Deck 9: Global Stratification

Question 1

According to the world systems approach to the study of social stratification,where is the United States placed?

A)core nation
B)peripheral nation
C)semiperipheral nation
D)quasiperipheral nation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Margarita,who lives in a village in Latin America,has no source of income and nothing to use to obtain credit.She is widowed and the mother of four children.She chooses to leave them daily to go into town to learn how to sew.What process is her situation,shared by women worldwide,an example of?

A)the demonization of women
B)advancement of the rights of men
C)global feminization of poverty
D)increasing female population

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Lina is a textile worker in Madras,India,who was struggling to provide for her daughters on subsistence wages.She organized some of her co-workers into a women's cloth making cooperative and secured a loan through a government-funded community-based organization.Which of the following United Nations policy changes does this illustrate?

A)helping to improve the productivity of small farmers
B)promoting democratic governance and human rights
C)investing in basic education and health and encouraging the equality of women to help to encourage growth
D)ensuring environmental sustainability and urban planning

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If you were to employ the World Bank economic categories to classify Brazil,Denmark,Nigeria,and Chile,which of the following categories would you use?

A)underdeveloped,developing,and developed nations
B)low-income,lower-middle income,upper-middle income,and high-income economies
C)first,second,third worlds
D)human development index categories

Question 5

Where are low-income economies primarily found?

A)Latin America
B)Asia and Africa
C)South America
D)Europe

Question 6

What kind of economy would Britain best be classified as?

A)low-income economy
B)low-middle income economy
C)upper-middle income economy
D)high-income economy

Question 7

How is a low-income economy defined?

A)GNI per capita income of $1,005 U.S.or less
B)GNI per capita income of between $1,005 and $3,975
C)GNI per capita income of between $3,976 and $12,275
D)GNI per capita income of between $12,275 or more

Question 8

Which statement is illustrated by the fact that women are largely excluded from participating fully in the decisions that shape the development of human settlements in cities,towns,and villages?

A)Men and women both suffer from global inequality.
B)Women and girls suffer more than males from global inequality.
C)Patriarchy is no longer a source of inequality.
D)Inequality is less gendered than in the past.

Question 9

Which of the following provides the best definition of global stratification?

A)the practice of a nation using military force against other nations to ensure economic dominance
B)a process by which certain individuals and groups are systematically barred from access to positions that would enable them to have an autonomous livelihood
C)the unequal distribution of wealth,power,and prestige on a global basis
D)the problem of inequality within specific nations

Question 10

According to the United Nations Human Development Report,the poorest 20 percent of the world's people account for approximately how much private consumption?

A)less than 1 percent
B)just over 1 percent
C)almost 5 percent
D)over 10 percent

Question 11

In both North America and South America women are poorer than men.What condition does this situation demonstrate?

A)global feminization stratification
B)global feminization of labour
C)global feminization of poverty
D)global inequality of women

Question 12

Which of the following contributes to the global feminization of poverty?

A)the fact that many poor men lack access to commercial credit
B)training women in traditionally female skills that produce low wages
C)the decreasing income gap between men and women
D)the fact that women don't have enough time to invest in child care and domestic labour

Question 13

What approach to the study of social stratification did social analysts introduce in order to distinguish among nations on the basis of their levels of economic development and the standard of living of their citizens?

A)levels of development approach
B)"three worlds" approach
C)classification of economic approach
D)world systems approach

Question 14

How is a lower-middle income economy defined?

A)GNI per capita income of $1,005 U.S.or less
B)GNI per capita income of between $1,005 and $3,975
C)GNI per capita income of between $3,976 and $12,275
D)GNI per capita income of between $12,275 or more

Question 15

The wealthiest 20 percent of the world's people account for approximately what percentage of private consumption?

A)30-40 percent
B)45-55 percent
C)60-70 percent
D)80-90 percent

Question 16

If you were to use standard definitions of inequality to compare two countries,which of the following measures would you evaluate?

A)level of industrialization
B)physical and nutritional health or well-being
C)level of income or economic development
D)level of education

Question 17

What countries are characterized by highly industrialized economies;technologically advanced industrial,administrative,and service occupations;and relatively high levels of national and per capita income?

A)developing nations
B)high-income countries
C)developed nations
D)middle-income countries

Question 18

What has happened to the gap between rich and poor countries over the past 50 years?

A)It has undergone little change.
B)It has grown substantially.
C)It has steadily declined.
D)It has slowly narrowed.

Question 19

Through the World Bank,powerful nations prescribe that developing nations should open up,allowing more imports in and exporting more commodities.This is heralded as a form of economic restructuring and an avenue for debt repayment.Which of the following is a consequence of such measures?

A)employment and education
B)reduced incomes and more poverty
C)declining prices
D)increased living standards and less dependency

Question 20

Which of the following is a potential outcome of global stratification?

A)Women in Canada will experience more poverty,but global poverty will decline among women.
B)Vastly different lifestyles and life chances within and among the nations of the world will be exacerbated,especially among women.
C)Women in Africa experience similar lifestyles and life chances as women in the United States.
D)Men and women in North America and in the developing world experience a decline in their standard of living.

Question 21

Where does Canada rank on the Human Development Index?

A)1
B)3
C)6
D)12

Question 22

Where does the United States rank on the Human Development Index?

A)1
B)3
C)4
D)12

Question 23

According to the text,which of the following options are preferable to deal more effectively with the challenges of foreign aid?

A)abandoning labour-intensive technologies and other strategies to increase employment
B)building infrastructure programs rather than dealing directly with poor people
C)focusing on social services such as health care,nutrition,and education
D)having developed countries make decisions on the behalf of poorer ones

Question 24

Which tool used by the United Nations involves measurement of these indicators: gross national income,life expectancy,education,and living standards?

A)the Human Capacity Scale
B)the Human Development Index
C)the Country Capacity Index
D)the Development Scale

Question 25

According to the World Health Organization,which of the following people would be considered to be in the best health?

A)Eric,whose last physical examination revealed optimal functioning
B)Kaliya,who does not have any diseases
C)Tim,who feels good in body,mind,and spirit,with all relationships in harmony
D)Merrit,who has superior access to proper nutrition and medical resources than many people in her village

Question 26

Most of the early work on global stratification used what category to measure well-being or development?

A)human welfare
B)income
C)spending power of households
D)property ownership

Question 27

According to the text,how many people die each year from hunger-related diseases?

A)approximately 400,000
B)approximately 1,000,000
C)approximately 9,000,000
D)approximately 40,000,000

Question 28

Which statement best describes the implications of borrowing too much money from other countries?

A)Countries with high debt loads,such as Kenya,found that along with repayment and economic restructuring came massive unemployment and reduced incomes.
B)Libya spent borrowed money on military hardware and other nonproductive investments.
C)Debt repayment in Latin America brought with it more money for social services and health care.
D)Sub-Saharan Africa increased its power to make decisions based on its own interests.

Question 29

Which of the following conclusions does the United Nations Development program's recent report,based on the per capita average national income,make?

A)High-income countries provide few or no subsidies to farmers.
B)High-income countries invest more in foreign aid than agriculture.
C)Cows and cotton receive substantially more aid than people.
D)High-income countries provide relatively little aid to large agricultural corporations.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about foreign aid to low-income countries is accurate?

A)Specific aid projects meet the interests of the donor country more than the interests of the recipients.
B)It provides an adequate solution for malnutrition and disease.
C)It operates outside politics.
D)The poor benefit the most from direct attention to their needs.

Question 31

The life expectancy in low-income nations is about how many years less than that of people of high-income countries?

A)0-10 years
B)11-20 years
C)21-30 years
D)31-40 years

Question 32

What would sociologists be measuring if they compared a family's household income in India with the cost of buying a staple such as rice?

A)relative poverty
B)real poverty
C)global poverty
D)absolute poverty

Question 33

According to the text,of the 4.6 billion people living in low-income countries,how many do NOT have safe water?

A)2 billion
B)1 billion
C)1.5 million
D)500,000

Question 34

According to the text,what happened with food aid to Somalia in the 1970s and 1980s?

A)It demonstrated the great effectiveness of food as a form of aid.
B)It may have increased the political stability of the country.
C)It increased the price of locally produced food.
D)It led to the destruction of the agricultural base.

Question 35

Jaffey does not have a place to live,suffers from malnutrition and is in poor health.Which of the following terms best reflects his situation?

A)true poverty
B)absolute poverty
C)relative poverty
D)real poverty

Question 36

If you followed the work of prominent economists,what category would you use to measure well-being or development?

A)human welfare
B)income
C)spending power of households
D)property ownership

Question 37

How is subjective poverty measured?

A)by comparing personal income with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods
B)by comparing one's income with the income of others
C)by comparing actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions
D)by comparing actual income against the income of other members of the society

Question 38

What has most likely occurred in countries where fertility has decreased,women earn more,and children's health outcomes have improved?

A)Poverty has stabilized.
B)Economic restructuring has occurred.
C)Literacy has risen.
D)Divorce has decreased.

Question 39

What country ranks number one (the best)on the Human Development Index?

A)Sweden
B)Canada
C)Norway
D)China

Question 40

Carol,Bill,and their daughter live paycheque to paycheque,having barely enough each month to cover the cost of rent,groceries,and utilities.Which term best reflects their situation?

A)relative poverty
B)subjective poverty
C)semi-poverty
D)absolute poverty

Question 41

Which theory of global stratification would argue that in order for Mexico to grow globally it requires industrial and economic development?

A)new internationalist division of labour theory
B)modernization theory
C)dependency theory
D)world systems theory

Question 42

Who was a key critic of modernization theory?

A)Walt W.Rostow
B)Max Weber
C)Andre Gunder Frank
D)Immanuel Wallerstein

Question 43

A community's citizens are unreliable as workers,are not committed to their employers,and are not invested in their work.According to the modernization theory of global stratification,at what stage of development is this community?

A)traditional
B)high mass consumption
C)take-off
D)technological maturity

Question 44

If citizens of Nepal do not reflect on their current situation and work toward change,which of the following stages of development would modernization theory state that the nation is at?

A)traditional
B)take-off
C)technological maturity
D)high mass consumption

Question 45

Which theory of development was linked to the fight against communism waged by the U.S.government during the Cold War?

A)modernization theory
B)dependency theory
C)world systems theory
D)new international division of labour theory

Question 46

On what perspective is dependency based?

A)functionalist theory
B)interactionist theory
C)feminist theory
D)conflict theory

Question 47

According to the modernization theory of global stratification,what stage of development typically involves a fatalistic value system?

A)traditional
B)take-off
C)technological maturity
D)high mass consumption

Question 48

What is problematic about modernization theory implying that low-income countries are "backward"?

A)World systems theory is ignored.
B)It is Eurocentric.
C)It places too much emphasis on realities in the developed world.
D)Dependency theory loses ground.

Question 49

Based on modernization theory of global stratification,citizens in Malaysia are losing their faith in the collective and believing that their own interests are paramount.In what stage of development is the nation?

A)traditional
B)take-off
C)technological maturity
D)high mass consumption

Question 50

Which theory best explains a toy company that has manufacturing centres in China,India,and Guatemala,but a business base in the United States and Canada?

A)dependency theory
B)world systems theory
C)modernization theory
D)new international division of labour theory

Question 51

Suppose you claimed that global poverty arose from nations such as the United States exploiting nations such as Haiti,Uganda,and Vietnam.Which theory's assumptions would you be following?

A)world systems theory
B)new international division of labour theory
C)modernization theory
D)dependency theory

Question 52

Which theory of global stratification suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth?

A)dependency theory
B)world systems theory
C)modernization theory
D)new international division of labour theory

Question 53

What theory would suggest that U.S.-African relations reinforce poverty in African countries?

A)dependency theory
B)modernization theory
C)new international division of labour theory
D)development theory

Question 54

According to dependency theory,what hampers the social and economic development of low-income nations?

A)the lack of interest among Western businesses to do business in low-income nations
B)the (often)poor work ethic of people in low-income nations
C)competition and high mass consumption
D)the need for foreign capital and external markets supplied by richer nations

Question 55

What theory of global stratification would argue that a transnational clothing corporation is likely to have factories in several countries making T-shirts and will open or close locations based on cost?

A)world systems theory
B)new international division of labour theory
C)modernization theory
D)dependency theory

Question 56

According to what theory do countries go through stages called traditional,take-off,technological maturity,and high mass consumption?

A)postmodernism theory
B)modernization theory
C)functionalism theory
D)post-modernization theory

Question 57

The modernization theory of global stratification is part of what approach?

A)the interactionist approach
B)the functionalist approach
C)the conflict approach
D)the postmodern approach

Question 58

Which theory would connect atrocities in Rwanda to modernization?

A)neo-modernization theory
B)dependency theory
C)world systems theory
D)neo-colonial dependency theory

Question 59

Who wrote the most widely known modernization theory?

A)Gary Gereffi
B)Walt W.Rostow
C)Immanuel Wallerstein
D)Andre Gunder Frank

Question 60

Which theory of global stratification would argue that until Peru or Rwanda embrace Western values they will not be able to compete globally?

A)dependency theory
B)world systems theory
C)modernization theory
D)new international division of labour theory

Question 61

Where has human development worsened?

A)Western Europe
B)Sub-Saharan Africa
C)North America
D)South America

Question 62

Which of the following is a core nation?

A)Mexico
B)England
C)Brazil
D)Taiwan

Question 63

According to Wallerstein's world systems theory,Egypt,Spain,and Poland are all what kind of nations?

A)Second World nations
B)First World countries
C)semiperipheral nations
D)core nations

Question 64

According to world systems theory,what kind of nation is often characterized by uneven patterns of urbanization?

A)core
B)peripheral
C)semiperipheral
D)socialist

Question 65

Production of which kind of commodities most commonly involves establishing manufacturing operations in low-wage countries?

A)those that are high in price
B)those that are low in price
C)those that are labour intensive
D)those that are capital intensive

Question 66

France and Germany exert control over world trade and both have high levels of urbanization.As such,which term best characterizes these nations?

A)borderline
B)peripheral
C)core
D)semiperipheral

Question 67

What theory of global stratification argues that we live in a world where capital movements are international?

A)the world systems theory
B)the dependency theory
C)the new international division of labour theory
D)the modernization theory

Question 68

How does Wallerstein (world systems theory)refer to those nations that typically provide labour and raw material to heavily industrialized,technologically advanced nations?

A)peripheral nations
B)core nations
C)semiperipheral nations
D)resource-rich nations

Question 69

What are the future prospects for greater equality across and within nations?

A)Social scientists agree that the future looks grim.
B)Depending on their theoretical framework,social scientists may see either an optimistic or a pessimistic future.
C)Social scientists agree that the future holds much promise.
D)Depending on their country of origin,social scientists may see a promising or perilous future.

Question 70

Which theory of global stratification argues that how a country is incorporated into the global economy is the key feature determining how economic development takes place?

A)the new international division of labour theory
B)the world systems theory
C)the modernization theory
D)the dependency theory

Question 71

The production of a popular line of children's toys requires a complex pattern of international labour and production processes.What is this called?

A)capitalism
B)global consumerism
C)a global commodity chain
D)global labour management

Question 72

Which of the following initiatives would address the first goal of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and Targets?

A)food aid programs and farming resources in rural African communities
B)maternal care in Sub-Saharan Africa to reduce child mortality
C)promoting gender equality by empowering women in Afghanistan with education
D)sustainability development policies in South America

Question 73

Economic growth in countries such as South Korea and Taiwan challenges which theory of economic development?

A)modernization theory
B)new international division of labour theory
C)dependency theory
D)new world order theory

Question 74

Brazil/U.S.relations exemplify what consequence identified by world systems theory?

A)the ease with which peripheral nations can change their structural position in the capitalist world economy
B)the success of modernization
C)how disparity between the rich and the poor within the major cities is increased with urban growth tied to economic relations with core nations
D)decreased disparity between the rich and the poor with urban growth brought about by core nations

Question 75

Which of the following is a peripheral nation?

A)Taiwan
B)Japan
C)South Africa
D)Germany

Question 76

Which term would best classify the country of Afghanistan,which is dependent on other nations for capital?

A)peripheral
B)core
C)semiperipheral
D)dependent

Question 77

According to world systems theory,which of the following is accurate about core nations?

A)They are dominant capitalist centres characterized by high levels of industrialization.
B)They are those nations that are dependent on other nations for capital,have little or no industrialization,and have uneven patterns of urbanization.
C)They are those nations that were once colonial powers.
D)They are more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than semiperipheral nations.

Question 78

Many of us pay over $3.00 for a cup of specialty coffee.Noting what your text says about the coffee farmers in low-income countries,which statement best describes this relationship between coffee producers and coffee drinkers?

A)Low-income producers may fail to benefit from rising prices in high-income countries.
B)High-income producers may fail to benefit from lowering labour costs in low-income countries.
C)Low-income producers are benefiting from the rising prices in high-income countries.
D)Global consumerism tends to favour the poorer nations.

Question 79

Which theorist is most closely associated with world systems theory?

A)Walt W.Rostow
B)Immanuel Wallerstein
C)Andre Gunder Frank
D)Karl Marx

Question 80

A large car company with headquarters in Canada moves part of its production facilities to a low-income country to take advantage of the cheap labour,less stringent regulations,and lower tax rates.Which theory of global stratification does this event most clearly validate?

A)modernization theory
B)decentralization theory
C)new international division of labour theory
D)free trade and world systems theory