Deck 18: Principles of Endocrinology - the Central Endocrine Glands

Question 1

A hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in one of three ways:​

A)​permissiveness,synergism,and stimulation
B)combination,synergism,and stimulation
C)permissiveness,synergism,and antagonism
D)combination,overreaction,and antagonism
E)​permissiveness,overreaction,and antagonism

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What does the posterior pituitary gland release into the blood?

A)​steroid hormones
B)secretin and cholecystokinin
C)adipokines
D)vasopressin and oxytocin
E)​cortisol and epinephrine

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is another term for the neurohypophysis?

A)anterior pituitary
B)posterior pituitary
C)hypophysis
D)adenohypophysis
E)hypothalamus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What kind of lipophilic hormone stays active in the blood the longest?​

A)​catecholamines
B)thyroid hormone
C)insulin
D)indoleamines
E)​steroids

Question 5

What is the most abundant chemical category of hormone?​

A)​catecholamines
B)peptide hormones
C)indoleamines
D)steroid hormones
E)​lipophilic hormones

Question 6

How many different hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?​

A)​2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)​6

Question 7

What endocrine gland secretes melatonin?​

A)​hypothalamus
B)adrenal cortex
C)adrenal medulla
D)pineal gland
E)​posterior pituitary gland

Question 8

What anterior pituitary cells secrete growth hormone?​

A)​corticotropes
B)thyrotropes
C)somatotropes
D)gonadotropes
E)​lactotropes

Question 9

What do corticotropes produce and release?​

A)​LH
B)FSH
C)ACTH
D)TSH
E)​GH

Question 10

What is the main nutrient needed in order to synthesize thyroid hormone?​

A)​iodine
B)iron
C)glucose
D)protein
E)​tyrosine

Question 11

Testicular feminization syndrome is an example of:​

A)​hypersecretion
B)hyposecretion
C)over-sensitization
D)neuropathology
E)​abnormal target-cell responsiveness

Question 12

What can testosterone be converted to within the body?​

A)​cortisol
B)norepinephrine
C)epinephrine
D)estrogen
E)​aromatase

Question 13

What is another term for the adenohypophysis?

A)anterior pituitary
B)posterior pituitary
C)hypophysis
D)neurohypophysis
E)​hypothalamus

Question 14

The secretion rates of many endocrine hormones rhythmically fluctuate up and down as a function of time,which is referred to as their:​

A)​circadian rhythm
B)luminosity
C)day cycle
D)light rhythm
E)​night cycle

Question 15

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?​

A)​one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)​five

Question 16

Where are indoleamines produced?​

A)​pineal gland
B)thyroids
C)adrenal medulla
D)pituitary
E)​hypothalamus

Question 17

From what are catecholamines derived?​

A)​lysine
B)tryptophan
C)testosterone
D)tyrosine
E)​arginine

Question 18

A hormone that has as its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland is classified functionally as a(n):​

A)​primary hormone
B)adrenal hormone
C)tropic hormone
D)helper hormone
E)​secondary hormone

Question 19

Norepinephrine is classified as a(n):​

A)​hormone
B)neurotransmitter
C)hormone and a neurotransmitter
D)amino acid
E)​enzyme

Question 20

What kind of behavior does oxytocin facilitate?

A)​sexual promiscuity
B)aggression
C)ritualistic behavior
D)increased awareness and cognition
E)​bonding between mother and infant

Question 21

When are growth hormone levels highest in the body?​

A)​during deep sleep
B)between 7-9 am
C)between 12-3 pm
D)between 8-10 pm
E)​at sunset

Question 22

Stress triggers the release of what hormone from the adrenal cortex?​

A)​dopamine
B)growth hormone
C)melatonin
D)testosterone
E)​cortisol

Question 23

What are the bone cells that dissolve the bony tissue?​

A)​exocytes
B)chondrocytes
C)osteoblasts
D)endocytes
E)​osteoclasts

Question 24

What is the natural cycle of the suprachiasmatic nucleus,without any external cues?​

A)​22 hours
B)23 hours
C)24 hours
D)25 hours
E)​26 hours

Question 25

Growth hormone hypersecretion after adolescence produces what condition?​

A)​mental retardation
B)dwarfism
C)acromegaly
D)gigantism
E)​hyperthyroidism

Question 26

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)located?​

A)​thyroid
B)adrenal medulla
C)adrenal cortex
D)thalamus
E)​hypothalamus

Question 27

What is the most dramatic effect of growth hormone on the skeleton?​

A)​expansion of the pelvis
B)growth of long bones
C)hardening of the thorax and ribs
D)growth of the skull
E)​alignment of spinal canal

Question 28

In most cases,hypophysiotropic hormones initiate a:​

A)​direct hormone sequence
B)two hormone sequence
C)three hormone sequence
D)four hormone sequence
E)​five hormone sequence

Question 29

What nutrient is the most important factor for musculoskeletal growth?

A)​protein (amino acids)
B)fatty acids
C)carbohydrates
D)trace minerals
E)​dietary fiber

Question 30

What are entrapped osteoblasts called that no longer perform their duty?​

A)​exocytes
B)chondrocytes
C)endocytes
D)osteocytes
E)​osteoclasts

Question 31

Somatomedins have been renamed:

A)​insulin-like growth factors
B)pancreatic growth factors
C)cortisol-like stimulators
D)somato-stimulators
E)​growth enhancing peptides

Question 32

What hormone is identical to prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?​

A)​melatonin
B)ACTH
C)serotonin
D)dopamine
E)​luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 33

What is the endocrine axis?​

A)​thalamus-hypothalamus-pituitary axis
B)hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis
C)thalamus-hypothalamus-thyroid axis
D)hypothalamus-pituitary-pineal axis
E)​thalamus-pituitary-pineal axis

Question 34

What does the pineal gland secrete?​

A)​methionine
B)mineralocorticoids
C)melanin
D)melatonin
E)​melanopsin

Question 35

Melatonin inhibits the hormones that stimulate:

A)​reproductive activity
B)bone growth
C)immune response
D)cellular aging
E)​sleep

Question 36

What do the retinal ganglion cells contain that send cues the pineal gland?​

A)​methionine
B)mineralocorticoids
C)melanin
D)melatonin
E)​melanopsin

Question 37

What is the shape of the pineal gland?​

A)​apple
B)pinecone
C)diamond
D)cross
E)​kidney bean

Question 38

What is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

A)​vasopressin
B)oxytocin
C)cortisol
D)testosterone
E)​growth hormone

Question 39

How many hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones control growth hormone secretion?​

A)​one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)​five

Question 40

What are the bone cells called that produce the organic matrix?​

A)​exocytes
B)chondrocytes
C)osteoblasts
D)endocytes
E)​osteoclasts

Question 41

Permissiveness occurs when one hormone causes the loss of another hormone's receptors,reducing the effectiveness of the second hormone.

Question 42

Sex steroids are potent growth stimulators and contribute to the pubertal growth spurt,but they ultimately stop further growth by closing the epiphyseal plates.​

Question 43

Primary hyposecretion takes place when an endocrine gland is normal but is secreting too little hormone because of a deficiency of its tropic hormone.​

Question 44

All hormones are eventually inactivated by enzymes in the pancreas,kidneys,lymph,or target cells.​

Question 45

Children display two periods of rapid growth: a postnatal growth spurt during their first 2 years of life and a pubertal growth spurt during adolescence.​

Question 46

Thyrotropes secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),which stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid gland.

Question 47

The major control for hypothalamic-induced release of vasopressin from the anterior pituitary is input from hypothalamic receptor cells.​

Question 48

Unlike the rhythmicity of breathing,endocrine rhythms are locked on,or entrained,to external cues such as the light-dark cycle.

Question 49

Lactotropes secrete prolactin (PRL),which enhances breast development and lactation in females.​

Question 50

Some endocrine control systems include both feedback control (which maintains a constant basal level of the hormone)and neuroendocrine reflexes (which cause sudden bursts in secretion in response to a sudden increased need for the hormone).

Question 51

Growth hormone directly influences both IGF-I and IGF-II production.​

Question 52

Unlike other regions of the brain,portions of the hypothalamus are not guarded by the blood-brain barrier,so the hypothalamus can easily monitor chemical changes in the blood.​

Question 53

A long bone consists of a fairly uniform cylindrical shaft,the epiphysis,with a flared articulating knob at either end,a diaphysis.​

Question 54

Indoleamines are produced by the pineal gland and are derived from the amino acid tryptophan.

Question 55

Hyposecretion of growth hormone in an adult is one cause of dwarfism.

Question 56

The most common blood-borne factors that influence hypothalamic neurosecretion are the positive feedback effects of peptide hormones.

Question 57

Growth hormone uses up fat stores and promotes synthesis of body proteins,so it encourages a change in body composition away from adipose deposition toward an increase in muscle.​

Question 58

Frequently,a single hormone has more than one type of target cell and therefore can induce more than one type of effect.​

Question 59

Synergism occurs when the actions of several hormones are complementary and their combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects.​

Question 60

Almost all blood supplied to the anterior pituitary must first pass through the hypothalamus.

Question 61

On its own,the biological clock generally cycles a bit faster than the 24-hour environmental cycle.​

Question 62

Fetal growth is promoted largely by certain hormones from the __________ and not impacted by __________ hormone.​

Question 63

Steroid hormones,produced by the adrenal __________ and reproductive endocrine glands,are neutral lipids derived from __________.​

Question 64

To exert its metabolic effects,growth hormone binds directly with its target organs,namely,__________ tissue,skeletal muscles,and __________.

Question 65

Gonadotropes secrete two hormones that act on the gonads: __________ and luteinizing hormone.​

Question 66

The posterior pituitary consists of neuronal terminals plus glial-like supporting cells known as __________.​

Question 67

The master biological clock that serves as the pacemaker for the body's circadian rhythms is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).​

Question 68

Primary __________ occurs when an endocrine gland is secreting too little of its hormone because of an abnormality within that gland.​

Question 69

Thyroid hormone is directly responsible for promoting growth.​

Question 70

A tropic hormone's actions aimed at maintaining the structural integrity of its target gland are specifically known as __________ actions.

Question 71

The anatomic and functional link between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is an unusual capillary-to-capillary connection called the __________.​

Question 72

The anterior pituitary consists of glandular epithelial tissue and accordingly is also called the __________.​

Question 73

The most abundant form of thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is __________,but the most powerful form of thyroid hormone in the blood is __________.​

Question 74

The posterior pituitary releases into the blood two small peptide hormones,vasopressin and __________,which are synthesized by the neuronal cell bodies in the __________.​

Question 75

__________ feedback exists when the output of a system counteracts a change in input.

Question 76

Hydrophilic peptides most commonly are inactivated by __________ of peptide bonds.​

Question 77

The two biggest self-prescribed uses of melatonin are as prevention for the common cold and as a reproductive aid.​

Question 78

The axons of the neurosecretory neurons that produce the hypothalamic regulatory hormones terminate on the __________ at the origin of the portal system.​

Question 79

The same chemical messenger may be either a hormone or a(n)__________,depending on its source and mode of delivery to the target cell.​

Question 80

Melatonin is an effective antioxidant,a defense tool against biologically damaging free radicals.​