Deck 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

Of all hearing difficulties,the __________ has the greatest impact on life satisfaction.

A) inability to hear at high frequencies
B) inability to detect soft sounds
C) age-related decline in speech perception
D) responsiveness to startling noises

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In longitudinal studies,the __________ tends to show greater shrinkage than the __________.

A) occipital lobe; corpus callosum
B) parietal lobe; prefrontal cortex
C) prefrontal cortex; occipital lobe
D) temporal lobe; frontal lobes

Answer 2

C

Question 3

__________ is/are evident in up to 80 percent of adults after age 80.

A) Macular degeneration
B) Foggy vision and cloudy lenses
C) Reduced sensitivity to taste
D) Hypersensitivity to touch

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which male has the lowest healthy life expectancy?

A) Adrian from Sweden
B) Kurt from the United States
C) Aasif from Afghanistan
D) Emmanuel from Haiti

Question 5

__________ affect(s)25 percent of people in their seventies and 50 percent of those in their eighties.

A) Blindness
B) Cataracts
C) Retina detachments
D) Macular degeneration

Question 6

Older adults have a greater __________.

A) sensitivity to sweet and sour tastes on the tongue
B) difficulty recognizing familiar foods by taste alone
C) sensitivity to salty and bitter tastes on the tongue
D) capacity to detect rancid food by smell alone

Question 7

Robust centenarians are __________.

A) sedentary and of stocky build
B) emotionally secure and tough-minded
C) dependent and emotionally insecure
D) not likely to be involved in the community

Question 8

When researchers estimate average healthy life expectancy,__________ ranks first.

A) Japan
B) Sweden
C) China
D) the United States

Question 9

Once people pass __________ years,the contribution of heredity to length of life decreases in favor of environmental factors.

A) 45 to 50
B) 55 to 60
C) 65 to 70
D) 75 to 80

Question 10

Wanda,age 77,has difficulty shopping,paying her bills,and preparing food.Wanda needs help with __________.

A) instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
B) primary activities of active functioning
C) activities of daily living (ADLs)
D) secondary activities of active functioning

Question 11

Ebony,age 88,appears younger than her 77-year-old sister,Desiree.However,Desiree remains active mentally,whereas Ebony finds it difficult to complete familiar tasks.The sisters' actual competence and performance in dealing with life's challenges indicate their __________ age.

A) social
B) biological
C) functional
D) chronological

Question 12

Centenarians __________.

A) are more likely to be male than female
B) are less likely than other older adults to have all or most of their own teeth
C) have a high incidence of genes associated with immune-deficiency disorders
D) usually have grandparents, parents, and siblings who reached very old age

Question 13

The __________,along with women's reduced risk taking and physical aggression,are believed to be responsible for the female advantage in average life expectancy.

A) gender difference in alcohol consumption
B) protective value of the extra X chromosome
C) protective value of the extra Y chromosome
D) gender difference in preventative health care

Question 14

Which of the following is true about hearing loss in late adulthood?

A) It affects safety and enjoyment of life.
B) It has more of an impact on self-care than vision loss.
C) As hearing declines, older people report higher self-efficacy.
D) Older people with hearing loss report a larger social network than their normally hearing peers.

Question 15

After age 80,a life expectancy crossover occurs in that __________.

A) men outnumber women by a ratio of about 3 to 1
B) surviving European Americans live longer than African Americans
C) surviving African Americans live longer than members of the white majority
D) men's advantage in life expectancy shrinks to around 1 year

Question 16

In late life,more women than men report being __________ impaired,and more men than women __________ impaired.

A) visually; hearing
B) hearing; visually
C) sensory; physically
D) physically; sensory

Question 17

As __________,length of life increases.

A) education decreases
B) income decreases
C) education and income increase
D) incidence of diseases increases

Question 18

David,a European-American male born in 1950,is likely to live 2 to 3 years __________ born the same year.

A) less than Samuel, an African-American male
B) less than Shondra, an African-American female
C) longer than Betsy, a European-American female
D) longer than Isaac, an African-American male

Question 19

Which statement is true about the maximum lifespan of humans?

A) For people age 65 and older, life expectancy has increased dramatically over the past decade and a half.
B) Gains in average life expectancy are largely the result of reducing health risks in the first 20 or 30 years.
C) The odds of becoming a centenarian are moderate to high-in the U.S. population, 100 for every 10,000 people.
D) Researchers agree that we can and should add to human maximum lifespan, which is currently close to 110 years.

Question 20

Improved nutrition,medical treatment,sanitation,and safety have contributed to the dramatic gains in average __________ in the United States in the last 100 years.

A) brain age
B) life expectancy
C) functional age
D) chronological age

Question 21

__________ facilitate(s)respiratory functioning in the older years.

A) Reduced dietary fat
B) Exercise
C) T cells
D) Stress hormones

Question 22

Mrs.Nguyen agrees with the following statement: "As I get older,things are better than I thought they'd be." Mrs.Nguyen's self-perception __________.

A) is an example of a stereotype threat
B) may help her live a longer life
C) suggests that she is in denial
D) is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype

Question 23

Wanting to be younger than one's actual age is associated with __________.

A) feeling younger
B) living longer
C) more positive well-being
D) less positive well-being

Question 24

When Grace reached her 70s,she began having difficulty falling asleep,staying asleep,and sleeping deeply.During the day,Grace worried about having sleep trouble.One thing Grace could do to foster restful sleep is __________.

A) take frequent short naps during the day
B) use the bedroom only for sleep
C) take sleeping pills on a regular basis
D) cut back on exercise

Question 25

Which statement is true about sleep apnea?

A) It affects more women than men.
B) Those who are underweight are especially prone to it.
C) It affects an estimated 45 percent of older adults.
D) It affects more people in early than in late adulthood.

Question 26

Which of the following is an indicator of survival over the next two years in a very old person?

A) decreased lung capacity
B) low T cell activity
C) high cortisol activity
D) high T cell activity

Question 27

Researchers believe that odor perception __________ with age.

A) increases
B) wanes and becomes distorted
C) becomes more discriminating
D) does not change

Question 28

Ila,who is Inuit,recently became head of her extended family unit.Her status as "one who knows things" is known as __________.

A) gulabjamen
B) quinceañera
C) isumataq
D) kanreki

Question 29

__________ especially decline in height because of a loss of __________.

A) Men; lean body mass
B) Women; bone mineral content
C) Men; muscle and fat
D) Women; muscle and fat

Question 30

Although touch sensitivity typically diminishes in late adulthood,responsiveness to __________ is an exception.

A) cold surfaces
B) water
C) gentle stroking
D) painful touch

Question 31

Francesca's immune system has begun to turn against normal body tissues,which is referred to as __________.

A) selective optimization
B) primary aging
C) an autoimmune response
D) compression of morbidity

Question 32

__________ skills are strongly correlated with older adults' tactile performance.

A) Fluid
B) Crystallized
C) Verbal
D) Auditory

Question 33

Devices such as smart caps and sensor-activated room lights are __________.

A) too technically complicated to be useful to most older adults
B) cost-effective and available to most older adults in industrialized countries
C) not usually covered as essential medical equipment by U.S. medical insurance
D) considered invasions of privacy by the majority of older people with disabilities

Question 34

Which older adult is the most likely to score high in personal control?

A) Laura, from the United States
B) Akio, from Japan
C) Antonio, from Mexico
D) Hong, from China

Question 35

Older adults __________ than younger adults.

A) require more sleep
B) have less difficulty falling asleep
C) require less sleep
D) have more difficulty sleeping deeply

Question 36

Walt,age 75,says that he feels about 60 years old.Sixty is Walt's __________ age.

A) skeletal
B) functional
C) subjective
D) desired

Question 37

Which statement is true about physical changes in late adulthood?

A) Flexibility of the joints and ligaments increases.
B) By age 60, 30 to 50 percent of muscle power has been lost.
C) Muscle strength generally declines at a faster rate than in middle age.
D) Weight gain is common after age 60 due to lean body mass.

Question 38

__________ with age.

A) The nose and ears broaden
B) Oil glands become more active
C) The ability to adapt to hot temperatures increases
D) The ability to adapt to cold temperatures increases

Question 39

Which statement is true about stereotypes of aging?

A) Adults with more education are more susceptible to the detrimental effects of aging stereotypes.
B) Older adults rarely appear in television programs and, when they do, typically play minor roles.
C) Few older adults report experiences of prejudice and discrimination.
D) People see older adults in stereotypical ways, unless they appear otherwise.

Question 40

As the years pass,the heart muscle __________.

A) becomes more rigid
B) pumps with more force
C) becomes more resistant to plaque
D) becomes more responsive to pacemaker cells

Question 41

__________ with age.

A) The number of hoped-for physical selves increases
B) The number of feared physical selves increases
C) Adults' self-rated health decreases substantially
D) Adults' sense of self-efficacy decreases

Question 42

Brain scans show that __________ older people experience less tissue loss in the cerebral cortex.

A) sedentary healthy
B) physically fit
C) physically inactive
D) sexually active

Question 43

Which aging American is at the greatest risk for chronic health conditions?

A) Jaylen, an African American
B) Margot, a European American
C) Len, a Native American
D) Maria Luis, a Hispanic American

Question 44

The cartilage on the ends of Wendell's joints is deteriorating.Around age 65,he developed bony lumps on the end of the joints on his fingers.Recently,he has been experiencing joint pain,swelling,and some loss of flexibility.Wendell probably has __________.

A) rheumatoid arthritis
B) osteoarthritis
C) osteoporosis
D) diabetes mellitus

Question 45

Mr.Wagner has difficulty breathing caused by an extreme loss of elasticity in lung tissue.This is known as __________.

A) a stroke
B) emphysema
C) pneumonia
D) diabetes

Question 46

Low-SES older adults are __________ likely than higher-SES older adults to seek medical care because __________.

A) less; they are more likely to rely on holistic medicine
B) less; they are less optimistic that treatment will work
C) more; their medical care is paid for by the government
D) more; they are more trusting of the medical profession in general

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of primary aging?

A) blurred vision from macular degeneration
B) lung cancer from smoking cigarettes
C) weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle
D) high blood pressure from prolonged stress

Question 48

The Marusa family,who are Japanese,celebrated Kenji's sixtieth birthday with a surprise party that recognized his senior place in the family and society.This ritual is known as __________.

A) kanreki
B) isumataq
C) quinceañera
D) gulabjamen

Question 49

Which of the following is an example of secondary aging?

A) a decrease in the maximum heart rate
B) farsightedness from a stiffening lens
C) heart disease from smoking cigarettes
D) lack of menstruation after menopause

Question 50

Several large-scale studies indicate that over the past several decades,__________ has occurred in industrialized nations.

A) a decrease in life expectancy
B) a decrease in maximum lifespan
C) compression of morbidity
D) expansion of morbidity

Question 51

A blood vessel hemorrhaged in Ms.Rosenthal's brain,causing late-life physical disability.This is known as __________.

A) a stroke
B) emphysema
C) hypertension
D) coronary pneumonia

Question 52

Lesbian and gay older adults who are married or in committed relationships __________.

A) are more sexually active
B) are less sexually active
C) tend to focus on sexual acts that lead to climax
D) often drift into a state of sexual disinterest

Question 53

Which statement is true about sexuality in late adulthood?

A) A majority of older adults attribute little to no importance to sex.
B) Most married older adults report continued, regular sexual enjoyment.
C) Older adults report that the female partner is usually the one who ceases to interact sexually.
D) Nearly 75 percent of U.S. adults age 75 to 85 say they are no longer sexually active.

Question 54

Frailty __________.

A) leaves older people highly vulnerable in the face of infection, extreme temperatures, or injury
B) is mostly caused by primary rather than secondary aging
C) is a serious condition, but does not interfere with everyday competence
D) is entirely caused by secondary rather than primary aging

Question 55

__________ offers some protection against mental disabilities in late adulthood.

A) Taking ginkgo biloba supplements
B) Vitamin B supplementation
C) Eating fish high in omega-3 fatty acids
D) Eating leafy vegetables high in folic acid

Question 56

How do men and women compare in their physical health after age 85?

A) Women have fewer health problems overall.
B) Men have more non-life-threatening disabling conditions.
C) Women are better able to remain independent and engage in society.
D) Men are less likely to be impaired because only the sturdiest have survived.

Question 57

Daily vitamin-mineral supplements __________.

A) are recommended for all older adults
B) do not reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease or cancer
C) can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease
D) can result in improvements in cognitive functioning and memory

Question 58

More prevalent among women than men,__________ is the leading cause of dementia.

A) cancer
B) cardiovascular disease
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) stroke

Question 59

After cardiovascular disease and cancer,the most common cause of death among the aged is __________.

A) strokes
B) respiratory diseases
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) osteoporosis

Question 60

Sedentary healthy older adults up to age 80 who begin endurance training __________.

A) show gains in vital capacity
B) should focus on non-weight-bearing activities
C) are at risk for heart problems due to earlier inactivity
D) increase blood circulation to the brain, but risk personal injury

Question 61

As Alzheimer's disease progresses,__________.

A) skilled and purposeful movements disintegrate
B) vision and hearing are adversely affected
C) anxiety and depression decrease
D) sleep becomes more restful and regular

Question 62

Marion has just learned that her brain contains an abundance of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques.Marion's doctors are probably concerned that she has __________.

A) suffered a stroke
B) Parkinson's disease
C) vascular dementia
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 63

Which statement is true about rheumatoid arthritis?

A) Almost all older adults show some signs of the condition on X-rays.
B) It is sometimes called "degenerative joint disease" or "wear-and-tear" arthritis.
C) Although it can strike at any age, it increases after age 60.
D) Symptoms cannot be relieved with analgesic medication.

Question 64

At age 65 and older,the death rate from unintentional injuries is __________.

A) at an all-time low
B) at an all-time high
C) about the same as in middle adulthood
D) about half as great as in adolescence

Question 65

Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are both types of __________.

A) cardiovascular dementia
B) cortical dementia
C) subcortical dementia
D) macular degeneration

Question 66

From middle to late adulthood,the incidence of type 2 diabetes __________.

A) is cut in half
B) nearly doubles
C) triples
D) quadruples

Question 67

Compared with younger drivers,older people are __________.

A) more likely to drive quickly
B) less likely to fail to heed signs
C) more likely to drive recklessly
D) less likely to yield the right of way

Question 68

__________ is associated with more rapid cognitive declines in older people and an elevated risk of dementia,especially Alzheimer's disease.

A) Osteoarthritis
B) Rheumatoid arthritis
C) Diabetes
D) Osteoporosis

Question 69

To confirm Alzheimer's disease,doctors __________.

A) administer a blood test
B) conduct a physical examination
C) inspect the brain after death
D) conduct a psychological examination

Question 70

The rate of Alzheimer's disease is reduced by more than half in older adults __________.

A) who take ginkgo biloba
B) with higher education
C) who participate in leisure activities
D) with low levels of serotonin

Question 71

Familial Alzheimer's __________.

A) typically appears after age 65
B) progresses more slowly than sporadic Alzheimer's
C) is responsible for 1 percent or fewer cases
D) is caused by an abnormal gene on chromosome 19

Question 72

Normal age-related cell death in the brain __________.

A) leads to serious deterioration of motor functions
B) leads to serious deterioration of mental functions
C) causes older people to lose the ability to perform everyday activities
D) does not lead to loss of ability to engage in everyday activities

Question 73

The abnormal APOE ɛ4 gene is the most widely known risk factor for __________.

A) familial Alzheimer's disease
B) vascular dementia
C) Parkinson's disease
D) sporadic Alzheimer's disease

Question 74

The risk of __________ fracture increases fifteenfold from age 65 to 85.

A) skull
B) elbow
C) hip
D) ankle

Question 75

Which statement is true about Alzheimer's disease?

A) By 2030, the number of Americans with Alzheimer's is expected to be cut in half.
B) At first, recent memory is most impaired, but as serious disorientation sets in, recall of distant events evaporates.
C) Among the early symptoms of the disease are tremors, shuffling gait, loss of facial expression, and stooped posture.
D) Alzheimer's accounts for about one-quarter of all dementia cases, though at older ages, the percentage declines.

Question 76

Approximately 5.2 million Americans have __________.

A) vascular dementia
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) subcortical dementia

Question 77

Which older adult is more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?

A) Daniel, who is European American
B) Rudy, who is African American
C) Fe, who is Asian American
D) Ernesta, who is South American

Question 78

A form of dementia that involves deterioration in subcortical brain regions is __________.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) vascular dementia
C) reversible dementia
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 79

Research indicates that __________ has memory benefits and slows cognitive decline,at least in the short term,among older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

A) hormone therapy
B) insulin therapy
C) vitamin D
D) eating fatty foods

Question 80

About 20 percent of older hip fracture patients __________.

A) fully recover mobility
B) die within a year of the injury
C) never regain the ability to walk unassisted
D) avoid activities because they are afraid to fall