Deck 6: Erik Erikson: Identity Theory

Question 1

Erikson included all of the following in his theory of personality except

A) the eight stages of life.
B) social and environmental forces.
C) personal and situational variables.
D) the importance of unconscious forces

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The locomotor-genital conflict (age 3-5)involves

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) identity versus role confusion.
C) autonomy versus doubt and shame.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Erikson studied each of the following groups except

A) delinquents.
B) schizophrenic adults.
C) Native American tribes.
D) normal children.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All stages of life involve a series of personal __________.They exist at birth and become prominent through every stage of a persons' life.

A) sexual needs
B) conflicts
C) neglect
D) successes

Question 5

Erikson divided personality growth into

A) eight stages leading to adolescence.
B) four stages of psychosexual development.
C) eight stages from birth to death.
D) four eras marked by biological changes.

Question 6

From his early work and analysis with Anna Freud,Erikson was interested in

A) psychoanalytic work with children.
B) feminine psychology.
C) understanding the biological influences of personality development.
D) the unconscious and subconscious thoughts of his patients.

Question 7

Each of Erikson's developmental stages provides a person an opportunity to develop his

A) awareness of the unconscious forces that guide him.
B) understanding of personal archetypes.
C) ability to overcome genetic predispositions.
D) basic strengths.

Question 8

According to the epigenetic principle of maturation,the stages of development are

A) subject to change when there are only family conflicts.
B) determined by genetic factors.
C) determined solely by social forces.
D) delayed until maturity.

Question 9

Erikson once worked

A) in Germany with schizophrenic patients.
B) with young children in Africa.
C) at a guidance center for emotionally disturbed delinquents.
D) with Sigmund Freud.

Question 10

Erikson's childhood and youth was characterized by

A) a number of identity crises.
B) a rejecting mother.
C) competition with an older brother.
D) a strong Oedipus complex.

Question 11

During the stage when trust or mistrust are the ways of coping,the most important body part is the

A) anus.
B) mouth.
C) penis.
D) nose.

Question 12

If a conflict at one stage cannot be resolved,then a person will

A) resolve these conflicts in later stages.
B) be much better equipped for the next stage of development.
C) have much difficulty to continue normal development in the next stage.
D) more likely resolve problems and conflicts sooner and more quickly in later stages.

Question 13

Erikson believed that development is mainly affected by

A) biological forces.
B) social forces.
C) sexual instincts.
D) a combination of biological and social forces.

Question 14

Erik Erikson lived out one of his most famous concepts through

A) his rejection of an important father figure (Freud).
B) the failure to earn an academic degree.
C) several identity crises.
D) his refusal to sign a loyalty oath.

Question 15

The conflicts in the developmental stages

A) potentially exist at birth.
B) are influenced by the social environment.
C) are inevitable.
D) all of the answers

Question 16

At each stage of psychosocial development,

A) the maladaptive way of coping must be suppressed.
B) adaptive and maladaptive ways of coping are incorporated into the ego identity.
C) we must confront sexual and aggressive needs.
D) the mother is most important in resolving the crisis for the child.

Question 17

Erikson placed more emphasis on the ____ than Freud did.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) unconscious

Question 18

Erikson's epigenetic principle of maturation

A) concerns how quickly a child will grow in the maturation process to become an adult.
B) states that personality is determined entirely by genetics.
C) asserts that development is determined by a combination of biological and social factors.
D) suggests only social and environmental factors determine our personality.

Question 19

Erikson believed personality develops

A) mostly in early childhood.
B) by about age five.
C) during adolescence.
D) throughout the entire life span.

Question 20

Erikson noted identity confusion in his study of

A) American Indians in South Dakota.
B) World War II veterans.
C) himself.
D) all of the answers.

Question 21

The developmental stage of maturity covering the most years is the

A) muscular-anal stage.
B) locomotor-genital stage.
C) adulthood stage.
D) latency stage.

Question 22

In the generativity versus isolation stage,an individual may

A) revert to repressed unconscious desires.
B) become physical or psychological invalids.
C) deplete their psychic energy.
D) join as many organizations as possible to satisfy their ego-state.

Question 23

According to Erikson,a _________ identity is preferable to no identity in the identity cohesion versus the role confusion stage.

A) positive
B) confusing
C) incongruent
D) negative

Question 24

Erikson identified the stage of identity cohesion versus role confusion as

A) a time when a person has a strong sense of their own identity.
B) a confusing turmoil of irresolvable conflicts and situations.
C) a moratorium to give a person time and energy to play different roles and live with different images.
D) a period of consistency, hope, and resolution of conflicts.

Question 25

Fidelity means

A) sincerity, genuineness, and a sense of duty in a person's relationships.
B) trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness.
C) courage to envision and pursue goals.
D) freedom of choice and self-restraint.

Question 26

Which is a positive outcome in the intimacy versus isolation stage?

A) A person establishes positive intimate relationships.
B) A person is not able to commit to a particular career or relationship and becomes quite independent of his parents.
C) The person establishes a life-long permanent job occupation.
D) The person avoids social contacts until he or she establishes a permanent job or occupation.

Question 27

Ego integrity involves

A) making unconscious desires conscious.
B) allowing the superego and the id to be more balanced.
C) having a sense of frustration with our past.
D) accepting one's place and past.

Question 28

In the stage of intimacy versus isolation,a person may prefer to

A) live in isolation.
B) avoid social contacts and reject other people.
C) fear intimacy.
D) All the answers.

Question 29

The basic strength described by Erikson in the identity cohesion versus role confusion stage is

A) purpose.
B) wisdom.
C) hope.
D) fidelity.

Question 30

A person forms some form of productive work,establishes intimate relationships,and has an opportunity to become independent from his parents in the

A) intimacy versus isolation stage.
B) generativity versus stagnation stage.
C) identity cohesion versus role confusion stage.
D) industriousness versus inferiority stage.

Question 31

To Erikson,the end of young adulthood may occur at the age of

A) 21.
B) 35.
C) 25.
D) 30.

Question 32

Identity cohesion or role confusion appears at ages

A) 3-5.
B) 6-11.
C) 12-18.
D) 19-35.

Question 33

According to Erikson,a person in the ________ versus ________ stage needs to be involved in teaching and guiding the next generation.

A) generativity/stagnation
B) ego integrity/despair
C) intimacy/isolation
D) industriousness/inferiority

Question 34

According to Erikson,older people must do more than reflect upon the

A) past.
B) present physical decline of their bodies.
C) various illnesses they are now experiencing.
D) helplessness they feel now that their life is almost finished.

Question 35

The basic strength associated with the generativity versus stagnation stage is

A) wisdom.
B) love.
C) purpose.
D) care.

Question 36

Erikson's depiction of emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to

A) Freud's description of ego development.
B) Jung's description of identity crisis.
C) Adler's description of individual psychology.
D) Horney's description of basic anxiety.

Question 37

A person may prefer to be alone because they fear ___________ as a threat to their ego identity during the intimacy versus isolation stage.

A) casual social contact
B) unconscious desires
C) intimacy
D) conflict

Question 38

Adulthood is considered by Erikson to be a _________ stage than the previous stage of identity cohesion versus role confusion.

A) shorter
B) faster
C) longer
D) non-committal

Question 39

For the adolescent,excessive association with fanatical groups,cults,or obsession with popular cultural icons

A) could restrict the developing ego.
B) has no lasting effect on later development.
C) provides a reason for adolescents to be in prison as an adult.
D) has no lasting or enduring effect in the future.

Question 40

The basic strength associated with the final stage of development is

A) hope.
B) faith.
C) purpose.
D) wisdom.

Question 41

Erikson would most likely link ego integrity versus despair to the stage of

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) industriousness versus inferiority.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Question 42

Adolescents who have not experienced an identity crisis but are committed to an occupation are in the

A) foreclosure status.
B) moratorium status.
C) identity competence status.
D) identity achievement status.

Question 43

Each of the following is a psychological type,or status,in the adolescent stage except

A) identity achievement.
B) identity competence.
C) identity diffusion.
D) moratorium.

Question 44

Generativity in middle age correlates positively with

A) income.
B) ego integrity.
C) wisdom.
D) power and intimacy motivation.

Question 45

Erikson's primary research method was

A) disciplined subjectivity.
B) anthropological study.
C) the case study.
D) psychohistory.

Question 46

Erikson believes that basic strengths are

A) goals to strive for but not reach.
B) potentially achievable by everyone.
C) not fully expressed because of id interference.
D) biologically determined and inevitable.

Question 47

Malignancies develop when

A) only the maladaptive tendency is present.
B) only the adaptive tendency is present.
C) psychoses predominate.
D) adulthood is reached.

Question 48

Erikson's use of psychohistorical analysis included such figures as

A) Hitler and Hannibal.
B) Moses and Noah.
C) Castro and Stalin.
D) Gandhi and Martin Luther.

Question 49

In Erikson's system,the basic weaknesses that can develop at each stage are

A) maladaptive ways of coping.
B) malignant.
C) able to be corrected through psychotherapy.
D) all of the answers.

Question 50

College may delay the resolution of the ____.

A) generativity crisis.
B) resolution stage
C) identity crisis
D) formation crisis

Question 51

Studies of ego identity show that

A) it is negatively related to maternal identification.
B) there are seven psychosocial criteria.
C) women are more successful than men in achieving ego identity.
D) adolescents high in ego identity develop trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness.

Question 52

Women college students who are career oriented are likely to

A) marry at a later time in life.
B) marry at a younger age.
C) experience identity achievement.
D) date more in college than those women who are not career oriented.

Question 53

In his study of play constructions,Erikson believed he saw

A) the symbolic expression of the genitals for both sexes.
B) proof of his first three developmental stages.
C) how sex roles were changing in modern culture.
D) that play of girls was very similar to the play of boys.

Question 54

Research on the identity crisis has shown that

A) attending college speeds up its resolution.
B) attending college delays its resolution.
C) most people never experience it.
D) people who do not resolve it well do not go on to the next stage.

Question 55

On the free will-determinism dimension,Erikson's image of human nature

A) is only partially deterministic.
B) rejects determinism in favor of free will.
C) proposes no ultimate life goal.
D) focuses on biological forces.

Question 56

Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is

A) dream analysis.
B) psychohistorical analysis.
C) free association.
D) analysis of birth order.

Question 57

Older people should seek

A) vital participation in life.
B) new challenges.
C) stimulation from their environment.
D) all the answers.

Question 58

Erikson's primary assessment technique was

A) psychological testing.
B) free association.
C) dream analysis.
D) Erikson was skeptical of most assessment techniques.

Question 59

Failure to adapt at one developmental stage

A) dooms the person to failure at later stages.
B) leads to despair instead of ego integrity.
C) can be corrected by success at a later stage.
D) prevents development of the superego.

Question 60

Research on psychosocial stages demonstrated

A) little support for the individual stages.
B) a relationship between happiness and successful development in the first six stages.
C) no relationship between the stages and other aspects of personality.
D) support for generativity or stagnation in middle age.

Question 61

Basic strengths are interdependent; these strengths cannot develop until the strengths associated with the previous stages have been confirmed.

Question 62

Autonomy versus shame is associated with the locomotor-genital stage,which occurs between the ages of three to five.

Question 63

The basic strength called purpose should be realized during the muscular-anal stage,which is characterized by Autonomy versus Doubt and Shame.

Question 64

Personality development is affected by both biological and social factors,or both personal and situational variables.

Question 65

The basic strength that emerges from intimacy of the young adult years is love.

Question 66

To minimize life's confusion,adolescents often idolize and over-identify with a teacher,a television or motion picture star,an athlete,or even a friend.Was there someone in your adolescent years you idolized,or at least patterned your life after at that particular time? Why or why not? Was this over-identification helpful? Harmful? Was this relationship encouraging,sincere,and genuine; which encompasses the basic strength of fidelity,according to Erikson?

Question 67

Erikson is best known for his eight stages of psychosocial development.Choose one stage and (A)identify when this stage occurs, (B)give a general description of a positive and negative development of this stage,and (C)describe and give a real-life example of a positive and a negative conclusion by the end of this stage.

Question 68

The stage of maturity indicated by Erikson as Generativity versus Stagnation is usually when a person might resolve the crisis of his basic ego identity.

Question 69

One of Erikson's most important contributions to personality theory is his concept of

A) organ inferiority.
B) traits as the building blocks of personality.
C) archetypes of the unconscious.
D) personality development across the lifespan.

Question 70

A person who fails to achieve a cohesive identity will experience a confusion of their roles and thus will have an identity crisis.

Question 71

Care is the basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood.

Question 72

Erikson argued that we are not entirely governed by innate biological factors at work in the stages of development,although they are relatively important.

Question 73

Erikson's theory allows for optimism and the possibility for a positive outcome in each stage of personality development.

Question 74

Rather than just reflecting on the past,Erikson believed older people must remain active,be vital participants in life,while seeking challenges and stimulation from their environment.

Question 75

In response to charges that his concepts are ambiguous and poorly defined,Erikson cited

A) numerous supporters who refuted these charges.
B) his growing influence and fame.
C) the basic impossibility of ever understanding personality.
D) his artistic temperament and lack of formal training in science.

Question 76

Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is

A) irrelevant to the lives of average persons.
B) unable to generate research.
C) incomplete in its description of the last stage of maturity.
D) of more value in the laboratory than the clinic.

Question 77

The basic strength associated with the final stage of maturity and old age is hope.

Question 78

Erikson believed that all institutions - whether business,government,social service,or academic-related - provide opportunities for us to express ego integrity.

Question 79

According to Erikson,in the latency stage of psychosocial development the child's growing powers of deductive reasoning and the ability to play by rules lead to the deliberate refinement of the skills displayed in building things.

Question 80

Erikson's theory of personality development involves a series of personal constructs and ego-idealizations.