Deck 10: Concepts and Knowledge

Question 1

Barsalou (1985) examined goal-derived concepts, which are:

A) Categories of things grouped together based on shared color features
B) Categories of things grouped together based on shared structural features
C) Categories of things grouped together based on shared observable features
D) Categories of things grouped together based on how well their members satisfy a particular purpose

Answer 1

Categories of things grouped together based on how well their members satisfy a particular purpose

Question 2

The _____ proposes that concepts consist of separate representations of experienced examples of the category

A) Prototype approach
B) Exemplar approach
C) Categorical approach
D) Definitional approach

Answer 2

Exemplar approach

Question 3

Barsalou (1985) defined the "ideal" as:

A) How often an item was considered a member of a category
B) A measure of family resemblence
C) How well an item satisfied a goal
D) The least likely item to come to mind when asked to recall an object

Answer 3

How well an item satisfied a goal

Question 4

The major difference between the exemplar approach and the prototype approach is that in the exemplar approach:

A) Comparisons are made between more recent rather than older memories
B) Comparisons are made between older rather than more recent memories
C) Comparisons are being made to abstractions rather than memories of actual experiences
D) Comparisons are being made to memories of actual experiences rather than an abstraction of those experiences

Question 5

The _____ of a category is a weighted average of the important features of its members.

A) Prototype
B) Average member
C) Typical member
D) Exemplar

Question 6

Categories higher in a conceptual hierarchy are said to be _____ to lower levels, while categories lower are referred to as being _____ to higher levels.

A) Above; below
B) Subordinate; superordinate
C) Superordinate; subordinate
D) Below; above

Question 7

All of the following are examples of goal-derived concepts EXCEPT _____.

A) Healthy foods
B) Valentine's Day presents
C) Things to take with you to the gym
D) Birds

Question 8

Shortcomings of the definition approach to concepts include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) The absence of clear, necessary and sufficient features
B) No clear categorical boundaries
C) Typicality effects for category and non-category members
D) Concepts thought of as definitions with lists of necessary and sufficient properties

Question 9

Barsalou (1985) determined that _____ was most important in determining an item's typicality.

A) Central tendency
B) Frequency of instantiation
C) The ideal
D) All of these were equally important

Question 10

A result in which more common members of a category show a processing advantage is known as _____.

A) The typicality effect
B) The family resemblance view
C) The similarity effect
D) The prototype approach

Question 11

Philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein argued against the definition approach by proposing a theory of _____.

A) familiarity
B) family resemblance
C) similarity
D) comparison

Question 12

The view of concepts as definitions with lists of necessary and sufficient properties can be traced back to _____.

A) Early Roman philosophers
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Early Greek philosophers

Question 13

You see a blue jay for the first time. All of the following are likely to come to mind EXCEPT:

A) sparrow
B) cardinal
C) woodpecker
D) ostrich

Question 14

The prototype approach is based on _____, whereas the exemplar approach is based on_____.

A) Abstractions; actual memories
B) Actual memories; abstractions
C) They are both based on abstractions
D) They are both based on actual memories

Question 15

Which of the following is a theoretical approach to concepts that was proposed to replace the classical approach?

A) The typicality approach
B) The prototype approach
C) The classical approach
D) The definitional approach

Question 16

According to Rosch & Mervis (1975), which of the following is an example of a less typical member of the category of "furniture"?

A) Chair
B) Sofa
C) Table
D) Lamp

Question 17

Which of the following is the LEAST appropriate feature of the concept of a game?

A) Played for enjoyment
B) Groups of players compete
C) Played for monetary reward
D) Uses some sort of apparatus

Question 18

The exemplar approach surmises that the _____ features objects share, you are _____ likely to recall them.

A) More; more
B) More; less
C) Less; more
D) The number of features objects share is irrelevant to your ability to recall them

Question 19

Rosa is participating in an experiment in which she must name prototypical examples of animals similar to robins. Which of the following is she most likely to indicate as being similar to a robin?

A) blue jay
B) ostrich
C) duck
D) goose

Question 20

The _____ typical of a concept an object is, the _____ members of that concept will be recalled.

A) less; more
B) more; fewer
C) less; fewer
D) more; less

Question 21

Imagine seeing a hairless cat for the first time. You try to rationalize whether this is in fact a cat, and reason, "It has four legs, two pointy ears, a pointy snout, and claws; it is probably a cat." This exemplifies the _____:

A) Stored-network view
B) Feature comparisons approach
C) A cognitive economy
D) Neuroscience-inspired approach

Question 22

In picturing a scientist, you automatically think of a person with a white lab coat, disheveled hair, and glasses. This is an example of a(n) _____.

A) exemplar
B) prototype
C) stereotype
D) definition

Question 23

Research has shown that concepts are typically structured hierarchically.

Question 24

One's memory for their childhood dog fueling their feelings for all future dogs would be an example of the exemplar approach.

Question 25

The idea that concepts are represented based on a typical instance of that concept is known as the prototype approach.

Question 26

Superordinate concepts are _____, while subordinate concepts are _____.

A) Informative but not distinctive; distinctive and informative
B) Distinctive but not informative; informative but not distinctive
C) Distinctive and informative; neither distinctive nor informative
D) Neither distinctive nor informative; ddistinctive and informative

Question 27

The definitional approach to concepts proposes that concepts consist of separate representations of experienced examples of the category.[simplify wording a bit?]

Question 28

The definitional approach to concepts is the most widely accepted view.

Question 29

A mental representation of a category of things in the world is known as a(n) _____.

A) stereotype
B) prototype
C) example
D) concept

Question 30

Research has shown that people tend to use basic-level concepts when speaking to their children.

Question 31

Barsalou (1985) found that how well an item satisfied a goal was the most important factor in determining an item's typicality.

Question 32

You are more likely to make an inference about a(n) _____ property than a _____ property.

A) Behavioral; anatomical
B) anatomical; behavioral

Question 33

Your friend tells you that she just got a new golden retriever dog that is 2 years old. You assume that it has a yellowish color and is fairly large. This is utilizing the process of _____.

A) Category reduction
B) Category induction
C) Category specification
D) Category generation

Question 34

The typicality effect is among the most common empirical findings in cognitive psychology.

Question 35

The game "Family Feud" where people are to name the most common object in a category/what is most likely to come to mind, is likely based on _____.

A) Goal-derived concepts
B) Basic-level concepts
C) Super-level concepts
D) Sub-level concepts

Question 36

Which of the following approaches that were discussed in the chapter is considered the ideal approach to concepts and knowledge?

A) Feature-connection approach
B) Exemplar approach
C) Neuroscience-inspired approach
D) None of them appear to be ideal

Question 37

The idea that concept information is stored at the most efficient level of the hierarchy is known as _____.

A) An efficient economy
B) A cognitive resource
C) A resourceful economy
D) A cognitive economy

Question 38

The prototype approach is based on abstractions of concepts.

Question 39

Subordinate concepts tend to be distinctive but not very informative.

Question 40

Patients with _____ suffer from the progressive impairment of their conceptual knowledge.

A) Episodic dementia
B) Broca's aphasia
C) Wernicke's aphasia
D) Semantic dementia

Question 41

Compare and contrast a stored-network approach, a feature comparisons approach, and a neuroscience-inspired approach. Discuss pros and cons, and give examples of each.

Question 42

Distinguish between the prototype and exemplar approaches to concepts. Define and give an example of each.

Question 43

Discuss the research regarding the way experts process information in their own area of expertise vs. areas outside of their expertise. Provide an example.