Deck 16: The Digestive System

Question 1

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?​

A)​esophageal,gastric,and intestinal
B)fundus,body,and antrum
C)cephalic,gastric,and intestinal
D)gastric,antrum,and phloric
E)​fundus,cephalic,and pancreatic

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What are housed within the side walls of the pharynx?​

A)​the larynx
B)the salivary glands
C)the palate
D)the esophagus
E)​the tonsils

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What nerve mediates the receptive relaxation response?​

A)​vagus
B)gastric
C)thoracic
D)lumbar
E)​accessory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In polypeptides,what type of bond holds amino acids together?

A)​hemoglobin
B)protein bonds
C)peptide bonds
D)hydrogen bonds
E)​enzymes

Question 5

What are the two components of the biliary system?

A)​small and large intestines
B)stomach and small intestine
C)endocrine and exocrine glands
D)liver and pancreas
E)liver and gallbladder

Question 6

What two plexuses are termed the enteric nervous system?

A)​thoracic plexus and myenteric plexus
B)submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
C)submucosal plexus and gastric plexus
D)gastric plexus and enteric plexus
E)​enteric plexus and intestinal plexus

Question 7

What is the lower esophageal sphincter called?​

A)​pharyngoesophageal sphincter
B)gastric sphincter
C)oropharyngeal sphincter
D)gastroesophageal sphincter
E)​peristaltic sphincter

Question 8

How often is the protective lining of the stomach replaced?​

A)​every 12 days
B)every 7 days
C)every 3 days
D)every day
E)​every 12 hours

Question 9

Which section of the stomach has the thickest musculature?​

A)​body
B)antrum
C)fundus
D)phloric sphincter
E)​esophagus

Question 10

The exposed part of a tooth is covered by:

A)enamel
B)pulp
C)connective tissue
D)gingival tissue
E)​nerve root

Question 11

What layer of tissue contains the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)?​

A)​lamina propria
B)muscularis mucosa
C)submucosa
D)muscularis externa
E)​serosa

Question 12

What are the four basic digestive processes?

A)​motility,absorption,transporting,and defecating
B)motility,secretion,digestion,and absorption
C)chewing,absorbing,transporting,and energy storage
D)chewing,swallowing,absorbing,and defecating
E)​physical,chemical,motility,and absorption

Question 13

What cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen?​

A)​stem cells
B)mucous cells
C)goblet cells
D)parietal cells
E)​chief cells

Question 14

What kind of a sugar is fructose?​

A)​starch
B)polysaccharide
C)disaccharide
D)monosaccharide
E)​monoglyceride

Question 15

What is the first part of the trachea called?

A)​uvula
B)pharynx
C)larynx
D)glottis
E)​palate

Question 16

Where is the vomiting center located?​

A)​stomach
B)esophagus
C)pons
D)medulla
E)​spinal ganglia

Question 17

Based on structural and functional distinctions,how many sections does the stomach have?

A)​2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)​6

Question 18

How many types of sensory receptors are in the digestive tract wall?​

A)​6
B)5
C)4​
D)3
E)​2

Question 19

What separates the mouth from the nasal passages?​

A)​epiglottis
B)uvula
C)palate
D)teeth
E)​tongue

Question 20

Saliva begins digestion of dietary starches through action of the enzyme:

A)​salivary amylase
B)salivary protease
C)salivary lipase
D)dextrin
E)​pepsin

Question 21

What is the reflex called that involves gastrin secretion in response to the presence of chyme in the stomach?​

A)​gastric reflex
B)gastroileal reflex
C)duodenal reflex
D)fundal reflex
E)​antral reflex

Question 22

What vitamin does the liver activate?​

A)​vitamin A
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E
E)​vitamin K

Question 23

What type of enzyme hydrolyzes most of the small peptide fragments into their amino acid components,thereby completing protein digestion?​

A)​enteropeptidase
B)disaccharidases
C)maltase
D)trypsinogen
E)​aminopeptidases

Question 24

What must be combined with vitamin B₁₂ for it to be absorbed in the small intestine?​

A)​intrinsic factor
B)vitamin D
C)iron
D)calcium
E)​bile salts

Question 25

The small,fingerlike projection at the bottom of the cecum is the:​

A)​ileocecal valve
B)appendix
C)colon
D)rectum
E)​diverticulum

Question 26

A fourth,newly discover GI hormone is called:​

A)​glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
B)gastric reducing hormone
C)motilin
D)cholecystokinin (CCK)
E)​intestinal inhibitory peptide

Question 27

What kind of iron is present in plants?​

A)​heme iron
B)organic iron
C)inorganic iron
D)bound iron
E)​unbound iron

Question 28

When damaged hepatocytes are permanently replaced by connective tissue the condition is called:​

A)​hepatitis
B)liver cancer
C)biliary choletis
D)pancreatitis
E)​cirrhosis

Question 29

What sphincter of the rectum is made of smooth muscle?​

A)​sigmoid sphincter
B)colonic sphincter
C)rectal sphincter
D)external anal sphincter
E)​internal anal sphincter

Question 30

What causes the colon's main motility?​

A)​peristalsis
B)diffusion
C)smooth muscle reflexes
D)haustral contractions
E)​the presence of fiber

Question 31

What vitamin is absorbed in the terminal part of the ileum?​

A)​vitamin K
B)vitamin E
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin B₁₂
E)​vitamin A

Question 32

What are the three major GI hormones?​

A)​pepsin,gastrin,and insulin
B)insulin,motilin,and CCK
C)motilin,secretin,and intrinsic factor
D)pepsin,intrinsic factor,and gastrin
E)​gastrin,secretin,and CCK

Question 33

How are small peptides absorbed into intestinal cells?​

A)​diffusion
B)tertiary active transport
C)via micelles
D)via sugar symporters
E)​via pancreatic enzymes

Question 34

What is a typical outcome when feces become too dry?​

A)​diverticulitis
B)inflammatory bowel disease
C)appendicitis
D)constipation
E)​diarrhea

Question 35

What are the three segments of the small intestine called?​

A)​duodenum,jejunum,and ileum
B)duodenum,septum,and colon
C)duodenum,cecum,and ileum
D)antrum,jejunum,and fundus
E)​fundus,ileum,and colon

Question 36

The migrating motility complex is regulated between meals by what hormone?​

A)​gastrin
B)pepsin
C)motilin
D)secretin
E)​insulin

Question 37

What are the two major enterogastrones secreted by the pancreas?​

A)​secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
B)chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
C)trypsinogen and cholecystokinin (CCK)
D)chymotrypsin and trypsinogen
E)insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK)​

Question 38

What compound coverts trypsinogen into trypsin?​

A)​pancreatic lipase
B)pepsin
C)chymotrypsinogen
D)enteropeptidase
E)​procarboxypeptidase

Question 39

What endocrine tissue secretes insulin and glucagon?​

A)​intestinal mucosa
B)islets of Langerhans
C)chief cells
D)parietal cells
E)​acinar cells

Question 40

What are the main constituents of bile?​

A)​salts,amylase,digestive enzymes,and bilirubin
B)HCl,cholesterol,lecithin,and digestive enzymes
C)salts,digestive enzymes,lecithin,and bilirubin
D)HCl,cholesterol,lecithin,and amylase
E)​salts,cholesterol,lecithin,and bilirubin

Question 41

Dipping down into the mucosal surface between the villi are shallow invaginations known as the islets of Langerhans.​

Question 42

The prominent type of self-induced electrical activity in digestive smooth muscle is fast-wave potentials.

Question 43

The accessory digestive organs include the salivary glands,the exocrine pancreas,and the biliary system.​

Question 44

The swallowing center triggers a secondary peristaltic wave that sweeps from the beginning to the end of the pharynx.​

Question 45

The two substances absorbed by the stomach are alcohol and aspirin.​

Question 46

Iron is actively transported from the lumen into the epithelial cells,with women having about four times more active transport sites for iron than men.

Question 47

Stimuli acting on the stomach- namely protein,distension,caffeine,and alcohol-increase gastric secretion by overlapping efferent pathways.​

Question 48

Bilirubin is the primary bile pigment derived from the breakdown of worn-out red blood cells.​

Question 49

The muscularis externa,the major smooth muscle coat of the digestive tube,surrounds the submucosa.

Question 50

Bile salts aid protein digestion through their detergent action and facilitate protein absorption by participating in the formation of micelles.

Question 51

Chronic or high exposure to aspirin impairs hepatocyte replacement such that the sturdier fibroblasts take advantage of the situation and overproduce.​

Question 52

The plasma membranes of the digestive system's effector cells have receptor proteins that bind with and respond to GI hormones,neurotransmitters,and local chemical mediators.​

Question 53

Saliva is rich in sulfate buffers,which neutralize acids in food and acids produced by bacteria in the mouth.

Question 54

The upper esophageal sphincter is the pharyngoesophageal sphincter,and the lower esophageal sphincter is the gastroesophageal sphincter.

Question 55

Any substance that increases bile secretion is called a choleretic.​

Question 56

Parietal cells secrete the hormone gastrin into the blood in response to protein products in the stomach lumen and in response to alcohol.

Question 57

The products of lipase digestion are monoglycerides and free peptides.​

Question 58

The luminal membranes of the gastric mucosal cells are essentially impermeable to H+,so acid cannot penetrate into the cells and damage them.

Question 59

The disaccharidases located in the brush border membrane of the small intestine cells further reduce disaccharides and polysaccharides into the absorbable monosaccharide units of glucose,galactose,and fructose.​

Question 60

The salivary center sends impulses via the intrinsic autonomic nerves to the tongue to promote increased salivation.

Question 61

About 2,000 species of bacteria have been identified in the human large intestine.​

Question 62

HCl in the stomach stimulates the release of gastrin.​

Question 63

Flatus is derived from two sources: swallowed air and gas produced by protein digestion.​

Question 64

Additional __________ peristaltic waves,which do not involve the swallowing center,function to clear a lodged bolus.

Question 65

Two basic types of phasic digestive motility exist in the digestive tract: __________ movements and mixing movements.

Question 66

Located throughout the layers of the muscularis externa are pacemaker cells known as the ______.

Question 67

Sensory neurons called intrinsic primary __________ neurons respond to specific local stimuli in the digestive tract.

Question 68

The simple __________ reflex occurs when __________ and pressure receptors within the oral cavity respond to the presence of food.

Question 69

All three types of pancreatic digestive enzymes are packaged together in the __________ granules,so all the pancreatic enzymes are released together during __________.​

Question 70

The parietal (or oxyntic)cells secrete __________ and __________.​

Question 71

Gastric mixing takes place in the __________ of the stomach.​

Question 72

Swallowing is initiated when a(n)__________ is voluntarily forced by the tongue to the rear of the mouth and into the pharynx.Swallowing is initiated when a(n)__________ is voluntarily forced by the tongue to the rear of the mouth and into the pharynx.

Question 73

Saliva is about 99.5% __________ and 0.5% __________ and protein.

Question 74

A cross section of the digestive tube reveals four major tissue layers: (from the innermost layer outward)the mucosa,the __________,the muscularis externa,and the __________.

Question 75

Gastric emptying is largely controlled by factors in the __________.

Question 76

The cells that secrete gastric juice are located in the gastric mucosa,which is divided into two distinct areas: the __________ mucosa and the __________ gland area.

Question 77

The exocrine pancreas secretes a pancreatic juice consisting of two components: pancreatic enzymes actively secreted by the __________ cells and an aqueous alkaline solution actively secreted by the __________ cells.​

Question 78

Collectively,the community of microbes that coexist peacefully and usefully with their human host is called the microbiometa,and the aggregate collection of genomes is known as the microbiota.​

Question 79

Excessive loss of intestinal contents causes dehydration,loss of nutrient material,and metabolic acidosis resulting from loss of HCO-₃.​

Question 80

The major force for expulsion of stomach contents during vomiting comes from contraction of the __________ muscles and the __________.