Deck 24: the Immune System

Question 1

Which of the following diseases cannot currently be prevented by vaccination?

A)AIDS
B)polio
C)measles
D)tetanus

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The main function of the inflammatory response is to

A)initiate the production of antibodies.
B)remove contaminating microorganisms and initiate repair of damaged tissues.
C)initiate T cell-mediated immune responses.
D)initiate the production of killer cells.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The two main functions of the lymphatic system are

A)coagulating blood and fighting infections.
B)producing hormones that regulate the immune system and coagulating blood.
C)producing hormones that regulate the immune system and fighting infections.
D)returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The human lymphatic system consists of all of the following structures except the

A)thymus.
B)tonsils.
C)spleen.
D)pancreas.

Question 5

A molecule that can elicit an adaptive immune response is called

A)a complement.
B)an interferon.
C)an antibody.
D)an antigen.

Question 6

When you cut yourself, the damaged cells immediately release chemical alarm signals, such as

A)interferon.
B)complement.
C)histamine.
D)antihistamine.

Question 7

One kind of vaccine consists of

A)buffered antibodies.
B)B cells.
C)a harmless variant strain of a disease-causing microbe.
D)antibiotics.

Question 8

Bacterial infections can cause a serious, potentially fatal systemic inflammatory response called

A)anaphylaxis.
B)pelvic inflammatory disease.
C)septic shock.
D)pneumonia.

Question 9

A researcher who detects a higher-than-normal amount of interferon in a laboratory rat would correctly conclude that

A)the rat has, or recently had, a viral infection.
B)cancerous cells are present in the rat.
C)the rat's diet is deficient in calcium.
D)monocytes are differentiating into macrophages in the rat's bloodstream.

Question 10

Which of the following is an immediate effect of histamine release?

A)dilation of local blood vessels
B)blocking of a response to ragweed pollen
C)conversion of histamine to histidine
D)increase in blood pressure

Question 11

The transfer of antibodies in breast milk to an infant is an example of ________ immunity.

A)nonspecific
B)passive
C)humoral
D)active

Question 12

Antibodies are

A)amino acids.
B)lipids.
C)carbohydrates.
D)proteins.

Question 13

The body's innate defenses against infection include

A)several specific antibodies.
B)barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus.
C)increased production of certain hormones and changes in microcirculation.
D)memory cells.

Question 14

Virus-infected cells produce ________, proteins that help neighboring cells fight further viral infections.

A)lysozymes
B)interferons
C)histamines
D)interleukin-2

Question 15

Some complement proteins

A)induce antibody formation by phagocytic cells.
B)help trigger the inflammatory response.
C)are released by natural killer cells to attack cancer and virus-infected cells.
D)replace T cells in the cell-mediated response.

Question 16

Which of the following cell types is responsible for the humoral immune response?

A)B cells
B)neutrophils
C)natural killer cells
D)macrophages

Question 17

Which of the following are found in the interstitial fluid and consume any bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter?

A)erythrocytes
B)leukocytes
C)macrophages
D)interferons

Question 18

Natural killer cells

A)are phagocytes that attack and kill pathogenic microorganisms.
B)attack virus-infected cells by releasing chemicals that lead to cell death.
C)tag pathogenic microorganisms with antibodies.
D)"eat" microorganisms that have been tagged with antibodies.

Question 19

Which of the following helps activate our nonspecific (innate)defense system?

A)active immunity
B)inflammation
C)passive immunity
D)mobilization of erythrocytes

Question 20

Upon which of the following is passive immunity dependent?

A)a person's own immune system producing antibodies
B)antibodies made by another organism
C)antibody-producing cells from another organism
D)antigens from a person's own body

Question 21

When an antigen-presenting cell interacts successfully with a helper T cell, the antigen-presenting cell secretes a signal molecule that assists in the activation of the helper T cell. This signal molecule is

A)interferon.
B)complement.
C)interleukin-1.
D)perforin.

Question 22

Complement proteins can do all of the following except

A)enhance phagocytosis by innate immune cells by attaching to cell invaders.
B)help trigger the inflammatory response.
C)attack cancer and virus-infected cells after they are released by natural killer cells.
D)act as chemical signals to recruit more immune cells to the site of infection.

Question 23

When a B cell first interacts with its particular antigen, the B cell

A)dies after destroying the antigen.
B)engulfs the antigen and digests it.
C)differentiates and develops into a clone of antibody-producing effector cells.
D)alters the chemical configuration of the antigen.

Question 24

The basic function of activated T cells is to battle

A)pathogens in blood or lymph.
B)pathogens in interstitial fluid.
C)pathogens that have already entered body cells.
D)chemical mediators of immunity.

Question 25

The complement system can be activated by

A)inflammatory mediators.
B)antigen-antibody complexes.
C)B cell plasma membrane.
D)T cells.

Question 26

The secondary immune response occurs when memory cells are activated by a second exposure to

A)hormones.
B)antibodies.
C)antigens.
D)plasma cells.

Question 27

A primary immune response is

A)the immune response elicited by the primary antigen of a disease-causing microorganism.
B)the immune response elicited by the primary antibodies of a disease-causing microorganism.
C)the immune response elicited by the first exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen.
D)the immune response elicited by the first exposure of memory cells to a particular antigen.

Question 28

Which of the following is an effect of interleukin-2?

A)stimulating helper T cells to divide
B)stimulating mast cells to release histamine
C)stimulating antigen-presenting cells
D)modulating macrophage phagocytosis

Question 29

Clonal selection

A)determines the pool of mature leukocytes that will be stimulated by macrophages.
B)requires the activation of natural killer cells.
C)describes the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes after they have been activated by an antigen.
D)requires the presence and activation of complement.

Question 30

Which of the following distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?

A)The primary response is specific; the secondary one is not.
B)The secondary response is faster and stronger.
C)The primary response involves B cells; the secondary one involves T cells.
D)The secondary response allows additional antigens to be recognized faster.

Question 31

Antibody molecules may function by causing the

A)destruction of complement proteins.
B)agglutination of viruses or bacteria.
C)solubilization of viruses or bacteria.
D)crystallization of antigenic particles.

Question 32

What type of cell helps to stimulate B cells to produce antibodies?

A)plasma cell
B)cytotoxic T cell
C)helper T cell
D)macrophage

Question 33

Which of the following statements about the humoral immune response is true?

A)The humoral immune response defends against bacteria and viruses by activating T cells.
B)The humoral immune response defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids.
C)The humoral immune response plays a major role in protecting the body from cancerous cells.
D)The humoral immune response is the result of macrophages producing antibodies.

Question 34

Which of the following statements regarding antigens and antibodies is false?

A)An antibody usually recognizes and binds to an antigenic determinant.
B)A single antigen may stimulate the immune system to make several distinct antibodies to it.
C)Most antigens are proteins or large polysaccharides on the surfaces of viruses or foreign cells.
D)Each antibody has only one antigen-binding site.

Question 35

The adaptive immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because

A)lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.
B)stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make.
C)the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.
D)stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism.

Question 36

Which of the following cell types is responsible for the cell-mediated immune response?

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)leukocytes
D)red blood cells

Question 37

After binding to an infected cell, the cytotoxic T cell

A)releases interleukin-1.
B)becomes a phagocytic cell.
C)neutralizes the infecting bacteria or viruses.
D)releases a protein called perforin.

Question 38

________ rely completely on innate immunity.

A)Giraffes
B)Dogs
C)Humans
D)Beetles

Question 39

While hiking, you must push aside thick branches that are near your face. One of them rips the skin on your arm and you begin to bleed from the cut. Which of the following plays an important role in initially protecting you from infection?

A)nonspecific antibodies
B)barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus because they are part of the innate immune system
C)increased production of certain hormones and changes in microcirculation
D)memory cells because they are part of the adaptive immune system

Question 40

Which of the following choices best describes a plasma cell?

A)It is a differentiated T cell.
B)It is a differentiated B cell.
C)It responds to an antigen and differentiates into a B cell.
D)It is produced during a primary immune response, persists, and multiplies in response to a reappearance of the antigen.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about AIDS is true?

A)The AIDS vaccine can prevent the spread of HIV.
B)There is now a treatment for AIDS that is simple and effective.
C)Using condoms during sex prevents the spread of the virus that causes AIDS.
D)AIDS patients live no longer than two to three years.

Question 42

When mothers transmit IgG to their developing child during gestation, such as in the case of a tetanus antibody, the mothers are providing a form of _________ immunity.

A)nonspecific
B)passive
C)humoral
D)active

Question 43

________ can destroy infected cells.

A)Macrophages
B)Plasma cells
C)B cells
D)Cytotoxic T cells

Question 44

Which of the following compounds is produced and secreted by mast cells during an allergic reaction?

A)interferon
B)allergens
C)histamine
D)perforin

Question 45

In May 2013, a drug-resistant strain of H7N9 bird flu was discovered in China. The implication(s)of a drug-resistant virus strain is(are)

A)that it will be difficult to eradicate.
B)that it could proliferate quickly.
C)that it should be studied carefully.
D)all of the above.

Question 46

While playing soccer in your backyard, you disrupt a small fire ant mound. The fire ants emerge and bite your feet. Your feet begin to show swollen, raised areas around the bites. What is happening?

A)Your innate internal defenses have been activated.
B)Your adaptive defenses have been activated.
C)Blood flow to the affected area decreases.
D)You are experiencing passive immunity.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about HIV is false?

A)The genome of HIV consists of RNA.
B)HIV attacks mast cells.
C)HIV replicates inside helper T cells.
D)Some drugs have proven effective in combating the spread of HIV from mothers to their children.

Question 48

Spring has arrived, and you notice your neighbors are cutting their grass. When you walk outside to check if your mail has arrived, your eyes begin to water and feel itchy. You are more than likely experiencing

A)an overreaction to pollen.
B)a reaction due to an autoimmune disease.
C)a pollen allergy.
D)both A and C.

Question 49

What type of immune response is always disadvantageous to a person?

A)inflammatory
B)humoral
C)autoimmune
D)complement-mediated

Question 50

Antigens can be

A)proteins.
B)large polysaccharides that protrude from virus surfaces or foreign cells.
C)blood or tissue cells from organisms of the same or different species.
D)all of the above.

Question 51

Enzymes are to active sites as

A)antigenic binding sites are to antigenic determinants.
B)viruses are to antigens.
C)antigens are to epitopes.
D)antigenic determinants are to epitopes.

Question 52

Anaphylactic shock is an example of an

A)autoimmune disease.
B)immunodeficiency disease.
C)allergic response.
D)acquired autoimmune disease.

Question 53

HIV is a virus that is particularly difficult to eradicate

A)because of its DNA genome.
B)because it rarely mutates.
C)because it mutates to produce new drug-resistant strains.
D)due to its small size.

Question 54

A physician sees a new patient who is 25 years old. The patient reports that she has been experiencing recurrent ear, nose, and throat infections since she was about 5 years old. The infections last for long periods of time and are difficult to treat. The physician suspects that the patient may have

A)an autoimmune disorder.
B)an allergic reaction.
C)an immunodeficiency disorder.
D)abnormal levels of allergens.

Question 55

Which of the following diseases is thought to be an autoimmune disease?

A)cancer of the bone marrow
B)insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
C)measles and mumps
D)duodenal ulcer

Question 56

Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?

A)cytotoxic T cells
B)natural killer cells
C)helper T cells
D)memory cells

Question 57

Which is the correct order of steps taken by B and T cells to defend against infection in body fluids and cells? 1. B and T cells move to the lymph nodes, spleen, and other parts of the lymphatic system.
2) B and T cells leave the bone marrow and thymus and move to the bloodstream.
3) B and T cells meet and begin to fight viruses or other infectious agents.
4) B and T cells develop antigen receptors.

A)4, 2, 1, 3
B)2, 4, 3, 1
C)4, 3, 2, 1
D)2, 4, 1, 3

Question 58

________ genes are responsible for coding for self-proteins.

A)STR
B)MHC
C)RFLP
D)PCR

Question 59

Mononucleosis ("mono")is usually caused by EBV, or the Epstein-Barr virus. Mono is more common in children than in adults because adults usually have developed ________ toward the virus.

A)innate immunity
B)adaptive immunity
C)lymphocytes
D)passive immunity

Question 60

Bronchitis can be easily acquired by individuals with immunodeficiency disorders. In these situations, bronchitis is an example of

A)a virus.
B)an opportunistic infection.
C)adaptive immunity.
D)an autoimmune disorder.

Question 61

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
To protect U.S. soldiers serving overseas, each soldier receives vaccinations against several diseases, including smallpox, before deployment. Following intelligence about an imminent smallpox threat in Iraq, the U.S. Army wants to ensure that soldiers stationed there are fully protected from exposure to the disease, so all the soldiers in the threat zone are given a second vaccination against smallpox.
The first vaccination provides immunity because

A)a localized inflammatory response is initiated.
B)the vaccine contains manufactured antibodies against smallpox.
C)antigenic determinants in the vaccine activate B cells, which form plasma cells as well as memory cells.
D)the vaccine contains antibiotics and other drugs that kill the smallpox virus.

Question 62

Because cytotoxic T cells can recognize viral proteins, they can destroy these infected cells. This is particularly important to individuals with certain kinds of cancers because

A)destroying the infected cells can help slow the spread of the infected cells.
B)destroying the infected cells can help stop the spread of the infected cells.
C)destroying the infected cells will help prevent future infections of other viruses.
D)both A and B.

Question 63

Which of the following are antigens? 1. toxins
2) chemicals
3) foreign particles (e.g., splinters)
4) drugs

A)1, 2, 3
B)2, 3
C)1, 4
D)1, 2, 3, 4

Question 64

Where is the antigen-binding site of this antibody?

A)site A
B)site B
C)site C
D)site D

Question 65

Monoclonal antibodies are a successful driving force of therapy in the treatment of asthma. The use of antibodies to treat asthma is an application of

A)ecological research on human populations affected by asthma.
B)medical research in a laboratory setting.
C)field research in a natural setting.
D)historical research on diseases that affect lung capacity.

Question 66

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Consider the following statement from the textbook: "Scientists hypothesize that higher anti-HPV antibody levels provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers compared to lower levels, but they don't yet have strong evidence to support this hypothesis."
Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults between the ages of 25 and 40 (mean age = 32). From the following choices, select the groups of individuals who would make the best participants for the control group in your study.

A)a group of 100 vaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult females
B)a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult males
C)a group of 50 vaccinated adult males and a group of 150 vaccinated adult females
D)a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 unvaccinated adult females

Question 67

You have been running a high fever, have stomach cramps, and have felt weak and disoriented for five days, so you set up an appointment with your physician. After asking you a few questions, she starts a physical examination by probing for swollen areas in your abdomen. You immediately sense that she is looking for

A)lymph nodes.
B)histamines.
C)antibodies.
D)antigens.

Question 68

A physician diagnoses a patient with a bacterial infection and determines that the patient is not immune to the bacteria. He delivers a shot of blood plasma that contains antibodies to his patient. The physician is transferring

A)lymph nodes.
B)the cell-mediated immune response.
C)antigen receptors.
D)the humoral immune response.

Question 69

Innate defenses are described in the text as "always standing by, ready to be used in their current form." Which of the following are examples of innate immunity? 1. stomach pH
2) natural killer cells
3) B lymphocytes
4) fever

A)1, 2
B)2, 3, 4
C)1, 3, 4
D)1, 2, 4

Question 70

Most _________ are located at specific areas where bacteria microbes tend to attack so that they can readily engulf and destroy the invading bacteria.

A)erythrocytes
B)leukocytes
C)macrophages
D)interferons

Question 71

A physician is trying to determine if a patient has functioning helper T cells. Which of the following events would provide evidence that helper T cells are acting normally?

A)Antibodies recognize and bind to antigens.
B)Memory cells are produced after the secondary immune response.
C)Stimulatory proteins are secreted that help activate B cells, thus stimulating the humoral immune response.
D)The inflammatory response is triggered.

Question 72

________ are a component of the immune system that are able to destroy cancer cells by deploying toxins into infected cells as a means of killing them. In this role they are cytotoxic-that is, "cell killing."

A)Natural killer cells
B)Phagocytes
C)Antibodies
D)B cells

Question 73

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Consider the following statement from the textbook: "Scientists hypothesize that higher anti-HPV antibody levels provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers compared to lower levels, but they don't yet have strong evidence to support this hypothesis."
Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults between the ages of 25 and 40 (mean age = 32). From the following choices, select the groups of individuals who would make the best participants for the experimental group in your study.

A)a group of 100 vaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult females
B)a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult males
C)a group of 50 vaccinated adult males and a group of 150 vaccinated adult females
D)a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 unvaccinated adult females

Question 74

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
To protect U.S. soldiers serving overseas, each soldier receives vaccinations against several diseases, including smallpox, before deployment. Following intelligence about an imminent smallpox threat in Iraq, the U.S. Army wants to ensure that soldiers stationed there are fully protected from exposure to the disease, so all the soldiers in the threat zone are given a second vaccination against smallpox.
The second vaccination is beneficial because

A)it contains plasma cells that survive longer than 4-5 days.
B)it stimulates production of a higher concentration of antibodies in the bloodstream.
C)it requires two injections to stimulate antibody formation.
D)it keeps previously produced plasma cells circulating in the bloodstream.

Question 75

Which part of this figure shows a clone of memory cells?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 76

A woman sustains irreversible damage to one of her lungs in a fire. Her identical twin sister, who lives in another state, offers to donate one of her lungs to her injured sibling. Would physicians view this as an organ transplant surgery with a strong chance of success?

A)Yes; the identical twins would have highly similar self-proteins, and this would likely minimize rejection by cytotoxic T cells.
B)Yes; the identical twins would have highly different self-proteins, and this would likely minimize rejection by cytotoxic T cells.
C)No; the identical twins would have highly similar self-proteins, and this would likely minimize rejection by cytotoxic T cells.
D)No; the identical twins would have highly different self-proteins, and this would likely minimize rejection by cytotoxic T cells.

Question 77

Which of the following describes a complete defense system?

A)antibodies of the adaptive humoral immune response and interferons
B)antibodies of the adaptive humoral immune response and components of innate immunity
C)phagocytosis only
D)complement system only

Question 78

Suppose you conduct the study and obtain the results graphed above. What can you conclude about the correlation between anti-HPV antibody levels and incidence of HPV-related cancers?

A)As antibody levels increase, the incidence of HPV-related cancers consistently increases.
B)As antibody levels increase, the incidence of HPV-related cancers consistently decreases.
C)An antibody levels increase, the incidence of HPV-related cancers consistently stays the same.
D)There is no consistent correlation between anti-HPV antibody levels and the incidence of HPV-related cancers.

Question 79

Suppose you conduct the study and obtain the results graphed above. How do the results of your study add to existing knowledge about whether or not higher anti-HPV antibody levels provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers?

A)Your results add evidence that supports the original hypothesis.
B)Your results do not provide evidence that supports the hypothesis.
C)Your results neither support nor refute the hypothesis.
D)Your results, if they are replicated in another study, will add evidence that supports the original hypothesis.