Deck 38: Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Question 1

Which stimulus increases the tone of the esophageal sphincter?

A)Progesterone
B)Glucagon
C)Motilin
D)Gastrin

Answer 1

Gastrin

Question 2

The _____ cells in the stomach secrete histamine.

A)oxyntic
B)chief
C)D
D)enterochromaffin-like

Answer 2

enterochromaffin-like

Question 3

Hydrolase cleaves fatty acids from phospholipids and phospholipase breaks cholesterol esters into fatty acids and cholesterol.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The _____ cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid.

A)parietal
B)chief
C)G
D)H

Question 5

Which stimulus inhibits gastric motility by raising the threshold potential of muscle fibers?

A)Estrogen
B)Secretin
C)Somatostatin
D)Vagus nerve stimulation

Question 6

Insulin is required for active absorption of carbohydrates by the small intestine.

Question 7

The chief cells of the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen, which breaks down carbohydrates.

Question 8

Salivary a-amylase initiates the digestion of _____ in the mouth and stomach.

A)proteins
B)carbohydrates
C)fats
D)fiber

Question 9

Food enters the stomach via the _____ orifice.

A)cardiac
B)esophageal
C)gastric
D)fundal

Question 10

The ileogastric reflex inhibits gastric motility when the ileum becomes distended, but the gastroileal reflex stimulates ileal motility and relaxes the ileocecal sphincter.

Question 11

When vitamin B₁₂ is bound to intrinsic factor, it is resistant to digestion.

Question 12

Solids and fats in the stomach increase peristalsis and the rate of gastric emptying.

Question 13

The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates which hormones?

A)Motilin and histamine
B)Secretin and cholecystokinin
C)Enteroglucagon and gastric inhibitory peptide
D)Somatostatin and acetylcholine

Question 14

The liver plays an important role in destroying intestinal bacteria.

Question 15

The intestinal tract is sterile at birth.

Question 16

The entire epithelial population of the small intestines is replaced about every 30 to 45 days.

Question 17

Potassium concentration in gastric juice is greater than in plasma.

Question 18

Which elements in saliva protect against tooth decay?

A)Salivary a-amylase and ptyalin
B)Secretin and fluoroxidin
C)Endogenous enamelin and salivary ß-amylase
D)Exogenous fluoride and a pH of 7.4

Question 19

Saliva contains which immunoglobulin?

A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgM

Question 20

What is the effect of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine?

A)Salivation increases.
B)Salivation decreases.
C)The pH of saliva changes.
D)Digestive enzymes are inhibited.

Question 21

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages are produced in the small intestine in the:

A)brush border.
B)microvilli.
C)lamina propria.
D)crypts of Lieberkühn.

Question 22

The vitamin that facilitates the absorption of iron by the epithelial cells of the duodenum and jejunum is vitamin:

A)B₆.
B)C.
C)E.
D)B₁₂.

Question 23

Which electrolyte and acid-base imbalances are caused by prolonged diarrhea?

A)Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
B)Hyponatremic metabolic alkalosis
C)Hypokalemic metabolic acidosis
D)Hyponatremic metabolic acidosis

Question 24

Bilirubin is a byproduct of the destruction of aged _____ that are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.

A)platelets
B)protein
C)leukocytes
D)erythrocytes

Question 25

Which gastric hormone inhibits acid and pepsinogen secretion as well as the release of gastrin?

A)Bombesin
B)Histamine
C)Somatostatin
D)Acetylcholine

Question 26

Which enzyme breaks down protein-forming polypeptides in the stomach?

A)Acetylcholine
B)Pepsin
C)Gastrin
D)Secretin

Question 27

Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?

A)Prostaglandins
B)Aspirin
C)Helicobacter pylori
D)Regurgitated bile

Question 28

The two requirements necessary in order for calcium at concentrations less than 5 mmol/L to be absorbed through the ileum are vitamin:

A)C and a receptor site on the surface of the ileum.
B)D₃ and a carrier protein.
C)K and pepsin.
D)B₁₂ and carboxypeptidase.

Question 29

The pancreatic enzyme responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates is:

A)trypsin.
B)amylase.
C)lipase.
D)chymotrypsin.

Question 30

What accomplishes the formation of water-soluble molecules to facilitate the absorption of the byproducts of lipid hydrolysis?

A)Micelles
B)Phospholipase
C)Chylomicrons
D)Colipase

Question 31

In the small intestine, sodium is transported into the intestinal cells in exchange for _____ at the brush border.

A)potassium
B)hydrogen
C)calcium
D)magnesium

Question 32

The role of the normal intestinal bacterial flora is to:

A)metabolize bile salts, estrogens, and lipids.
B)break down proteins into amino acids.
C)facilitate the motility of the colon.
D)metabolize aldosterone and insulin.

Question 33

Chloride actively enters the cell in exchange for _____ to maintain electroneutrality in the ileum.

A)sodium
B)phosphate
C)sulfate
D)bicarbonate

Question 34

The reason that water and electrolytes are transported in both directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell membranes is because:

A)the intercellular hydrostatic pressure is inadequate to push the water and electrolytes across the cell membranes.
B)a balance of cations and ions among the electrolytes on each side of the cell membranes cannot be maintained.
C)the epithelial cell membranes are formed of lipids that are hydrophobic and thus repel water.
D)receptors on those cell membranes are occupied with a diffusion of amino acids and monosaccharides.

Question 35

Which water-soluble vitamin is absorbed by passive diffusion?

A)Vitamin B₆
B)Vitamin B₁
C)Vitamin C
D)Folic acid

Question 36

The primary source of physiologic iron is:

A)transferrin from plasma.
B)pepsin form pepsinogen.
C)bile from bilirubin.
D)heme from hemoglobin.

Question 37

Which water-soluble vitamins are dependent on sodium for absorption?

A)Vitamin B₆ and niacin
B)Vitamin B₁ and vitamin B₂
C)Vitamin C and folic acid
D)Vitamin B₁₂ and pantothenic acid

Question 38

The ileum and jejunum are suspended by folds of the peritoneum that contain an extensive vascular and nervous network that is called the:

A)ligament of Treitz.
B)mesentery.
C)Auerbach folds.
D)lamina propria.

Question 39

Kupffer cells are best described as:

A)natural killer cells that produce IFN-g.
B)contractile capable of regulating the sinusoid blood flow.
C)bactericidal and able to metabolize lipids and bilirubin.
D)able to metabolize estrogen, progesterone, and androgens.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the characteristics of vitamin B₁₂?

A)Normally the liver can store vitamin B₁₂ for years.
B)Vitamin B₁₂ attaches to the carrier protein transcobalamin and is transported into tissue.
C)Vitamin B₁₂ is necessary for platelet maturation.
D)Vitamin B₁₂ binds to intrinsic factor and is absorbed in the terminal ileum.

Question 41

Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action. Hormones may be used more than once.
Decreases pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme secretions

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 42

Which structure of the digestive system synthesizes clotting factors and vitamin K necessary for hemostasis?

A)Colon
B)Spleen
C)Gallbladder
D)Liver

Question 43

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the functions of the pancreas?

A)Release of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by cholecystokinin and acetylcholine.
B)Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is inhibited by bilirubin and S cells.
C)Pancreatic lipases hydrolyze triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids.
D)Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes are not activated until they enter the duodenum.

Question 44

Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action. Hormones may be used more than once.
Stimulates pancreas to secrete alkaline pancreatic juice

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 45

The process of conjugation of bilirubin in the liver is best described as the transformation of:

A)unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into urobilinogen.
B)unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin.
C)conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin into unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin.
D)conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin into urobilinogen.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding gallbladder function?

A)Within 30 minutes of eating, the gallbladder forces bile into the stomach.
B)Cholinergic branches of the vagus nerve mediate gallbladder contraction.
C)Cholecystokinin and motilin provide hormonal regulation of gallbladder contraction.
D)The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of bile from the gallbladder.

Question 47

Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action. Hormones may be used more than once.
Stimulates the gallbladder to eject bile and pancreas to secrete alkaline fluid

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 48

Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action. Hormones may be used more than once.
Enhances insulin release, lipolysis, and ketogenesis

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 49

Match the hormone from the small intestine with its action. Hormones may be used more than once.
Delays gastric and small bowel emptying

A)Peptide YY
B)Secretin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Enteroglucagon
E)Pancreatic polypeptide