Deck 10: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Assimilation is the process by which immigrants come to be incorporated into their new society by taking on its cultural tastes and practices.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Hispanics have the highest rate of infant mortality in the United States.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Ethnic categories tend to be imposed on individuals or groups by others.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In 2010,the median income of the average black household was 60 percent of the median income of white households.

Question 5

It is acceptable for sociologists to use the terms race and ethnicity interchangeably.

Question 6

The ancient Greeks first created the color-coded hierarchy of race.

Question 7

Research indicates that white applicants with criminal records are more likely to be considered for jobs than black candidates without criminal records.

Question 8

People in South Africa,Rwanda,and Bosnia have been the victims of racially and ethnically charged discrimination,including genocide.

Question 9

The way in which race is perceived is consistent throughout the world.

Question 10

Institutional (or structural)discrimination is always intentional.

Question 11

Sociologists describe race as a social construct.

Question 12

African American men account for 40 percent of the U.S.prison population.

Question 13

Racial categories are more likely to be chosen by individuals for themselves.

Question 14

Most sociologists reject Max Weber's definition of race.

Question 15

In 1997,95 percent of Americans surveyed stated that they would be willing to vote for a black presidential candidate.

Question 16

Despite the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968,which outlawed discrimination in housing markets,Hispanics continue to be the most residentially segregated group in the United States.

Question 17

In the United States,race has historically mattered more than ethnicity.

Question 18

President Obama is labeled as black because his mother was black.

Question 19

The U.S.Census Bureau predicts that by 2050 non-Hispanic whites will make up just 46 percent of the total population,making the United States a "majority-minority" nation for the first time in its history.

Question 20

The 1924 Immigration Act limited the number of people who were allowed to emigrate to the United States from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Question 21

__________ is a system for classifying people based on perceived innate physical characteristics,whereas __________ is a system for classifying people who are perceived to share cultural similarities.

A)Race;ethnicity
B)Ethnicity;race
C)Race;essentialism
D)Ethnicity;essentialism

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true,according to the analogy of the red-,blue-,and yellow-colored blocks cited in The Sociology Project?

A)Races can be divided into primary first and then into secondary colors like the colors on the color wheel.
B)We share most,but not all,of the same mental rules of who belongs to what race.
C)We grow up learning to look for certain pieces of information about a person's body,to decide which race they belong to,but disregard things like height and hand size.
D)The race we think people belong to is generally not the race with which they usually identify.

Question 23

The labeling of President Obama as black even though his mother was white can be explained by the same reasoning used to justify __________.

A)the one-drop rule
B)essentialism
C)the constructivist view of race
D)social constructs

Question 24

The United States has always been a multicultural society.

Question 25

__________ can be described as negative,simplified generalizations about a group,whereas __________ involves actions that harm individuals.

A)Stereotyping;prejudice
B)Prejudice;stereotyping
C)Stereotyping;discrimination
D)Discrimination;prejudice

Question 26

Acts of racial or ethnic discrimination can be classified as __________.

A)individual or intentional
B)individual or institutional
C)institutional or intentional
D)institutional or structural

Question 27

In the United States,__________ has historically mattered more than __________.

A)race;ethnicity
B)ethnicity;race
C)race;social class
D)ethnicity;social class

Question 28

Nazi policies culminated in the __________ of millions of men,women,and children in a network of extermination camps during World War II.

A)genocide
B)segregation
C)expulsion
D)assimilation

Question 29

The U.S.Supreme Court struck down state laws banning interracial marriages in 1957.

Question 30

The color-coded hierarchy of races did not exist until __________.

A)the ancient Greeks created the system to distinguish barbarians from themselves
B)medieval societies created the system to distinguish Christians from non-Christians
C)European explorers created the system to dominate people across the globe through exploitation and enslavement
D)Mexicans began crossing the U.S.border during the Great Depression

Question 31

Today's immigrants to the United States are overwhelmingly from Asia,Latin America,and the Caribbean.

Question 32

At present,the U.S.government considers Hispanics to constitute an ethnic group,not a race.

Question 33

Rosa is a Guatemalan immigrant.She has learned to speak English and has taken to celebrating traditionally American holidays,such as Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July.Rosa is experiencing __________.

A)discrimination
B)prejudice
C)assimilation
D)segregation

Question 34

Sociologists define ethnicity as a system for classifying people who share __________.

A)common genetic profiles
B)common descent,based on perceived cultural similarities
C)similar racial profiles
D)common descent,based on perceived physical similarities

Question 35

The only group that has consistently been named on the census is white.

Question 36

Sociologists describe race as a social construct.What does this statement mean?

A)Race is a natural phenomenon based on unchangeable traits found in individuals.
B)Race is a social phenomenon created by individuals and shaped by social forces.
C)Race is believed to be a part of a person's "essence," or their very being.
D)Race is based on an objective measure of physical resemblances.

Question 37

According to the one-drop rule,__________.

A)individuals who have one black grandparent and three white grandparents are black
B)individuals who have one black grandparent and three white grandparents are white
C)Greeks and Italians are white
D)Hispanics are an ethnic group

Question 38

Which of the following statements regarding how Brazilians think about race is true?

A)Brazilians assign people to racial groups based on whether they are believed to have noble ancestry.
B)Brazilians classify people based on specific combinations of skin color,hair color,facial features,and hair texture.
C)Brazilians think racial differences reside in the blood and soul.
D)Brazilians attribute racial differences to genetics.

Question 39

Max Weber's definition of race is based on a viewpoint referred to as __________.

A)epistemology
B)ethnomethodology
C)ethnocentrism
D)essentialism

Question 40

Which of the following statements is false,in terms of the historical experience of whites living in the United States?

A)If you were white,your whiteness protected you from enslavement during the antebellum period.
B)If you were a white immigrant,you could become a U.S.citizen.
C)If you were white,you had access to better schools and to better jobs.
D)If you were white and poor,you were as likely as nonwhite minorities to face discrimination in the housing market.

Question 41

In an ethnographic study of black and white working-class men,Deirdre Royster (2003)concluded that _________,remains a significant explanation for racial stratification in employment in the United Sates.

A)discrimination against racial minorities,specifically black applicants
B)disposition toward work among racial minorities,specifically black applicants
C)level of intelligence among racial minorities,specifically black applicants
D)level of education among racial minorities,specifically black applicants

Question 42

In an ethnographic study of black and white working-class men,Deirdre Royster (2003)found that the job market was __________.

A)structurally weak
B)seasonally strong
C)fair and meritocratic
D)not fair and not meritocratic

Question 43

In the United States,__________kept blacks from voting,from attending quality schools,and from participating equally in a wide variety of social institutions in the American South.

A)Jim Crow laws
B)colonialism
C)apartheid
D)penal codes

Question 44

A pessimistic interpretation of recent survey results used to measure prejudice might be that __________.

A)whites are reluctant to admit to harboring racial prejudices
B)surveys,as a tool of analysis,do not accurately reflect attitudes and motivations
C)blacks are less likely than whites to participate in surveys
D)blacks have a lower return rate than whites,with respect to survey completion

Question 45

What research method do sociologists use to study patterns and representations of minorities in magazines,television shows,and movies?

A)experimental analysis
B)participant analysis
C)content analysis
D)meta-analysis

Question 46

The passage of __________ and __________ is thought of as the culmination of the civil rights movement.

A)Proposition 8;the Civil Rights Act of 1964
B)Proposition 8;the Voting Rights Act of 1965
C)the Civil Rights Act of 1964;the Voting Rights Act of 1965
D)the Civil Rights Act of 1964;the Defense of Marriage Act

Question 47

According to the U.S.census data,the income gap between the median household income for whites and Hispanics has __________ since 1972.

A)increased
B)decreased
C)remained constant
D)fluctuated erratically

Question 48

The percentage of black men who have been incarcerated is __________ to their percentage representation in the population at large.

A)proportionate
B)disproportionate
C)equal to
D)very nearly equal to

Question 49

In 1997,__________ of Americans stated that they would vote for a black presidential candidate.

A)10 percent
B)60 percent
C)70 percent
D)95 percent

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?

A)a landlord's refusal to rent apartments to nonwhites
B)a manager's refusal to hire gays and lesbians
C)damage to a Jewish synagogue by a group of teenage vandals
D)a corporation's systematic denial of access to managerial positions to women

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of unintentional institutional discrimination?

A)Jim Crow laws that segregated whites and blacks in terms of housing,transportation,and education in the American South
B)federal sentencing guidelines that penalize individuals who use crack cocaine more heavily than those who use powder cocaine
C)a company that systematically excludes women from upper-level managerial positions
D)South Africa's system of apartheid

Question 52

Normative theories of prejudice state that __________.

A)people have a tendency to blame the problems of society on minority groups
B)people are socialized to think and act in a racist fashion
C)economic self-interest alters our ability to perceive discrimination
D)our perceptions of minorities are influenced by language

Question 53

Some of the earliest research on prejudice and discrimination was conducted by __________,who saw racism as__________.

A)sociologists;a result of social hierarchy
B)demographers;a result of population expansion
C)ethnographers;an expression of cultural beliefs
D)psychologists;an expression of particular personality disorders

Question 54

In a study involving fictitious résumés of applicants with stereotypical "white names" (Emily and Greg)and "black names" (Lakisha and Jamal),researchers found that __________.

A)names on résumés did not influence the number of follow-up calls that applicants received
B)résumés with "white names" received 50 percent more follow-up calls than résumés with "black names"
C)black-owned businesses were more likely to call back "white" applicants than "black" applicants
D)black-owned businesses were more likely to call back "black" applicants than "white" applicants

Question 55

According to almost any measure sociologists have explored,in the United States a clear racial hierarchy emerges with ____________ on top and __________ on the bottom.

A)whites (and sometimes Asians);Hispanics,blacks,and American Indians
B)whites (and sometimes blacks);Asians,Hispanics,and American Indians
C)whites (and sometimes Hispanics);Asians,blacks,and American Indians
D)whites;Asians,Hispanics,blacks,and American Indians

Question 56

In South Africa,__________segregated nonwhites from whites and made legal many forms of discrimination that benefited the white ruling minority.

A)Jim Crow
B)colonialism
C)apartheid
D)penal codes

Question 57

In 2010,median black household income was __________ percent of the median household income for whites.

A)40
B)50
C)60
D)80

Question 58

Sociologist Devah Pager (2003),who tested the influence of criminal records on the job applications of blacks and whites,found that __________.

A)applicants with criminal records,regardless of race,were not considered for jobs
B)applicants with criminal records,regardless of race,were equally considered for jobs that did not involve money handling
C)white applicants with criminal records were more likely to be considered for jobs than black applicants without criminal records
D)black applicants with criminal records were more likely to be considered for jobs than white applicants without criminal records

Question 59

In an ethnographic study of black and white working-class men,Deirdre Royster (2003)found that employment was determined by __________.

A)levels of intelligence
B)levels of education
C)dispositions toward work
D)social networks

Question 60

Research shows that whites use __________ to dismiss the possibility that racism still exists in the United States.

A)open-ended rhetoric
B)color-blind rhetoric
C)institutional discrimination
D)reverse discrimination

Question 61

Of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States,_____________ have the highest median household income.

A)white Americans
B)Puerto-Ricans
C)Indian Americans
D)Asian Americans

Question 62

The term racial stratification refers to __________.

A)clearly significant gaps between racial groups along social and economic dimensions
B)clearly significant overlaps among racial groups along social and economic dimensions
C)minimum requirements needed for racial groups to exhibit social and economic parity
D)the size and complexity of social networks among racial groups

Question 63

___________ have the highest rates of HIV infection than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States.

A)White Americans
B)Mexican Americans
C)African Americans
D)Chinese Americans

Question 64

__________ are the most residentially segregated of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

A)African Americans
B)Mexican Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Native Americans

Question 65

Why are a disproportionate number of African Americans unable to vote?

A)Many African Americans fail to register to vote.
B)Many African Americans face disproportionately long distances to voting centers.
C)Many African Americans have lost their right to vote following felony convictions.
D)Many African Americans do not have a driver's license.

Question 66

Sociologists have observed that upper-middle class blacks earn __________ percent of what their white counterparts earn.

A)60
B)72
C)85
D)98

Question 67

American adults account for __________ percent of all prison and jail inmates worldwide.

A)5
B)15
C)25
D)35

Question 68

Sociologists estimate that __________ of adult black men have a felony conviction on their record.

A)one-half
B)one-third
C)one-quarter
D)one-tenth

Question 69

Over the last three decades,from 1980 and 2010,the rates at which African Americans completed college __________.

A)more than doubled
B)more than tripled
C)shrunk by nearly a quarter
D)shrunk by nearly half

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding the racial gap in household wealth between white and black Americans is false?

A)Black Americans have been unable to build a base of assets to pass from one generation to the next.
B)Black Americans are more likely to purchase a home in a segregated neighborhood than any other racial group.
C)Black Americans are more likely to receive unfavorable terms on their home mortgages.
D)Black Americans have made no gains in income since the civil rights movement.

Question 71

__________ refer(s)to the accumulated sum of assets (savings accounts,homes,cars)minus the sum of debts (mortgages,loans,credit card debts).

A)Wealth
B)Household income
C)Financial obligations
D)Asset allocation

Question 72

Current data indicate that Asian Americans have the highest median household incomes in the United States.Researchers caution,however,that the data about Asian incomes can be misinterpreted because __________.

A)some Asians,such as Vietnamese and Cambodian Americans,are at the top of the income hierarchy
B)some Asians,such as Vietnamese and Cambodian Americans,are at the bottom of the income hierarchy
C)some Asians,such as Chinese and Filipino Americans,are at the bottom of the income hierarchy
D)the data are separated by country of origin

Question 73

__________ have the highest rates of educational attainment in the United States.

A)African Americans
B)White Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Native Americans

Question 74

Felon disenfranchisement refers to __________.

A)depriving people of access to college loans because of felony convictions
B)depriving people of the right to vote because of felony convictions
C)depriving people of the right to privacy because of felony convictions
D)depriving people of access to publicly funded housing because of felony convictions

Question 75

According to data from the U.S.Census Bureau,which four U.S.states had the lowest percentage of non-Hispanic whites living within their borders in 2010?

A)California,Arizona,New Mexico,and Texas
B)California,Arizona,Texas,and Nevada
C)California,New Mexico,Texas,and Nevada
D)California,New Mexico,Texas,and Hawaii

Question 76

___________ are more likely to die of coronary heart disease than any other racial group in the United States.

A)African Americans
B)Latino Americans
C)Native Americans
D)White Americans

Question 77

According to current statistics,over __________ adults are serving time behind bars on any given day in America.

A)1 million
B)2 million
C)3 million
D)4 million

Question 78

In 2012,the unemployment rate for black Americans was __________.

A)nearly equal to that of white Americans
B)nearly twice the rate as that of white Americans
C)nearly three times the rate as that of white Americans
D)slightly less than that of Asian Americans

Question 79

Over the last three decades,from 1980 and 2010,the rates at which African Americans dropped out of high school __________.

A)increased by nearly a quarter
B)increased by nearly half
C)shrunk by nearly a quarter
D)shrunk by nearly half

Question 80

Sociologists accept all of the following factors as contributors to racial inequalities EXCEPT __________.

A)biology
B)culture
C)contemporary discrimination
D)historical discrimination