Deck 5: The Central Nervous System

Question 1

The blood-brain barrier

A)limits the direct exchange of materials between the cerebrospinal fluid and brain
B)is formed in part by the tight junctions between the brain capillary cells
C)consists of the astrocyte processes that encircle the brain capillaries
D)exhibits all of the above
E)is formed entirely by the astrocytes that wrap around brain capillaries

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which characteristic is relevant to the endocrine system but not to the nervous system?

A)Releases chemicals into synaptic clefts.
B)Chemical signals operate at short distances.
C)Speed of response is very rapid.
D)Released chemicals may target cells far away.
E)Anatomically a "wired" system.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The normal sequence of structures activated for signal transmission and response in the body is

A)effector→afferent neuron→interneuron→efferent neuron→receptor
B)effector→efferent neuron→interneuron→afferent neuron→receptor
C)receptor→afferent neuron→interneuron→efferent neuron→effector
D)receptor→efferent neuron→interneuron→afferent neuron→effector
E)receptor→interneuron→efferent neuron→afferent neuron→effector

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is (are) not part of the peripheral nervous system?

A)motor neurons
B)sympathetic nervous system
C)spinal cord
D)afferent division
E)autonomic nervous system

Question 5

Afferent neurons

A)transmit impulses to receptors
B)transmit motor impulses from the spinal cord
C)transmit impulses from the PNS to the CNS
D)do not perform any of the above
E)perform all of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

A)Hold neurons together in proper spatial relationship.
B)Line internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord.
C)Induce the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
D)Take up excess K+ to help maintain proper brain ECF ion concentration.
E)Form neural scar tissue.

Question 7

Choose the correct order moving from the outermost to the innermost.

A)arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater
B)dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
C)dural sinus, pia mater, arachnoid mater
D)pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
E)venous sinus, pia mater, dural sinus,

Question 8

The most abundant type of neuron in the body is (are) the

A)motor neuron
B)efferent neuron
C)afferent neuron
D)interneuron
E)autonomic neurons

Question 9

Cerebrospinal fluid

A)is formed by the choroid plexuses
B)is formed by the arachnoid villi
C)separates the blood and brain to form the blood-brain barrier
D)is formed only in the ventricles of the cerebrum
E)enters the blood at the choroid plexuses

Question 10

Which of the following is least associated with ependymal cells?

A)myelin sheath
B)brain ventricle
C)CSF
D)choroid plexus
E)glial cell

Question 11

Efferent neurons

A)carry information to the CNS
B)have cell bodies in the CNS
C)lie entirely within the CNS
D)transmit information from effectors
E)perform a and d

Question 12

Which type of glial cell lines the ventricles of the brain?

A)astrocytes
B)neurons
C)oligodendrocytes
D)ependymal cells
E)microglia

Question 13

Which statement about CSF is correct?

A)It is produced in the brain and spinal cord.
B)It is produced by meningeal cells.
C)It provides for exchange of materials between the blood and brain interstitial fluid.
D)It flows between the pia mater and the brain's surface.
E)It does not flow through the meningeal layers.

Question 14

Which glial cells possess phagocytic abilities?

A)astrocytes
B)ependymal cells
C)neurons
D)microglia
E)oligodendrocytes

Question 15

In addition to producing cerebrospinal fluid, ependymal cells may

A)contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier
B)act as immune cells
C)function as neural stem cells
D)conduct neural impulses
E)produce myelin

Question 16

Which statement is incorrect?

A)Afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through the ventral root.
B)The dorsal and ventral roots at each level of the spinal cord join to form a spinal nerve.
C)The spinal cord is not as long as the vertebral column.
D)The ventral horn contains cell bodies of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles.
E)The white matter of the spinal cord is organized into ascending and descending tracts.

Question 17

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are part of the

A)central nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)afferent division
E)autonomic nervous system and afferent division

Question 18

Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid is incorrect?

A)forms at the choroid plexuses and is reabsorbed across the arachnoid villi into the blood within the dural sinuses
B)serves as a shock-absorbing fluid to cushion the brain against jarring movements
C)comes into direct contact with neurons
D)fills the subarachnoid space
E)influences the composition of the brain interstitial fluid more than the blood does

Question 19

Astrocytes

A)induce formation of the blood-brain barrier
B)are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation
C)take up excess K+ from the brain ECF
D)physically support neurons
E)perform all of the above functions

Question 20

The vast majority of cells in the nervous system are

A)fibroblasts
B)glial cells
C)neurons
D)plexus cells
E)sarcomeres

Question 21

Which of the following is not accomplished by the cerebral cortex?

A)voluntary initiation of movement
B)involuntary control of breathing, circulation, and digestion
C)final sensory perception
D)language ability
E)personality traits

Question 22

The brain

A)consists of 90 percent interneurons and 10 percent glial cells
B)can perform anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supplies are low
C)normally uses only glucose as a fuel for energy production
D)exhibits all of the above
E)exhibits none of the above

Question 23

Damage to which area below would result in the inability to perform precise hand movements?

A)Broca's area
B)somatosensory cortex
C)premotor cortex
D)postcentral gyrus
E)Wernicke's area

Question 24

The primary motor cortex is located

A)posterior to the central sulcus
B)anterior to the central sulcus
C)in the temporal lobe
D)in the parietal lobe
E)posterior to the central sulcus and in the parietal lobe

Question 25

The arachnoid mater

A)is the innermost meningeal layer
B)a delicate, richly vascularized meningeal layer that is "cobwebby" in appearance
C)a tough, non-elastic membrane that covers the central nervous system
D)involved with the formation of CSF
E)is characterized by a, b, and d

Question 26

Consciousness is created in the

A)cerebellum
B)cerebral cortex
C)pons
D)hypothalamus
E)medulla oblongata

Question 27

Language ability is usually associated with the

A)hypothalamus
B)right cerebral hemisphere
C)left cerebral hemisphere
D)limbic system
E)prefrontal association cortex

Question 28

Which of the following does not participate in control of skeletal muscle activity?

A)limbic system
B)cerebellum
C)supplementary motor area
D)premotor cortex
E)posterior parietal cortex

Question 29

Somesthetic sensation is

A)initially processed by the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex
B)the awareness of body position
C)equally sensitive for all regions of the body surface
D)processed by the pyramidal cells
E)none of the above

Question 30

Which of the following does not apply to Wernicke's area?

A)Usually developed only in the left cerebral hemisphere
B)Responsible for controlling the muscles necessary for speaking ability
C)Concerned with language comprehension
D)Plays a critical role in understanding both spoken and written messages
E)Responsible for formulating coherent patterns of speech

Question 31

If a person suffers a severe blow to the side of the head slightly above the ear, it is closest to the ____ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

A)frontal
B)occipital
C)parietal
D)prefrontal
E)temporal

Question 32

The region of the brain that is the oldest in evolutionary development is the

A)cerebellum
B)brain stem
C)hypothalamus
D)forebrain
E)basal nuclei

Question 33

Damage to the back of the brain could most likely adversely affect a person's

A)ability to see
B)ability to feel sensation in the skin
C)ability to hear
D)ability to smell
E)ability to voluntarily move the arms

Question 34

The corpus callosum interconnects the

A)brain stem and cerebellum
B)brain stem and diencephalon
C)hypothalamus and thalamus
D)two cerebral hemispheres
E)cerebellum and spinal cord

Question 35

A stroke is a

A)cerebrovascular accident
B)glucose deficiency
C)loss of the myelin sheath
D)neurotransmitter deficiency
E)uncontrolled firing of neurons

Question 36

The left cerebral hemisphere normally excels in all of the following, except

A)musical ability
B)verbal tasks
C)math skills
D)logical and analytical tasks
E)language ability

Question 37

The sense of body position is

A)somatosensory
B)integrated in the frontal lobe
C)proprioception
D)integrated in the occipital lobe
E)none of the above

Question 38

The primary motor cortex

A)is located in the parietal lobes
B)in the left cerebral hemisphere controls skeletal muscles on the right side of the body
C)is the only region of the brain involved with motor control
D)receives motor input from the spinal cord
E)exhibits all of the above

Question 39

During cerebrovascular accidents, glutamate released by damage neurons binds to ____ receptors of neighboring, healthy neurons, thus, initiating apoptosis.

A)acetylcholine
B)calcium
C)epinephrine
D)NMDA
E)serotonin

Question 40

The prefrontal association cortex

A)is concerned primarily with motivation and emotion
B)integrates somatic, auditory, and visual sensations
C)plays an important role in personality traits
D)localizes the source of sensory input and perceives the level of intensity of the stimulus
E)when damaged results in aphasia

Question 41

Which part of the brain controls thirst and urine output, food intake, and body temperature, among other things?

A)cerebral cortex
B)hypothalamus
C)basal nuclei
D)thalamus
E)pons

Question 42

Which is not a function of the basal nuclei?

A)inhibition of muscle tone
B)coordination of impulses related to posture
C)suppression of unnecessary motor activity
D)autonomic control
E)None of the above are functions of the basal nuclei.

Question 43

Wernicke's area functions mainly for

A)control of limb movements
B)hand-eye coordination
C)language comprehension
D)memory
E)vision

Question 44

What part of the brain plays a vital role in short-term memory involving the integration of various related stimuli and is also crucial for consolidation into long-term memory?

A)hippocampus
B)basal nuclei
C)cerebellum
D)cerebral cortex
E)hypothalamus

Question 45

Parkinson's disease is

A)associated with an excess of dopamine
B)characterized by an intention tremor
C)characterized by a resting tremor
D)characterized by all of the above
E)associated with abnormalities in the limbic system

Question 46

Short-term memory

A)has a larger storage capacity than long-term memory
B)takes longer to retrieve than long-term memory
C)involves transient modifications in preexisting synapses
D)involves relatively permanent structural changes between existing neurons
E)is characterized by two of the above

Question 47

Which of the following functions is not associated with the hypothalamus?

A)senses touch in the skin
B)controls thirst and urine output
C)regulates body temperature
D)controls food intake
E)involved in emotional and behavioral patterns

Question 48

Which function is not performed in the hypothalamus.

A)body temperature control
B)coordination of the autonomic nervous system
C)food intake control
D)production of posterior pituitary hormones
E)evaluation of sensory inputs from skeletal muscles

Question 49

Procedural memories

A)are associated with the temporal lobes and are closely associated limbic structures
B)are associated with the cerebellum and parts of the cerebrum
C)involve acquisition of motor skills gained via repetitive training
D)are characterized by both a and b
E)are characterized by both b and c

Question 50

Broca's area is located in the cerebral cortex

A)near the base of the precentral gyrus
B)near the middle of the postcentral gyrus
C)in the parietal lobe
D)between the parietal and occipital lobe
E)posterior to Wernicke's area

Question 51

The neurotransmitter required for long-term potentiation is

A)epinephrine
B)acetylcholine
C)glycine
D)glutamate
E)norepinephrine

Question 52

The limbic system

A)is a ring of forebrain structures surrounding the brain stem
B)plays a key role in emotion
C)contains regions designated as reward and punishment centers
D)is characterized by all of the above
E)is not characterized by any of the above

Question 53

An electroencephalogram

A)is primarily a record of action potential activity in the cerebral cortex
B)represents the momentary collective postsynaptic activity in the cerebral cortex
C)displays larger brain waves when the eyes are open than when the eyes are closed
D)displays impulse activity deep inside the brain
E)is useful in all of the ways mentioned above

Question 54

The thalamus

A)performs preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex
B)inhibits muscle tone throughout the body
C)controls thirst, urine output, and food intake
D)plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns
E)selects and maintains purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement

Question 55

____ memories are memories of facts that often result after only one experience, whereas ____ memories involve motor skills gained via repetitive training.

A)Declarative; procedural
B)Procedural; declarative
C)Short-term; long-term
D)Long-term; short-term
E)None of the above

Question 56

Select the incorrect association.

A)occipital lobe/saying your name
B)occipital lobe/seeing an apple
C)parietal lobe/feeling off balance
D)parietal lobe/feeling a bug on your arm
E)temporal lobe/listening to a concert

Question 57

Which is not a structural component of the limbic system?

A)amygdala
B)thalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)somatosensory cortex
E)hippocampus

Question 58

A deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal nuclei causes

A)schizophrenia
B)epilepsy
C)Parkinson's disease
D)depression
E)aphasia

Question 59

Long-term potentiation

A)is to increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong or noxious stimulus
B)is an increase in strength of existing synaptic connections in pathways involved in initial storage of declarative information following brief periods of stimulation
C)involves a retrograde chemical messenger from the postsynaptic neuron influencing the presynaptic neuron
D)exhibits characteristics a and b
E)exhibits characteristics b and c

Question 60

Which two structures below are in the cerebral cortex?

A)basal nuclei and Broca's area
B)thalamus and hypothalamus
C)Wernicke's area and Broca's area
D)reticular formation and limbic system
E)reticular formation and reticular activating system

Question 61

Which tract transmits conscious sensory impulse regarding pain and temperature?

A)dorsal cerebellar
B)ventral spinothalamic
C)lateral spinothalamic
D)lateral corticospinal
E)rubrospinal

Question 62

Nerves

A)contain afferent nerve fibers
B)contain efferent nerve fibers
C)are present within the peripheral nervous system
D)do not contain complete neurons
E)exhibit all of the above characteristics

Question 63

Neurons that play a major role in the sleep-wake cycle are found in

A)the hypothalamus
B)the brain stem
C)the cerebellum
D)all of the above
E)both a and c

Question 64

\Which statement about paradoxical sleep is incorrect?

A)Characterized by rapid eye movements.
B)Occurs before entering slow-wave sleep.
C)Characterized by dreaming.
D)The EEG pattern during paradoxical sleep is similar to that of an alert, awake person.
E)A specified amount of paradoxical sleep appears to be required.

Question 65

A neuromodulator implicated as a neural sleep factor is

A)adenosine
B)ATP
C)caffeine
D)norepinephrine
E)enkephalin

Question 66

Which statement about the brain stem is incorrect?

A)contains the medulla
B)passageway for most fibers passing between the peripheral nervous and higher brain centers
C)controls sociosexual behaviors conducive to mating
D)contains part of the reticular activating system
E)contains centers that control respiration, blood vessel and heart function, and digestive activities

Question 67

Select the characteristic that does not describe short-term memory.

A)immediate storage
B)large capacity
C)permanently forgotten
D)rapid retrieval
E)transient modifications in functions

Question 68

Which of the following is a monosynaptic reflex?

A)stretch reflex
B)withdrawal reflex
C)crossed-extensor reflexes
D)All of the above
E)Only c and d

Question 69

In Alzheimer patients, amyloid plaques may cause

A)a breakdown the blood-brain barrier
B)glutamate toxicity to neurons
C)degeneration of the neuron cell bodies
D)a breakdown in the blood-brain barrier and glutamate toxicity to neurons
E)glutamate toxicity to neurons and degeneration of the neuron cell bodies

Question 70

Ascending tracts

A)relay messages from the spinal cord to efferent neuron cell bodies
B)carry impulses from nerves to the CNS
C)carry impulses from the CNS to nerves
D)are part of the peripheral nervous system
E)transmit signals from afferent neurons to the brain

Question 71

Sensory information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via

A)afferent pathways
B)efferent pathways
C)ascending tracts
D)descending tracts
E)the dorsal root ganglion

Question 72

Identify the true statement(s).

A)Slow-wave sleep occupies a greater percentage of time than paradoxical sleep.
B)It is harder to fall asleep when fully awake than to stay awake when sleepy.
C)Slow-wave sleep is characterized by frequent shifts in body position.
D)Sleep-on neurons in the slow-wave sleep center bring on sleep.
E)All of the above

Question 73

The cerebellum does not

A)play a role in balance and equilibrium
B)decrease muscle tone
C)compare the intentions of the higher motor centers with the performance of the muscles and correct any deviations from the intended movement
D)play a role in the planning and initiation of voluntary activity
E)play a role in eye movement

Question 74

The cerebellum

A)primarily influences motor activity but does not have direct influence on motor neurons
B)is part of the brain stem
C)when diseased gives rise to resting tremors
D)contains the reticular activating system
E)is associated with declarative memories

Question 75

Which is not a function of the limbic system?

A)provides emotional responses
B)coordinates aspects of learning
C)provides pleasant sensation of "reward"
D)coordinates survival instincts
E)provides conscious perceptions

Question 76

The ____ nerves primarily innervate visceral organs.

A)facial
B)trochlear
C)vagus
D)abducens
E)accessory

Question 77

The peripheral nervous system has

A)12 cranial nerves and 20 spinal nerves
B)only a few tracts
C)24 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves
D)24 cranial nerves and 62 spinal nerves
E)12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves

Question 78

Most of the cranial nerves originate from the

A)brain stem
B)cerebellum
C)cerebral cortex
D)hypothalamus
E)thalamus

Question 79

Which of the following can activate the arousal system?

A)motor activity
B)afferent sensory input
C)intense excitement
D)sensory input
E)all of the above

Question 80

Which component of the reflex arc directly sends an impulse to an organ making a response?

A)receptor
B)afferent pathway
C)integrating center
D)efferent pathway
E)effector