Deck 2: The Study of Heredity

Question 1

The principles of heredity,developed by Gregor Mendel,apply to:

A)plants only
B)plants and "lower" animals
C)all plants and animals,except humans
D)all living organisms

Answer 1

all living organisms

Question 2

Males sex cells are called:

A)pollen
B)sperm
C)ova
D)a and b

Answer 2

a and b

Question 3

In the production of sex cells,paired hereditary units separate into different sex cells.This is termed the principle of:

A)segregation
B)hybridization
C)independent assortment
D)heterozygosity

Answer 3

segregation

Question 4

The basic principles of heredity were first worked out by:

A)Charles Darwin
B)Gregor Mendel
C)Carolus Linnaeus
D)Jean Lamarck

Question 5

Gregor Mendel's work,published in 1866,was:

A)not generally known until 1900
B)immediately accepted by Mendel's contemporaries
C)footnoted extensively by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species
D)used by Francis Galton in his studies of human heredity

Question 6

The term phenotype refers to:

A)physical traits
B)physiological traits
C)personality traits
D)all of the above

Question 7

The phenotype is the result of:

A)the genotype
B)the environment
C)traits
D)a and b

Question 8

A trait is:

A)one aspect of the phenotype
B)one aspect of the genotype
C)not influenced by the environment
D)b and c

Question 9

True-breeding means:

A)hybrid
B)bred only with the same kind and shows the same trait or traits over many generations
C)only the dominant characteristics will express themselves
D)only the recessive traits will express themselves

Question 10

When Mendel crossed a true-breeding tall with a true-breeding dwarf plant,all of the F₁ generation was tall.Therefore we may conclude that the allele for dwarfism in the pea plant is:

A)recessive
B)codominant
C)dominant
D)intermediate in expression

Question 11

"A simplified representation of a real-world phenomena" best defines a(n):

A)theory
B)model
C)experiment
D)control

Question 12

"The inheritance patterns of differing traits are independent of one another." This is the principle of:

A)segregation
B)independent assortment
C)dominance
D)recessiveness

Question 13

An individual's phenotype would include that individual's:

A)stature
B)blood type
C)intelligence
D)all of the above

Question 14

One of Gregor Mendel's major contributions to science was his:

A)explanation of the mechanisms of heredity
B)discovery of the process of mutation
C)description of chromosomes
D)discovery of DNA within the nucleus of the cell

Question 15

Which of the following characteristics is least influenced by the environment?

A)skin color
B)stature
C)PTC tasting
D)intelligence

Question 16

Gregor Mendel demonstrated that the hereditary units:

A)are discrete
B)blend with one another
C)are composed of DNA
D)all of the above

Question 17

Gregor Mendel's success was the result,in part,of the fact that he:

A)used pairs of sharply contrasting features
B)precisely defined the traits he studied
C)quantified the results of the breeding experiments
D)all of the above

Question 18

A fundamental principle of modern genetics is:

A)pangenesis
B)the inheritance of acquired characteristics
C)the blending theory
D)none of the above

Question 19

Pangenesis is:

A)based on the principle that acquired characteristics can be passed on
B)a "Noah's Ark" explanation for the origin of life
C)an explanation for the origin of all life
D)none of the above

Question 20

The blending theory is the idea that:

A)inherited characteristics of offspring are intermediate between maternal and paternal characteristics
B)individuals inherit some traits from the mother and some from the father
C)inherited traits can be altered by the environment
D)none of the above

Question 21

Homozygous means that an individual has:

A)two different alleles of the same gene
B)the same alleles of the same gene
C)the same alleles of differing genes
D)two different alleles of differing genes

Question 22

A heterozygous genotype would be written as:

A)AA
B)Aa
C)aa
D)AA and aa

Question 23

The standardized classification and arrangement of photographed chromosomes is known as a:

A)karyotype
B)cytoplasm
C)cytology
D)chromotype

Question 24

A zygote is:

A)a fertilized ovum
B)an unfertilized ovum
C)a chromosomal pair
D)none of the above

Question 25

If a specific trait were found 7.5 percent of the time in both members of sets of monozygotic twins and 8.3 percent of the time in both members of sets of dizygotic twins,we would conclude:

A)the trait was almost exclusively a result of inheritance
B)the environment was not involved at all in its expression
C)the environment was the only factor involved in its expression
D)inheritance was a relatively unimportant factor

Question 26

Dizygotic twins:

A)are always of the same sex
B)are produced when two zygotes combine
C)are produced from two different zygotes
D)a and b

Question 27

Huntington's chorea is inherited as a dominant trait.A person who does not suffer from this abnormality would have a genotype:

A)HH
B)Hh
C)hh
D)HH or Hh

Question 28

The term genotype refers to:

A)an individual's appearance
B)an individual's genetic makeup
C)an individual's observable and measurable characteristics
D)all of the above

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true about twin studies?

A)Twin studies can give indications of the relationship between heredity and environment.
B)The estimates of the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors are only valid for the population on which the study is made.
C)A similarity in the phenotype of a set of monozygotic twins might be due to a common environment rather than their genetics.
D)all of the above

Question 30

Cytogenetics is defined as the study of:

A)cells
B)zygotes
C)hereditary mechanisms within the cell
D)the genetics of cytoplasm

Question 31

Two nontasters for PTC will have among their offspring:

A)both nontasters and tasters
B)tasters only
C)nontasters only
D)taster males and nontaster females

Question 32

A trait which is inherited as a recessive is expressed in the:

A)homozygous recessive individual
B)homozygous dominant individual
C)heterozygous individual
D)b and c

Question 33

If a specific trait that is found in one member of a set of identical twins is found in the other 90 percent of the time,yet is found less than 25 percent of the time in both members of sets of nonidentical twins,we would conclude that the environment:

A)was the major cause of the trait
B)played a relatively great role in determining the trait
C)was as important as the genotype in determining the trait
D)played a relatively minor role in determining the trait

Question 34

The chromosomes are located within the cell's:

A)cytoplasm
B)nucleus
C)ribosome
D)endoplasm

Question 35

A trait which is inherited as a dominant is expressed in the:

A)homozygous recessive individual
B)homozygous dominant individual
C)heterozygous individual
D)b and c

Question 36

A method for estimating environmental influence on a particular trait is through the study of:

A)twins
B)the males in the P₁ generation
C)the females in the F₁ generation
D)humans compared with other organisms

Question 37

Monozygotic twins:

A)are always of same sex
B)possess the same genotype
C)are derived from one sperm and one ovum
D)all of the above

Question 38

Different organisms:

A)may have different numbers of chromosomes,ranging between 2 and 1,260
B)usually have over 1,000 chromosomes per cell
C)all have between 40 and 50 chromosomes per cell
D)have half of their chromosomes in the nuclei and half in the cytoplasm of their cells

Question 39

The following is characteristic of dominant alleles:

A)dominant alleles are expressed in heterozygous genotypes
B)dominant alleles are alleles which are most common in populations
C)dominant alleles always cause more serious defects than recessive alleles
D)all of the above

Question 40

An allele is:

A)a specific type of trait
B)an alternate form of a gene
C)the dominant form of a gene only
D)the recessive form of a gene only

Question 41

A human body cell has the following number of autosomes:

A)48
B)46
C)44
D)23

Question 42

Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct?

A)meiosis takes place only in the testes and the ovaries
B)the chromosome number is cut in half
C)there are two cycles of division
D)all of the above are correct

Question 43

Genes which are located on the same chromosome are said to be:

A)associated
B)linked
C)homologous
D)homozygous

Question 44

Meiosis differs from mitosis in that in meiosis:

A)there are two cycles of division
B)the chromosome number is cut in half
C)crossing-over can occur
D)all of the above

Question 45

The traits that are inherited as X-linked traits:

A)follow simple Mendelian inheritance patterns
B)affect males more than females
C)affect females more than males
D)only affect females

Question 46

The cell produced by mitosis in humans contains the following number of chromosomes:

A)23
B)24
C)46
D)48

Question 47

In meiosis,crossing-over refers to:

A)one type of chromosomal mutation
B)a process whereby alleles from homologous chromosomes are exchanged
C)a process that occurs only on the X chromosome
D)a type of gene mutation

Question 48

A chromosome consists of two strands held together by the:

A)nucleolus
B)centromere
C)centriole
D)spindle

Question 49

The Y chromosome:

A)carries no genes
B)is larger than the X chromosome
C)is smaller than the X chromosome
D)a and c

Question 50

A human body cell has the following number of chromosomes:

A)48
B)46
C)44
D)23

Question 51

At the end of the first division of meiosis,each second generation cell contains:

A)46 double stranded chromosomes
B)46 single stranded chromosomes
C)23 double stranded chromosomes
D)23 single stranded chromosomes

Question 52

Like ova production,sperm production:

A)begins during fetal development
B)is a product of meiosis
C)is a product of ovagenesis
D)none of the above

Question 53

The cell produced by meiosis in humans contains the following number of chromosomes:

A)23
B)24
C)46
D)48

Question 54

New combinations of alleles on the same chromosomes as a result of crossing-over is referred to as:

A)recombination
B)linkage
C)mitosis
D)homology

Question 55

The chromosomes that make us a pair are called:

A)homologous
B)linked
C)associated
D)homozygous

Question 56

In mitosis the chromosomes first become visible during:

A)anaphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)telophase
E)interphase

Question 57

The proper sequence of phases of division in mitosis is:

A)prophase,anaphase,telophase,metaphase
B)prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase
C)prophase,telophase,anaphase,metaphase
D)metaphase,prophase,telophase,anaphase

Question 58

Mitosis is the process by which:

A)single cell organisms reproduce
B)growth and replacement of cells occur in multicellular animals
C)gametes are produced
D)a and b
E)all of the above

Question 59

X-linked means:

A)the site of the gene is unknown
B)the gene lies on "x" number of chromosomes
C)the gene lies on the X chromosome
D)the gene is only inherited by women

Question 60

The two resulting cells formed by mitosis have:

A)the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
B)one-half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
C)twice the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
D)none of the above

Question 61

In general half of the human babies born are males and half are females because:

A)the sex chromosomes segregate in the formation of sperm in males
B)the sex chromosomes segregate in the formation of ova in females
C)one half of the ova carry the male determining gene
D)none of the above

Question 62

The basic sugar-phosphate-base unit is called a(n):

A)polypeptide
B)protein
C)nucleotide
D)amino acid

Question 63

Ribose and deoxyribose are:

A)sugars
B)lipids
C)amino acids
D)fatty acids

Question 64

In the DNA molecule the base adenine always forms a complementary pair with:

A)another adenine
B)guanine
C)thymine
D)cytosine

Question 65

Which of the following statements is correct about human chromosomes?

A)A human karyotype shows 46 chromosomes.
B)Humans and chimpanzees possess the same number of chromosomes in each body cell.
C)DNA,a special coding protein,is located within the chromosome.
D)In humans,an individual who possesses a sex chromosome count of XXY is a female.

Question 66

Physically,the nuclear DNA molecule can be described as a:

A)single-stranded chain
B)double helix
C)two-dimensional ladder
D)sphere

Question 67

The study of cytogenetics:

A)contradicts Mendelian inheritance
B)is unrelated to Mendelian inheritance
C)grounds Mendelian genetics in biology
D)a and b

Question 68

The genetic material is classified chemically as a:

A)nucleic acid
B)protein
C)carbohydrate
D)lipid

Question 69

The two categories of bases are:

A)purines and pyrimidines
B)proteins and lipids
C)ribose and deoxyribose
D)peptides and phosphates

Question 70

Chains of amino acids are referred to as:

A)polypeptides
B)carbohydrates
C)lipids
D)nucleic acids

Question 71

The basic building blocks of the nucleic acids are:

A)amino acids
B)nucleotides
C)fatty acids
D)peptides

Question 72

Enzymes are:

A)nucleic acids
B)proteins
C)carbohydrates
D)lipids

Question 73

A nucleotide is composed of:

A)five-carbon sugar
B)a phosphate
C)a nitrogenous base
D)all of the above

Question 74

Oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis in that oogenesis:

A)leads to sex cells that,if fertilized,will contribute mtDNA to the zygote
B)begins in fetal life
C)usually produces only one mature ovum at any one time
D)all of the above

Question 75

Proteins are chains of:

A)nucleotides
B)amino acids
C)lipids
D)nucleic acids

Question 76

Cytogenetics shows that Mendel's principle of segregation:

A)does not work on the molecular level
B)is based on the separation of chromosomes during meiosis
C)is based on the separation of chromosomes during mitosis
D)is based on the linkage of genes on a single chromosome

Question 77

Proteins are manufactured with the cell in structures called:

A)mitochondria
B)nuclei
C)nucleoli
D)ribosomes

Question 78

In DNA replication:

A)messenger RNA translates each triplet into the corresponding amino acid
B)transfer RNA translates each triplet into the corresponding amino acid
C)the bonds holding the bases together are broken and the exposed bases attract complementary bases
D)mitochondrial DNA is formed based on the template of nuclear DNA

Question 79

Large molecules,characteristic of living organisms,are based upon the tendency to form long chains of the atom:

A)nitrogen
B)hydrogen
C)carbon
D)oxygen

Question 80

The genetic information is coded by the sequence of triplets.Each triplet is made up of three:

A)nucleic acids
B)amino acids
C)proteins
D)nucleotides