to be radial symmetry
B)a hard covering made partly of calcium carbonate
C)a digestive system with mouth and anus separate from each other
D)a water vascular system
E)a nervous system

Question 64

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Sarah had learned that ancestral (Carboniferous era)dragonfly species were much larger than extant dragonfly species are, with wingspans of 70 cm. This struck her as odd, because she had also learned that one of the things that keeps insects small is their relatively inefficient respiratory system. Which two hypotheses might help account for the large size of ancestral dragonflies?
1) If the atmosphere during the Carboniferous had featured a higher oxygen content than the modern atmosphere, then tracheae might have been sufficient means for oxygen delivery to the interior tissues.
2) If large size was a drawback, then the large dragonflies underwent extinction, which explains why all extant dragonflies are smaller.
3) If the ancestral dragonflies had possessed muscles that permitted effective ventilation of the tracheae, then the tracheae might have been sufficient means for oxygen delivery to the interior tissues.
4) If ancestral dragonflies existed during greenhouse conditions, then they must have survived by decreasing their activity levels, no longer capturing prey in flight. Thus, for them, an ineffective respiratory system was sufficient.

A)1 and 2
B)1 and 3
C)1 and 4
D)2 and 3
E)2 and 4

Question 65

An organism is able to extend its feeding structure(s)through a hole in its body wall. If the organism were a sea star, it would extend its

A)stomach.
B)lophophore.
C)pharynx.
D)mandibles.
E)tentacles.

Question 66

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic?

A)Mollusca
B)Crustacea
C)Echinodermata
D)Arthropoda
E)Annelida

Question 67

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a salt-water aquarium. Knowing that salt-water aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several gastropod varieties. Lastly, some vertebrates-a parrotfish and a clownfish-were added. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish.
Parrotfish have mouths adapted to scrape algae off of coral, and can even munch on coral. The aquarium's corals rapidly dwindled; in their place were shards of

A)chitin.
B)calcium carbonate.
C)silica.
D)bone.
E)chitin impregnated with calcium carbonate.

Question 68

Which of the following can have long, movable spines?

A)class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
B)class Asteroidea (sea stars)
C)class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
D)class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
E)class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Question 69

Which of the following describe(s)echinoderms?

A)They have an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates.
B)Tube feet provide motility in most species.
C)They have a pseudocoelom.
D)Only A and B are True.
E)A, B, and C are True.

Question 70

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
From this description, one can conclude that the organisms that have caught Sarah's attention are

A)insects.
B)crustaceans.
C)aquatic spiders.
D)myriapods.
E)eurypterids.

Question 71

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a salt-water aquarium. Knowing that salt-water aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several gastropod varieties. Lastly, some vertebrates-a parrotfish and a clownfish-were added. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish.
The species in the aquarium that possess True bilateral symmetry include the 1. sponges.
2) molluscs.
3) echinoderm.
4) sea anemones.
5) ectoprocts.

A)2 only
B)1 and 4
C)2 and 5
D)2, 3, and 5
E)2, 3, 4, and 5

Question 72

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Protostomes that have a closed circulatory system and obvious segmentation are part of which phylum?

A)Cnidaria
B)Annelida
C)Mollusca
D)Arthropoda
E)Echinodermata

Question 73

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Sarah observed that the mystery pond organisms never come up to the pond's surface. If she catches one of these organisms and observes closely, perhaps dissecting the organism, she should find 1. gills.
2) spiracles.
3) tracheae.

A)1 only
B)3 only
C)1 and 3
D)2 and 3
E)1, 2, and 3

Question 74

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators?

A)Cnidaria
B)Annelida
C)Mollusca
D)Arthropoda
E)Echinodermata

Question 75

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. Which structure below would allow for the most certain identification?

A)a mantle
B)a heart
C)a body cavity
D)a lophophore
E)eyes

Question 76

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a salt-water aquarium. Knowing that salt-water aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several gastropod varieties. Lastly, some vertebrates-a parrotfish and a clownfish-were added. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish.
One day, little Tommy (a student in an under-supervised class of 40 fifth graders)got the urge to pet Nemo (the clownfish)who was swimming among the waving petals of a pretty underwater "flower" that had a big hole in the midst of the petals. Tommy giggled upon finding that these petals were sticky feeling. A few hours later, Tommy was in the nurse's office with nausea and cramps. Microscopic examination of his fingers would probably have revealed the presence of

A)teeth marks.
B)spines.
C)spicules.
D)nematocysts.
E)a radula.

Question 77

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Deuterostomes that have an endoskeleton are part of which phylum?

A)Cnidaria
B)Annelida
C)Mollusca
D)Arthropoda
E)Echinodermata

Question 78

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Sarah noticed the presence of many empty exoskeletons attached to emergent vegetation. These exoskeletons looked exactly like those of the largest of the "mystery organisms" she had seen in the pond. They also looked similar to the bodies of the dragonflies that patrolled the surface of the pond. If Sarah had learned a lot from her college biology class, what should she have concluded about the mysterious pond organisms?

A)They are larval dragonflies, destined to undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
B)They are larval dragonflies, destined to undergo complete metamorphosis.
C)They are adult dragonflies, so old that they can no longer fly, have fallen into the pond, but have not yet drowned.
D)They are adult dragonflies that must, like many amphibian species, return to water in order to mate.

Question 79

The following questions refer to the paragraph below.
A farm pond, usually dry during winter, has plenty of water and aquatic pond life during the summer. One summer, Sarah returns to the family farm from college. Observing the pond, she is fascinated by some six-legged organisms that can crawl about on submerged surfaces or, when disturbed, seemingly "jet" through the water. Watching further, she is able to conclude that the "mystery organisms" are ambush predators, and their prey includes everything from insects to small fish and tadpoles.
Protostomes that have an open circulatory system and an exoskeleton of chitin are part of which phylum?

A)Cnidaria
B)Annelida
C)Mollusca
D)Arthropoda
E)Echinodermata

Question 80

Which of the following have a mouth that is directed upward?

A)class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
B)class Asteroidea (sea stars)
C)class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
D)class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
E)class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)