Deck 3: The Cellular Level of Organization

Question 1

What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes?

A)nucleus
B)nucleolus
C)the cytosol
D)plasmalemma
E)cytoskeleton

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The watery component of the cytoplasm is called

A)cytosol.
B)protoplasm.
C)extracellular fluid.
D)interstitial fluid.
E)a colloidal gel.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The smallest living unit within the human body is

A)a protein.
B)the cell.
C)a tissue.
D)an organ.
E)an organ system.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Membrane proteins perform which of the following functions?

A)anchoring
B)receptors
C)recognition
D)enzymes
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium?

A)cell wall
B)cell membrane
C)plasma membrane
D)plasmalemma
E)both a cell wall and a plasmalemma

Question 6

The plasma membrane is composed of

A)a bilayer of proteins.
B)a bilayer of phospholipids.
C)carbohydrate molecules.
D)carbohydrates and proteins.
E)carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 7

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division?

A)microfilaments
B)intermediate filaments
C)thick filaments
D)microtubules
E)basal bodies

Question 8

Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following,except

A)microfilaments.
B)intermediate filaments.
C)microsomes.
D)microtubules.
E)thick filaments.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins?

A)bind to ligands
B)regulate the passage of ions
C)act as carrier molecules for various solutes
D)act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane
E)storage of cellular nutrients

Question 10

The tails of a phospholipid molecule are

A)hydrophilic.
B)composed of amino acids.
C)hydrophobic.
D)facing the cytosol.
E)interlocked to provide membrane strength.

Question 11

Functions of the plasmalemma include all of the following,except

A)separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.
B)regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment.
C)sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid.
D)thermal insulation.
E)structural support.

Question 12

Compared to the extracellular fluid,cytosol contains

A)a higher concentration of potassium ions.
B)a lower concentration of dissolved proteins.
C)almost no glycogen.
D)a higher concentration of amino acids.
E)almost no lipids.

Question 13

Microfilaments

A)anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteins.
B)control the consistency of cytoplasm.
C)with myosin,produce cell movement.
D)consist of the protein called actin.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Tubulin is a

A)carbohydrate that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).
B)lipid that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).
C)protein that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).
D)protein that forms the tubular portion of the cytosol.
E)lipid that forms the ER.

Question 15

Microfilaments

A)are usually composed of myosin.
B)are hollow,filamentous structures.
C)anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane.
D)interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions.
E)are found in the cytoplasm radiating away from the centrosome.

Question 16

Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle,except

A)lysosomes.
B)cilia.
C)centrioles.
D)ribosomes.
E)cytoskeleton.

Question 17

Many proteins in the cytosol are ________ that accelerate metabolic reactions.

A)carbohydrates
B)enzymes
C)lipids
D)messengers
E)ions

Question 18

Which of the following about cytoplasm is false?

A)extracellular fluid contains more protein
B)the material that fills a cell
C)semi-rigid texture
D)includes cytoskeleton
E)includes cytosol

Question 19

The plasmalemma includes

A)integral proteins.
B)glycolipids.
C)phospholipids.
D)cholesterol.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

The organelles and the watery component of the cell together is called

A)cytosol.
B)protoplasm.
C)extracellular fluid.
D)interstitial fluid.
E)cytoplasm.

Question 21

Match the organelle (1-4)with the correct description (5-8): 1. mitochondrion 5. intracellular transport
2) centriole 6. liquid in cell
3) endoplasmic reticulum 7. manufactures cell energy
4) cytosol 8. separates chromosomes during mitosis

A)1 & 7,2 & 6,3 & 8,4 & 5
B)1 & 8,2 & 5,3 & 6,4 & 7
C)1 & 7,2 & 8,3 & 5,4 & 6
D)1 & 5,2 & 6,3 & 7,4 & 8
E)1 & 6,2 & 8,3 & 5,4 & 7

Question 22

Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the

A)cytoplasm.
B)endoplasmic reticulum.
C)nucleus.
D)mitochondria.
E)cilia.

Question 23

Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the

A)microtubules.
B)mitochondria.
C)rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D)ribosomes.
E)Golgi apparatus.

Question 24

Peroxisomes

A)contain enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide.
B)absorb and break down fatty acids,generating hydrogen peroxide in the process.
C)are produced from other peroxisomes.
D)are more abundant in cells with higher metabolic rates.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins?

A)ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum
B)proteosomes reticulum
C)raised endoplasmic reticulum
D)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E)rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is false?

A)supports organelles
B)controls cell shape
C)provides cell strength
D)made of cytobones
E)moves organelles

Question 27

Organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are

A)lysosomes.
B)peroxisomes.
C)endocytic vesicles.
D)nuclei.
E)toxisomes.

Question 28

If an animal cell lacked centrioles,it would not be able to

A)move.
B)synthesize proteins.
C)produce DNA.
D)metabolize sugars.
E)form the mitotic spindle.

Question 29

In the mitochondrion,folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is to

A)actin.
B)microvilli.
C)cytosol.
D)basal body.
E)matrix.

Question 30

When activated,lysosomes function in

A)formation of new cell membranes.
B)synthesis of proteins.
C)digestion of foreign material.
D)synthesis of lipids.
E)cell division.

Question 31

Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is to

A)ribosomes.
B)microfilaments.
C)intermediate filaments.
D)flagella.
E)microvilli.

Question 32

Which of following properties of microtubules is true?

A)made of myosin
B)made of actin
C)found only in the terminal web
D)another term for microfilaments
E)interact with dynein and kinesin

Question 33

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes?

A)rough endoplasmic reticulum
B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C)mitochondria
D)nucleoli
E)Golgi apparatus

Question 34

Which organelle is most prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein?

A)nucleus
B)nucleolus
C)chromosome
D)proteasome
E)mitochondria

Question 35

Microtubules have which of the following functions?

A)They form structural components of organelles.
B)They move chromosomes during cell division.
C)They provide a mechanism for changing the cell shape.
D)Molecular motors move along them.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false?

A)receives transport vesicles from the RER
B)sends transport vesicles to the RER
C)produces lysosomes
D)supplies new membrane components
E)produces secretory vesicles

Question 37

Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the

A)ribosomes.
B)rough ER.
C)smooth ER.
D)Golgi apparatus.
E)mitochondria.

Question 38

Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true,except one.Identify the exception.

A)The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle.
B)The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production.
C)Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae.
D)The mitochondria require carbon dioxide and produce oxygen in the process of energy production.
E)The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

Question 39

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for

A)drug and toxin neutralization.
B)lipid synthesis.
C)modification of new proteins.
D)shipping molecules to the Golgi apparatus.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Molecular motors that carry materials in opposite directions along microtubules are called

A)kinesin and myosin.
B)actin and myosin.
C)dynein and myosin.
D)dynein and actin.
E)dynein and kinesin.

Question 41

The triplet codes needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the

A)cytoplasm.
B)gene.
C)codon.
D)anticodon.
E)polypeptide itself.

Question 42

Histones are found in

A)nucleosomes.
B)proteasomes.
C)lysosomes.
D)vesicles.
E)endosomes.

Question 43

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus. 1. Material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles.
2) Exocytosis.
3) Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles.
4) Secretory vesicles are formed at the maturing face.
5) Vesicles arrive at the forming face.
6) Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins.
The proper order for these is

A)5,6,1,4,2,3.
B)2,3,5,6,1,4.
C)4,3,1,6,5,2.
D)3,5,6,1,4,2.
E)1,3,6,4,2,5.

Question 44

Figure 3-1 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell
Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following questions:
Which organelle renews the cell membrane and modifies and packages proteins for secretion?

A)4
B)5
C)6
D)7
E)8

Question 45

Figure 3-1 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell
Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following questions:
Synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids occurs in the structure labeled

A)4)
B)5)
C)6)
D)7)
E)8)

Question 46

Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum,except

A)storage and release of calcium ions.
B)modification of protein.
C)synthesis of steroid hormones.
D)synthesis of triglycerides.
E)detoxification of drugs.

Question 47

Microscopic analysis of a tissue sample indicates that it contains abundant myosin filaments.This tissue is probably contains

A)nerve cells.
B)reproductive cells.
C)bone cells.
D)muscle cells.
E)liver cells.

Question 48

Most of a cell's DNA is located in its

A)ribosomes.
B)lysosomes.
C)Golgi apparatus.
D)nucleus.
E)nucleolus.

Question 49

Figure 3-1 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell
Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following questions:
The structure labeled "1" permits the cell to

A)attach to neighboring cells.
B)produce more cells.
C)increase surface area for increased membrane transport.
D)swim in extracellular fluid.
E)trap bacteria.

Question 50

mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm.

A)carbohydrates
B)lipids
C)proteins
D)phospholipids
E)salts

Question 51

The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are

A)chromosomes.
B)genes.
C)ribosomes.
D)codons.
E)RNA.

Question 52

Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________.

A)RNA; carbohydrates
B)DNA; lipids
C)DNA; proteins
D)water; RNA
E)RNA; proteins

Question 53

A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore,it

A)can repair itself readily.
B)is malformed.
C)can only divide once more.
D)will be a long-lived cell.
E)cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.

Question 54

Figure 3-1 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell
Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following questions:
Which structure produces ATP for the cell?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)5
E)6

Question 55

Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells?

A)digestive enzymes
B)steroid hormones
C)protein hormones
D)transport proteins
E)antibodies

Question 56

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none.This suggests that

A)cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived.
B)cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.
C)cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply.
D)cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand.
E)some cells are older than others.

Question 57

The complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are

A)nucleoplasm.
B)chromosomes.
C)histones.
D)nucleases.
E)mitochondria.

Question 58

Figure 3-1 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell
Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following questions:
Which structure organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)5
E)6

Question 59

The components of ribosomes are formed within

A)the endoplasmic reticulum.
B)Golgi complexes.
C)lysosomes.
D)mitochondria.
E)nucleoli.

Question 60

The control center for cellular operations is the

A)nucleus.
B)mitochondria.
C)Golgi apparatus.
D)endoplasmic reticulum.
E)ribosome.

Question 61

The duplication of DNA is called ________,the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________ .

A)replication,transcription,translation
B)interphase,replication,active transport
C)replication,translation,transcription
D)mitosis,duplication,protein synthesis
E)reproduction,duplication,initiation

Question 62

Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of ________ and ________.

A)multiple enzymes; three types of RNA
B)multiple enzymes; two types of RNA
C)multiple carbohydrates; three types of DNA
D)multiple proteins; three types of DNA
E)multiple enzymes; three types of DNA

Question 63

The DNA molecule is like a twisted ladder. What molecules form the "sides" of the DNA ladder?

A)alternating molecules of sugar and phosphate groups
B)carbohydrates and lipids
C)repeating molecules of acids and bases
D)amino acids and protein
E)nitrogen bases and sugar molecules

Question 64

The molecule that brings the proper amino acid into place at the ribosome for the elongation of a new protein is called

A)mRNA.
B) tRNA.
C) ATP.
D) Na-K.
E) rRNA.

Question 65

What would the complimentary (matching)mRNA and tRNA molecules be from a DNA molecule that has the following triplets? coding strand: ATG-CAA
Template strand: TAC-GTT

A)mRNA: AUG-CAA, tRNA: TAC-GTT
B)mRNA: ATG-CAA, tRNA: TAC-GTT
C)mRNA: UAC-GUU, tRNA: AUG-CAA
D)mRNA: TAC-GTT, tRNA: AUG-CAA
E)mRNA: AUG-CAA, tRNA: UAC-GUU

Question 66

What would the complimentary DNA template strand be to produce the mRNA sequence of UGU - CAA?

A)ACA - GTT
B) UCU - GUU
C) CGC - ATT
D) ACA - GUU
E) TCT - GTT

Question 67

The unit of DNA that specifies a certain amino acid is called a ________,the same unit of mRNA is called a ________ which,during protein synthesis,is matched by the ________ of tRNA.

A)triplet,codon,anticodon
B)nitrogen base,sugar,phosphate
C)codon,anticodon,ribosome
D)gene,gene,triplet,amino acid
E)triplet,co-triplet,gene

Question 68

A DNA nucleotide is composed of

A)three amino acids.
B)a codon and an anticodon.
C)one nitrogen base,deoxyribose sugar,and a phosphate group.
D)four nitrogen bases.
E)protein,lipid,and ribose sugar.

Question 69

The anticodon for the triplet UCA is

A)AGU.
B)AGC.
C)TCA.
D)TGT.
E)AGT.

Question 70

The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of

A)osmosis.
B)active transport.
C)diffusion.
D)facilitated transport.
E)filtration.

Question 71

Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein,it must be

A)edited to remove introns.
B)edited to remove exons.
C)transported into the cytoplasm.
D)edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm.
E)coated with phospholipids for transport out of the nucleus.

Question 72

Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through

A)channels formed by integral proteins.
B)peripheral proteins.
C)lipid channels.
D)peripheral carbohydrates.
E)defects in the lipid layer of the membrane.

Question 73

Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA?

A)ribose
B)uracil
C)guanine
D)thymine is not replaced in RNA
E)cytosine

Question 74

A gene is a set of specific instructions that

A)produces amino acids for proteins.
B)copies DNA strands for mitosis.
C)controls the process of mitosis.
D)indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.
E)directs carbohydrate synthesis.

Question 75

The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called

A)replication.
B)transcription.
C)translation.
D)mitosis.
E)auscultation.

Question 76

The process of forming mRNA is called

A)replication.
B)transcription.
C)translation.
D)ribolation.
E)auscultation.

Question 77

Put the following steps of protein synthesis in correct order of occurrence: 1. mRNA is produced in nucleus
2) ribosome moves along mRNA
3) DNA uncoils for transcription
4) polypeptide is produced
5) tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome
6) mRNA moves to ribosome

A)3,1,6,2,5,4
B) 2,4,6,1,3,5
C) 2,1,5,4,3,6
D) 3,5,1,6,2,4
E) 1,5,3,4,2,6

Question 78

As each codon arrives at the active site of a ribosome,it attracts another molecule containing the anticodon.This molecule is called

A)DNA.
B)mRNA.
C)rRNA.
D)tRNA.
E)RER.

Question 79

The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is

A)ATC.
B)TAG.
C)UAG.
D)AUG.
E)AUC.

Question 80

Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following,except

A)hydrolysis of ATP.
B)the presence of the membrane channels.
C)the charge on the ion.
D)concentration gradient.
E)lipid solubility.