Deck 10: Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization Theory

Question 1

Rogers' research on delinquent children showed that

A) family environment was the best predictor of later behavior.
B) self-insight was the best predictor of later behavior.
C) genetic factors were more influential than environmental factors.
D) it was impossible to predict later behavior.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Rogers' personality theory is rooted in

A) Freud's theories.
B) Jung's theories.
C) experimental psychology.
D) humanistic psychology.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Rogers,the best way to understand personality is through

A) a person's subjective experiences.
B) the history of past experiences and how this affects a person in the present and future.
C) the study of unconscious attitudes and behaviors.
D) experimental studies of abnormal subjects.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Rogers' early work in psychology was

A) diagnosing and treating delinquent and underprivileged children.
B) conducting experiments with the higher primates.
C) serving as a minister in a slum neighborhood.
D) running statistical analyses of opinion surveys.

Question 5

Rogers believed personality is influenced primarily by

A) unconscious forces analyzed by dream analysis and free associations.
B) conscious perception of ourselves and our experiential world.
C) past events.
D) physiological factors.

Question 6

According to Rogers,the way we see our environment is

A) highly objective.
B) objective in childhood but not in adulthood.
C) dependent on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality.
D) only subjective for neurotics.

Question 7

Rogers' work was influenced by his early

A) compensation for inferiority through athletics.
B) popularity in school.
C) solitude.
D) childhood friends and school activities.

Question 8

To Rogers,the only valid way to study personality is through

A) examining mother/child relationships.
B) observing overt behavior.
C) giving personality tests and questionnaires.
D) examining each person's subjective perceptions.

Question 9

For Rogers,the ultimate goal is to become a

A) fully functioning person.
B) non-emotional and strictly objective person.
C) biologically functioning human being.
D) person who is controlled, manipulative and persuaded by others.

Question 10

Early in his career,Rogers realized that the central fact of human psychology is the formation of

A) brain cells.
B) traits.
C) the self.
D) biological instinct.

Question 11

Carl Rogers and ____ viewed psychology as humanistic,not psychoanalytic.

A) Karen Horney
B) Alfred Adler
C) George Kelly
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 12

Rogers' childhood was characterized by

A) parents who loved him in subtle ways, but held strict religious views and emphasized moral behavior.
B) sexual conflicts.
C) living by his own values at an early age, rather than his parent's viewpoints.
D) hatred of his father.

Question 13

Rogers believed that the tendency to actualize is

A) learned.
B) present in only a few exceptional persons.
C) innate.
D) dormant until adolescence.

Question 14

According to Rogers' concept of the organismic valuing process,

A) human beings really are no more complicated than any other organisms.
B) we evaluate all life experiences by how well they serve the actualizing tendency.
C) we are motivated to satisfy lower (bodily) needs before higher needs.
D) self-protection is the strongest human motivation.

Question 15

Experiences that we perceive as promoting ________ are evaluated as good and desirable,according to Rogers.

A) rewards
B) perseveration
C) self-preservation
D) actualization

Question 16

The purpose of what Rogers called the organismic valuing process is to

A) evaluate all life experiences by how well they serve actualization.
B) encourage us to take care of our bodies.
C) guard against the physically debilitating effects of stress.
D) cause a person to become a perfectionist.

Question 17

The process of maturation is

A) determined by learning experiences.
B) automatic and effortless.
C) often accompanied by struggle and pain.
D) often reversed by the urge to regress.

Question 18

We can see origins of Rogers' personality in his childhood experience of

A) intense commitment to the religious teachings of his parents.
B) living by someone else's view of the world rather than his own.
C) relishing a position of power as an only child.
D) being surrounded by friends at school and play.

Question 19

Which of the following is part of the actualization tendency?

A) physiological needs.
B) psychological growth.
C) process of maturation.
D) all of the answers

Question 20

Rogers' clinical experience while at the University of Wisconsin was mostly with

A) disturbed children in a local orphanage.
B) young, intelligent, highly verbal college students.
C) deeply disturbed psychotics at a state institution.
D) wealthy businessmen who were highly stressed.

Question 21

A fully functioning person feels a(n)

A) sense of freedom and has the ability to live richly and creatively every moment.
B) ability to make many friends easily and even fit in with others who are incongruent.
C) contentment to let others make decisions for them.
D) trust and the ability to listen to the opinion of others.

Question 22

Carl Rogers' fully functioning person would

A) be aware of all experiences.
B) live richly and fully in the moment.
C) be creative and spontaneous.
D) all of the answers.

Question 23

Once infants develop conditions of worth,they

A) must avoid certain behaviors that otherwise might be personally satisfying.
B) are prevented from fully actualizing the self.
C) are not ready to achieve self-actualization.
D) all of the answers

Question 24

The warning,"Of course Mommy loves you...when you're good!" is an example of

A) self-actualization.
B) self-esteem needs.
C) conditional positive regard.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 25

The fully functioning person

A) represses negative feelings.
B) develops defenses against threats to the self.
C) relies on stereotypes to judge people.
D) is open to all experiences and feelings.

Question 26

Rogers believed that the self is

A) our image of what we are and should be.
B) a consistent pattern.
C) an organized whole.
D) all of the answers

Question 27

Rogers believed that childhood experiences are

A) unimportant in determining personality.
B) so important that they determine personality by age five.
C) more important than later experiences.
D) less important than later experiences.

Question 28

All of the following are characteristics of a fully functioning person except

A) achievement of as much wealth and power as one's potential allows.
B) awareness of all experience.
C) freedom of choice, without inhibitions.
D) continual need to grow, to strive to maximize one's potential.

Question 29

All of the following are characteristics of the fully functioning person except

A) awareness of all experiences.
B) trust in one's own organism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) a sense of freedom.

Question 30

Rogers believed that a person who is fully functioning is ___________,not actualized.

A) conditional
B) developing
C) incongruent
D) actualizing

Question 31

In Rogers' image of human nature,

A) childhood events are more important than later events.
B) biological forces are more important than social forces.
C) the ultimate goal is tension reduction.
D) no aspect of personality is predetermined.

Question 32

The fully functioning person is aware of all experiences and

A) is not defensive or threatened in their self-concept.
B) has positive feelings, such as courage and tenderness.
C) is open even to negative feelings such as fear and pain.
D) all of the answers

Question 33

Conditions of worth derive from

A) internalizing parents' norms and standards.
B) rebelling against parents' demands.
C) overcoming the instincts.
D) enhancing positive self-regard.

Question 34

Rogers' term for the acceptance we need from others is

A) positive regard.
B) self need.
C) nurturance.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 35

Our level of psychological adjustment and emotional health is a function of the extent to which our

A) self is congruent with our environment.
B) instincts are repressed.
C) anxiety is defended against.
D) ideas accurately predict future events.

Question 36

Rogers believed that the essence of human nature is

A) an innate tendency toward evil.
B) in constant conflict with society's rules.
C) shaped by childhood experiences.
D) an innate drive for actualization.

Question 37

According to Rogers,unconditional positive regard

A) refers to internalizing others' attitudes.
B) is like Freud's concept of superego.
C) is not dependent on the child's behavior.
D) exists only until age 10.

Question 38

Rogers' technique of psychotherapy is called

A) person-centered therapy.
B) actualization therapy.
C) regard analysis.
D) conditional worth analysis.

Question 39

Positive self-regard

A) can never be achieved totally.
B) is not reached until adolescence.
C) grows out of conditional positive regard.
D) comes more from within ourselves than from other people.

Question 40

An idea in Rogers' theory similar to Freud's superego is

A) the self.
B) conditions of worth.
C) positive self-regard.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 41

Rogers believed that personality should be assessed through

A) dream analysis.
B) a person's subjective experiences.
C) the study of the unconscious.
D) psychological tests.

Question 42

Rogers' person-centered therapy

A) is more influential than his personality theory.
B) is less influential than his personality theory.
C) has stimulated little research.
D) has declined in popularity.

Question 43

Rogers' personality theory emphasizes the

A) rationalistic side of a person.
B) ideal self.
C) self-concept.
D) selfish person.

Question 44

In self-reports,children whose parents used conditional regard

A) had feelings that their parents approved of them.
B) showed defensive skills to become more independent as adults.
C) showed poor coping skills, fluctuating levels of self-esteem, and low self-worth..
D) scored high on the Q-sort.

Question 45

In which situation might the Q-sort involve correlation?

A) observations of behavior
B) thought-sampling assessment
C) comparing before-therapy sorts to after-therapy sorts
D) dream analysis

Question 46

One of Rogers' greatest contributions was a counseling technique he called

A) normal psychoanalysis.
B) person-centered therapy.
C) actualization analysis.
D) phenomenology.

Question 47

Q-sort research has shown that person-centered therapy increases the

A) correlation between perceived self and ideal self.
B) earning power of successful clients.
C) physical health of most clients.
D) all of the answers

Question 48

Rogers' research on therapy focuses on changes in

A) unconscious motivations.
B) psychological needs.
C) self-concept.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 49

Research on Rogers' theory shows that parental behavior affects a child's

A) superego.
B) self-ego.
C) self-structure.
D) self-image.

Question 50

Rogers said it is difficult for a therapist to know a client's experiential world completely,because

A) no form of therapy is infallible (not even Rogers' own).
B) communication is never perfect.
C) non-conscious experiences are inaccessible.
D) all of the answers

Question 51

The only pre-determined belief of the person-centered therapist is

A) the viewpoint that a fully-functioning person is perfect.
B) the belief that all people have abnormality.
C) what the therapist finds in their complete assessment.
D) the client's inherent value and worth.

Question 52

In his research on self-concept,Rogers used the

A) Q-sort technique.
B) Rorschach Inkblot Test.
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Question 53

With the Q-sort,Rogers and his associates found that self-concept changed _______ after therapy.

A) not at all
B) marginally
C) greatly
D) minimally

Question 54

Research using the Q sort provides

A) empirical research and data on the effectiveness of person-centered therapy.
B) validity to Roger's personality theory.
C) impressive evidence for the effectiveness of person-centered therapy.
D) no clear evidence of the effectiveness of person-centered therapy.

Question 55

Parents who accepted their children unconditionally and displayed democratic child-rearing practices

A) had children who obtained low scores on the Q-sort.
B) reared children who displayed an authoritarian manner as parents, later in their lives.
C) had children who were likely to become conditional themselves as parents.
D) had children with higher self-esteem and greater emotional security.

Question 56

The technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories is called

A) self-sorting.
B) a Q-sort.
C) a rating scale.
D) content categorization.

Question 57

In Rogers' approach to therapy,the therapist provides

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) good advice.
C) conditions of worth.
D) happy experiences.

Question 58

Rogers' work is significant in its attempt to

A) explain parent/child relations.
B) enumerate human needs.
C) define the self.
D) attack the unconscious.

Question 59

Which of the following methods did Rogers use to assess personality?

A) Giving the client unconditional personal regard
B) Free association
C) Psychological tests
D) Case histories

Question 60

With regard to experimental research,Rogers

A) preferred it to the correlational approach.
B) took the nomothetic approach.
C) preferred to have a clearer view of a person's experiential world.
D) said experimental research was the only way to validate a theory.

Question 61

In time,positive regard will come more from within ourselves than from other people,a condition Rogers called positive self-regard.

Question 62

Rogers believed that person-centered interviews,which rely on clients' self-reports,were of greater value than experimental methods.

Question 63

The Q-sort technique has the client sort through a large number of statements about their own self-concept and self-image.

Question 64

Rogers developed a group technique in which people could learn more about themselves and how they related to one another.This was called family systems therapy.

Question 65

Critics charge that Rogers ignored those factors of which the client was not_______ aware but which could influence behavior.

A) totally
B) consciously
C) unconsciously
D) presently

Question 66

Rogers used psychological tests to assess personality and developed many tests.

Question 67

In Rogers' therapy,clients are held responsible for their bad choices and forced to admit their guilt.

Question 68

In the technique of guided imagery,Rogers explored the client's feelings and attitudes toward the self and toward other people.

Question 69

At the end of World War II,there was a need for veterans to receive counseling quickly.Person-centered therapy was described as

A) simple, informal, and brief.
B) relaxing and easy.
C) enjoyable and less painful than traditional forms of therapy.
D) a minimum of 20 sessions.

Question 70

Studies have suggested that positive self-regard may not be as prevalent in cultures,such as in Japan,as compared to the United States.

Question 71

Rogers opposed assessment techniques such as free association,dream analysis,and case histories.

Question 72

Positive self-regard evolves from a developmental sequence of conditions of worth leading to a positive self-report.

Question 73

Rogers believed that failure to realize our innate actualization tendency can lead to maladjustment.

Question 74

Give your opinion on whether you agree or disagree with Rogers' insistence that current feelings and emotions have a greater impact on personality than past events,and in most cases,childhood experiences.Explain your answer,in detail.

Question 75

To Rogers,the fully functioning person is aware of their illnesses,both mental and physical,and is only threatened about life later on in the life span.

Question 76

For Rogers,you are not a fully functioning human being if you are guided heavily by the opinions of others.

Question 77

Rogers believed that personality could only be understood from our own viewpoint,that is,based on a persons' _____________.

A) moral behavior
B) family-life
C) human nature
D) subjective experiences

Question 78

Rogers' therapy has found broad applications not only as a treatment for emotional disturbances but also as a means of enhancing self-image.

Question 79

Experiences that are incongruent or incompatible with our self-concept become threatening and are manifested as anxiety.

Question 80

In the business world,Rogers' therapy

A) is considered unnecessary.
B) was of little use over more traditional means of therapy.
C) has been used as a training method for managers.
D) was used to train secretaries.