Deck 25: Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

Question 1

What is the advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia?

A)Ammonia is less toxic than uric acid.
B)Ammonia is less soluble than uric acid.
C)Ammonia excretion conserves energy.
D)Ammonia does not diffuse across cell membranes.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements about uric acid is true?

A)Animals that excrete uric acid avoid the problem of water loss associated with excretion of urea.
B)Uric acid is more soluble in water than urea.
C)The darker material in bird droppings is mostly uric acid.
D)Uric acid cannot be excreted because of its toxicity.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

To enhance heat loss, humans sweat; this is an adaptation known as

A)insulation.
B)evaporative cooling.
C)irradiation.
D)conduction.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is a function of the human urinary system?

A)detoxification
B)elimination of undigested foods
C)maintenance of water balance
D)production of ammonia

Question 5

The mechanism for excreting nitrogenous waste in aquatic animals was ineffective on land because

A)land animals concurrently developed a more efficient reproduction system.
B)land animals found better food sources.
C)land animals had a more difficult time with water balance than aquatic species since water was not always available on land.
D)aquatic animals did not have as much protein in their diets as did land animals.

Question 6

The transfer of heat from arteries carrying warm blood past veins returning cooler blood is an example of

A)insulation.
B)countercurrent heat exchange.
C)evaporative cooling.
D)behavioral thermoregulation.

Question 7

It is a cool winter evening, and you are feeling a little chilled. To warm yourself up, you sip some hot tea. As you swallow, you can feel the tea warm your mouth and throat. The drink is warming you up by the process of

A)convection.
B)induction.
C)conduction.
D)radiation.

Question 8

Marine animals that have body fluids with a solute concentration equal to that of the surrounding seawater are

A)osmoregulators.
B)osmoconformers.
C)hypotonic.
D)hypertonic.

Question 9

To conserve precious salts, freshwater fish

A)produce small amounts of urine and exert as little energy as possible.
B)drink almost no water and produce large amounts of dilute urine.
C)excrete salt ions and small amounts urine
D)eliminate water by osmosis and swim in short, small bursts of energy.

Question 10

Animals that maintain internal body temperature using heat generated by their own metabolism are called

A)endotherms.
B)ectotherms.
C)reptiles.
D)amphibians.

Question 11

Which of the following kinds of animals excrete their nitrogenous waste entirely as ammonia?

A)birds
B)fish
C)garden snails
D)insects

Question 12

Birds, like other animals, must eliminate ammonia or urea. They do so by converting it to

A)amino acids.
B)ammonium ions.
C)sodium chloride.
D)uric acid.

Question 13

Which of the following statements regarding freshwater fish is true?

A)Freshwater fish frequently drink to obtain salt ions.
B)Freshwater fish use their gills to actively take up salt ions.
C)Freshwater fish lose water through their gills by osmosis.
D)Freshwater fish do not produce urine.

Question 14

Which of the following by-products of metabolism is the most toxic?

A)carbon monoxide
B)ammonia
C)urea
D)lactic acid

Question 15

Which of the following physiological responses occurs in the human body when it becomes overheated?

A)slowing of the heart rate
B)constriction of blood vessels in the skin
C)increased blood flow to the skin
D)retention of water

Question 16

Which of the following processes involves heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

A)irradiation
B)convection
C)induction
D)evaporation

Question 17

Natural selection is nature's mechanism for selecting characteristics that best adapt the animal to its environment. Mammals have evolved a sophisticated mechanism for eliminating nitrogenous wastes that involves

A)secretion through cell membranes.
B)forming urea and storing it in concentrated solution.
C)producing uric acid and excreting it with feces.
D)recycling urea and using it as an energy source.

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding saltwater fish is true?

A)The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is much lower than that in the surrounding water.
B)The concentration of solutes in the internal fluids of saltwater fish is higher than that in the surrounding environment.
C)Saltwater fish produce large amounts of diluted urine.
D)Saltwater fish must visit freshwater streams and rivers entering the ocean to maintain the correct concentration of solutes in their internal fluids.

Question 19

Thermoregulation, an important part of homeostasis, is defined as

A)a mechanism for utilizing body fat for energy.
B)reduced blood flow to an animal's extremities in order to conserve heat.
C)the maintenance of internal body temperature within an optimal range despite change in external temperature.
D)the mechanisms that allow an animal to hibernate without food or drink.

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the vertebrate liver?

A)combining ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea
B)synthesizing ammonia from uric acid
C)excreting urea
D)producing urea from uric acid and carbon dioxide

Question 21

When a dolphin consumes a large volume of water and electrolytes, it must be able to get rid of large volumes of water via urine and feces. This is an example of the process of

A)osmoregulation.
B)convection.
C)thermoregulation.
D)countercurrent heat exchange.

Question 22

The first step in the formation of urine is the

A)secretion of hydrogen ions into the kidney tubules.
B)formation of filtrate that enters Bowman's capsule.
C)secretion of urea into the renal pelvis.
D)reabsorption of nutrients by Bowman's capsule.

Question 23

Which of the following statements regarding the urinary system is true?

A)Bowman's capsule envelops the glomerulus.
B)Most glomeruli are located in the renal medulla.
C)The urinary bladder receives ammonia for excretion.
D)The urethra is responsible for transporting urea from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Question 24

Urine flows from the collecting duct into the

A)ureter.
B)urethra.
C)renal pelvis.
D)distal tubule.

Question 25

Why must water that has moved to the interstitial fluid in the medulla be quickly removed from the interstitial fluid?

A)to prevent dilution of urine
B)to prevent destruction of the concentration gradient necessary for water reabsorption
C)to equilibrate the concentration of solutes in the cortex and medulla
D)to maintain an environment for transport of nutrients

Question 26

Water moves out of filtrate in the nephron tubule into the interstitial fluid by

A)capillary action.
B)refinement.
C)secretion.
D)osmosis.

Question 27

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A)renal unit
B)Bowman's capsule
C)nephron
D)glomerulus

Question 28

If a person sits on a cool floor, heat from that person is transferred to the floor. This is an example of

A)convection.
B)radiation.
C)conduction.
D)evaporation.

Question 29

Secretion is the movement of substances such as drugs or toxic molecules from the ________ into the ________.

A)nephron tubule; glomerulus
B)glomerulus; nephron tubule
C)blood; filtrate
D)urinary bladder; outside

Question 30

Through which of the following structures does urine leave the bladder?

A)ureter
B)urethra
C)renal medulla
D)distal convoluted tubule

Question 31

During production of urine, a major function of the kidney is

A)water conservation.
B)amino acid production.
C)detoxification.
D)uric acid production.

Question 32

The dialyzing solution used during kidney dialysis functions much like a fluid associated with a nephron. What is the fluid?

A)interstitial fluid
B)the filtrate in the proximal tubule
C)the filtrate in the loop of Henle
D)the filtrate in the distal tubule

Question 33

The overall process that refines the filtrate and ultimately returns water and valuable solutes to the blood is known as

A)reabsorption.
B)excretion.
C)collection.
D)purification.

Question 34

In a dialysis machine, wastes are removed from blood plasma by the process of

A)filtration.
B)diffusion.
C)reabsorption.
D)absorption.

Question 35

During filtration in the glomerulus, which of the following enters Bowman's capsule from the bloodstream?

A)ammonia and red blood cells
B)nucleic acids
C)lymphocytes
D)water

Question 36

Where along the nephron is glucose reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood?

A)distal tubule
B)loop of Henle
C)proximal tubule
D)Bowman's capsule

Question 37

Which of the following options correctly lists the structures in the kidney in the order in which fluid flows through them?

A)proximal tubule, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, glomerulus
B)Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, glomerulus
C)glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule
D)glomerulus, proximal tubule, distal tubule, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle

Question 38

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

A)to increase urination
B)to increase water reabsorption
C)to stimulate sodium reabsorption
D)to counter the effects of alcohol consumption

Question 39

What is the function of urea reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

A)It restores the correct concentration of blood urea.
B)It increases the osmotic concentration of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla so that more water can be extracted from the urine.
C)It reduces the salinity of the renal medulla and thus helps regulate how much water is reabsorbed from the urine.
D)It moves the urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle so that it can be excreted from there in the urine.

Question 40

A salamander is a vertebrate that spends part of its life cycle in water (juvenile stage)and part on land (adult stage). In both life stages, the salamander's body temperature depends on its surrounding environment, so the salamander demonstrates _________ behavior.

A)endothermic
B)ectothermic
C)huddling
D)regulatory

Question 41

The density of the aquaporins in the presence of vasopressin was approximately

A)half as much as before the administration of vasopressin.
B)twice as much as before the administration of vasopressin.
C)four times as much as before the administration of vasopressin.
D)unchanged by the administration of vasopressin.

Question 42

Like humans, cats can experience kidney failure. Unlike humans, however, cat kidney dialysis as a treatment option is not widely available and used. Rather, efforts are made to treat any complications that arise from failing kidneys such as low potassium or high phosphate levels. When low potassium levels are identified, potassium supplements are given to return cells to a balanced potassium-water level. This is an example of an effort to maintain

A)osmoregulation.
B)thermoregulation.
C)convection.
D)evaporation.

Question 43

A logical treatment plan for patients with high ADH levels would include

A)less fluids.
B)more fluids.
C)less potassium.
D)more potassium.

Question 44

Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the four main processes that occur in the urinary system?

A)filtration, excretion, reabsorption, secretion
B)excretion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion
C)filtration, reabsorption and secretion occurring simultaneously, excretion
D)reabsorption and secretion occurring simultaneously, excretion, filtration

Question 45

When humans are cold, they often shiver. Shivering increases their ________, thereby warming their bodies.

A)metabolic heat production
B)insulation
C)circulatory adaptation
D)evaporative cooling

Question 46

Urine differs in composition from the fluid that first enters a nephron tubule by filtration because

A)the filtrate contains less water.
B)the filtrate contains red blood cells.
C)the filtrate has more salts.
D)the filtrate does not contain urea.

Question 47

The common waste product in bears (mammals)is ________, while most saltwater fish get rid of wastes through ________.

A)ammonia; urea
B)uric acid; urea
C)urea; ammonia
D)ammonia; uric acid

Question 48

Plants have specific temperatures (or temperature ranges)that allow for maximum growth. A process by which heat from ________ is transferred from the sun to leaves helps give plants these ideal temperatures.

A)convection
B)evaporation
C)conduction
D)radiation

Question 49

The text describes how emperor penguins use a huddling behavior to conduct heat efficiently. Similarly, honeybees conduct heat within their hives by huddling together and then changing positions from the center of the huddle to the edges in order to keep heat circulating. When it is warm, however, the bees transport water into their hives and then beat their wings in order to make ________ cooling possible.

A)conductive and convective
B)isotonic and convective
C)evaporative and convective
D)evaporative and conductive

Question 50

Which arrow in this figure shows heat transfer by conduction?

A)arrow A
B)arrow B
C)arrow C
D)arrow D

Question 51

Cormorants are sea-dwelling birds that consume high levels of salt from the seawater they drink. To get rid of this excess salt, cormorants "sneeze" out the salt that has collected in a localized area near their sinuses. This process is an example of

A)osmoregulation.
B)thermoregulation.
C)conduction.
D)radiation.

Question 52

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Most fishes can live either in freshwater or in saltwater habitats, but not in both. If you move a marine fish from the ocean to a lake, it will quickly die, and vice versa. However, a small number of fish species are capable of moving between the two environments. Salmon are osmoregulators that hatch in rivers, spend most of their lives in the ocean, and return to the river where they were born in order to breed.
When a salmon leaves the river and moves out to sea, you would expect ________ to leave its body by osmosis and that excess ________ would need to be pumped out.

A)salt; water
B)water; salt
C)salt; salt
D)water; water

Question 53

The main function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is to help achieve homeostasis of water balance. All of the following are reasons to test for abnormal ADH levels except

A)swelling due to fluid buildup.
B)excessive urination.
C)feeling thirsty after exercising.
D)overhydration.

Question 54

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Most fishes can live either in freshwater or in saltwater habitats, but not in both. If you move a marine fish from the ocean to a lake, it will quickly die, and vice versa. However, a small number of fish species are capable of moving between the two environments. Salmon are osmoregulators that hatch in rivers, spend most of their lives in the ocean, and return to the river where they were born in order to breed.
When a salmon moves from the ocean to a freshwater environment, you would expect its urine volume to ________ and its rate of salt absorption to ________.

A)increase; remain the same
B)increase; increase
C)decrease; decrease
D)decrease; increase

Question 55

If valuable solutes were not adequately reabsorbed from filtrate, what would occur?

A)The excretion process could not be completed.
B)The solutes would be excreted.
C)The filtration process could not be completed.
D)The solutes would be reabsorbed.

Question 56

Which part of the nephron shown is its proximal tubule?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 57

A woman running a marathon collapses at the finish line and is rushed to the hospital. The physicians determine that she has lost a large amount of water and salts from excessive sweating. Which of the following would be an appropriate course of action?

A)Determine the woman's intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid replacement therapy that will regain isotonic conditions of salt and water.
B)Determine the woman's intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid replacement therapy that will regain hypertonic conditions of salt and water.
C)Determine the woman's intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid replacement therapy that will regain hypotonic conditions of salt and water.
D)Determine the woman's intracellular fluid levels so that they can provide a fluid replacement therapy that will provide a measure of metabolic heat production.

Question 58

This study is considering the salamander clutches' ability to maintain the process of

A)osmoregulation.
B)thermoregulation.
C)concurrent heat exchange.
D)diffusion.

Question 59

The hypothesis that scientists who collected these data were most likely testing is that

A)the permeability of collecting changes over time.
B)collecting tubules have aquaporins.
C)permeability change is linked to the number of aquaporins.
D)aquaporins allow water into kidney tubules.

Question 60

Which arrow in this schematic view of the nephron shows reabsorption?

A)arrow A
B)arrow B
C)arrow C
D)arrow D

Question 61

What do you predict that group 3 demonstrated?

A)higher mass lost from its initial conditions than group 2
B)the same mass lost from its initial conditions as group 1
C)no mass lost from its initial conditions
D)the highest mass loss of all groups

Question 62

What conclusion did scientists likely draw from this study?

A)Rainy conditions may not be enough to dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will experience minimal physiological damage.
B)Rainy conditions are enough to completely dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will not experience any permanent physiological damage.
C)Rainy conditions are enough to completely dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will experience minimal physiological damage.
D)Rainy conditions may not be enough to dilute road salts that have high salt concentrations. Therefore, salamander clutches will face irreversible physiological damage.

Question 63

There was a third group (group 3)in this study that experienced the same test conditions as groups 1 and 2 except that the water to which group 3 was exposed always had a chloride concentration (mg/L)that salamander clutches would normally experience (that is, with no road salts in the water). How would you describe this group?

A)an experimental group
B)a control group
C)a dependent variable
D)an independent variable