Deck 14: Evolution: Today and Tomorrow

Question 1

What is one of the human activities that have contributed to greenhouse gases?

A)the burning of fossil fuels
B)use of solar power
C)use of windmills
D)nuclear power

Answer 1

the burning of fossil fuels

Question 2

As glaciers melt ________ and ________ will occur.

A)flooding of low-lying areas;increases in farmable areas
B)fresh water will be released;sea level rise
C)ocean temperatures will decrease globally;increase in the diversity of ocean species
D)the land where the glaciers stand will rise;sea level stability

Answer 2

fresh water will be released;sea level rise

Question 3

What is the increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere and sea due to human activity?

A)one of the many climate fluctuations in Earth's history
B)global warming
C)the effects of a change in Earth's gravitational pull
D)the effects of solar flares on the Sun

Answer 3

global warming

Question 4

Climate change can bring about illness and death through:

A)an increase in airborne particulates and other pollution causing respiratory disease.
B)an increase in the size of glaciers,which can destroy human settlements.
C)forcing a shift from urban areas to farmland.
D)a decrease in food production despite the fact that plants use CO2.

Question 5

Which of the following is evidence for biological evolution in humans and in other organisms?

A)the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis
B)the spread of the sickle-cell trait outside of malaria-endemic areas
C)basic solutions for coping with climate change
D)the disappearance of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in hospitals

Question 6

What do the health effects of industrialization include?

A)a decrease in asthma
B)an increase in environmental pollutants
C)a decrease in processed and refined foods in the diet
D)a reduction in poverty

Question 7

Barry Popkin found that owing to ________ and ________,obesity levels in many parts of the developing world now match those of the United States.

A)increased levels of malnutrition;poverty
B)obese adult males;their role as leaders of the family diet
C)obese adult females;their role as food preparers
D)dietary change;reduced physical activity

Question 8

What do climate scientists predict will be the result of shifting patterns of precipitation and increasing dryness caused by anthropogenic global warming?

A)an average increase in the thickness of the glaciers
B)increased rainfall almost everywhere
C)with warmer conditions,an average increase in agricultural production and increase in the food supply
D)an average reduction of agricultural production and therefore a reduced food supply

Question 9

Of the more than 7.4 billion people living in the world today,nearly ________ suffer from malnutrition.

A)1 billion
B)3 million
C)6 million
D)10 million

Question 10

More than ________ of the world's population lives in cities.

A)25%
B)90%
C)75%
D)50%

Question 11

What is one of the most significant items of scientific evidence for global climate change?

A)the 85% reduction in the size of ice fields atop Mount Kilimanjaro,in Tanzania
B)a 2°F decrease in global temperatures during the last 200 years
C)the decrease of sea levels by 12 cm during the last 100 years
D)increased precipitation in the Gobi Desert

Question 12

Americans' body weight has increased over the last century,but the amount of this change varies according to socioeconomic status,inasmuch as:

A)lower-income families tend to consume less protein and fiber,and more saturated fat and sugar.
B)higher-income families tend to eat more high-fat foods because these foods are more expensive.
C)the modern "Western" diet is very high in protein.
D)diets are similar across groups,but activity levels are lowest in higher-income families,so they have more body fat.

Question 13

Approximately ________ of urban populations reside in slums without access to basic sanitation.

A)10%
B)75%
C)40%
D)25%

Question 14

Which of the following health conditions are considered climate-sensitive and likely to increase with increasing greenhouse gases?

A)blindness
B)rickets
C)obesity
D)cardiovascular disease

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the occurrence of hip fractures in older adults?

A)They are more common in modern societies than in previous ones.
B)They are related to decreased longevity.
C)They are related to vision degeneration over time.
D)They are the result of a more active lifestyle.

Question 16

The term nutrition transition refers to shifts:

A)to higher-protein diets.
B)to higher-fat,higher-carbohydrate diets.
C)to lower-fat,lower-carbohydrate diets.
D)in diet due to climate change.

Question 17

What is a trend of human life expectancy in the United States?

A)It has increased since 1900,due largely to improvements in medicine and sanitation.
B)It has decreased since 1900,because of fast food and sedentary lifestyles.
C)It has not been affected by nutrition.
D)It has decreased since 1900,due to a rise in infectious disease.

Question 18

Exposure to microbes early in life can ________ the immune system.

A)protect
B)harm
C)depress
D)stimulate

Question 19

What does analysis of stable isotopes of oxygen from ice cores dating to the Holocene indicate?

A)The last 50 yBP were the coldest period observed in the last 700,000 yBP.
B)The last 50 yBP were the warmest period in the last 2,000 yBP,likely much longer.
C)The last 50,000 yBP have been the warmest on record.
D)The last 100,000 yBP have been the warmest on record.

Question 20

What is one of the health problems associated with obesity?

A)cardiovascular disease
B)Tay-Sachs disease
C)cachexia
D)malaria

Question 21

A publication in the year 2020 reports on the results of autopsies of elderly people in three cultures.Of individuals in the study,90% showed signs of osteoporotic fractures and osteoporosis.What might the researchers suggest is happening in these cultures?

A)Longevity of individuals is decreasing.
B)Longevity of individuals is increasing.
C)Fewer dairy products were consumed than by individuals in other cultures,leading to bone conditions.
D)Interpersonal violence leading to the fractures was more common.

Question 22

The melting of glaciers and the polar ice caps poses a devastating threat of potential flooding for low-lying areas.Scientists predict that a sea level rise of ________ would inundate areas such as the delta regions of Africa and Asia,peninsular Florida,Bangladesh,and most major coastal cities.

A)14-25 cm
B)26-82 cm
C)4-6 meters
D)20 meters

Question 23

What is Luca Cavalli-Sforza's hypothesis for why skin color change came late?

A)Fewer people in the past meant less genetic variability.
B)Earlier populations had ready access to vitamin D from the foods they ate.
C)The Sun was not as powerful as it is today.
D)People were still migrating from a cold,cloudy environment to a sunny environment.

Question 24

The H2 haplotype on chromosome 17 occurs in about 21% of European women.Why is natural selection strongly implicated?

A)H2 women are infertile.
B)H2 women have 3.5% more children than do non-H2 women.
C)H2 women have 25% more children than do non-H2 women.
D)H2 women suffer from high rates of tuberculosis.

Question 25

Where industrialization is occurring ________ ,while where there is no industrialization,________.

A)infections and allergies are on the rise;infections and allergies are less frequent
B)obesity is reduced;malnutrition does not exist
C)infections and allergies are less frequent;infections and allergies are on the rise
D)infections don't exist;allergies are more prevalent

Question 26

Global warming is the result of anthropogenic interference,which means:

A)evolution in action.
B)nothing new.
C)nonhuman.
D)human.

Question 27

Population increase creates many new hosts for infectious diseases.This translates into:

A)a stronger global immune system and fewer infectious diseases.
B)the absence of new infectious diseases but an increase in reemerging diseases.
C)a greater diversity of infectious diseases.
D)widespread reemerging infectious diseases,but few novel diseases.

Question 28

Both genetic mutation and selection have recently been linked to the development of pale skin in ________ populations.

A)ancient Asian
B)ancient African
C)relatively recent European farming
D)ancient European

Question 29

The global warming that naturally occurred during the Eocene resulted in the rise of the primate order.What is an example of a negative impact the global warming that is taking place today will likely have?

A)changes in crop production as a result of decreased precipitation
B)extinction of certain species unrelated to habitat loss
C)lower sea levels,resulting in the addition of coastal lands on multiple continents
D)increased species diversity of humans,as happened earlier with other primates

Question 30

What does abundant evidence indicate?

A)Humans are no longer evolving.
B)Humans continue to evolve.
C)Human evolution is not affected by changes in the environment.
D)Humans are not the most dominant evolutionary force on all other organisms.

Question 31

If they have ________,human populations living in areas of endemic malaria have a selective advantage.

A)the allele for sickle-cell anemia
B)the H2 haplotype
C)the D32 mutation
D)smallpox

Question 32

After conducting stable-isotope analysis of an ice core you record a high level of ¹⁸O relative to ¹⁶O at a particular layer.What does this suggest about the climate at this time?

A)The climate was relatively cold.
B)The climate was relatively warm.
C)The climate was relatively dry.
D)The climate was relatively humid.

Question 33

What is an example of some of the technology that has negatively influenced the world?

A)technology associated with sustainability
B)the burning of fossil fuels
C)the use of solar energy
D)the production of energy-saving appliances

Question 34

After about what age do all adults experience age-related bone loss?

A)40 years
B)50 years
C)60 years
D)30 years

Question 35

Researchers have discovered a genetic ________ likely related to increased resistance to smallpox and plague in Europe about 5,000 years ago that reduces susceptibility to ________.

A)anomaly;smallpox
B)trait;sickle-cell
C)mutation;HIV infection
D)locus;HIV infection

Question 36

What does the "silent tsunami" refer to?

A)increasing urbanization,human population growth,and infectious disease
B)the slow and steady increase in sea level
C)the loss of access to sugar among the people of poor countries
D)a global wave of poverty

Question 37

After the 1960s,children in rural Oaxaca developed shorter,rounder heads and narrower faces.What is this likely related to?

A)increased intelligence
B)higher amounts of protein in the diet
C)the consumption of softer,more processed corn and other foods
D)antibiotic resistance

Question 38

What is the most likely basis for future human evolutionary change?

A)none;humans have stopped evolving
B)increased rates of genetic mutation
C)technological change
D)decreased rates of genetic mutation

Question 39

The incidence of diabetes has increased in adults by ________ in the last decade.

A)20%
B)50%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 40

Physical anthropologist John Hawks and colleagues suggest that evolution is speeding up as population size continues to ________ and ________ are introduced.

A)rise;parasites
B)mushroom;new mutations
C)decrease;ancestral traits
D)maintain its current stasis;no new genes

Question 41

Loss of forest in tropical areas has resulted in:

A)decrease in diversity of both plant and animal species.
B)greater diversity in plant habitats resulting in the rise of new animal species.
C)long-term increase in habitat stability that will ultimately benefit humans.
D)long-term economic gain at the expense of short-term loss of natural habitat.

Question 42

Discuss how the process of globalization affects human biocultural variation today.

Question 43

Compare the causes and effects of global warming during the Eocene with those occurring today.Consider specific species and their habitats.

Question 44

What are the human biological consequences of global climate change and population increase?

Question 45

Discuss which forces of evolution are currently affecting human evolution.Also,consider how these forces are influenced by human intervention and global warming.

Question 46

What is the Anthropocene?

A)the epoch between the Miocene and Pliocene,during which modern humans emerged
B)the epoch during which anthropoids emerged from early primates
C)the name given for the span of time from the Eocene to the present studied by physical anthropologists
D)a proposed new geological epoch during which humans have a profound role in changing the planet's land surface and atmosphere