Deck 13: Urban Patterns

Question 1

As in the United States, wealthier people in European cities cluster:

A) along a sector extending out from the CBD
B) along major highways
C) in and around the inner city's historic buildings
D) in bunches around stadiums and opera houses
E) along industrial parks and waterways.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In European cities, many residents of the dreary suburbs are ________ who face discrimination and prejudice.

A) native Europeans who wish to preserve their ancient traditions but
B) persons of color or recent immigrants from Africa or Asia
C) immigrants from northern Europe
D) immigrants from Russia and Poland, as well as other parts of Eastern Europe,
E) none of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Today, low-income people:

A) tend to live in the center of European cities
B) are less likely to live in European inner-city neighborhoods
C) are only allowed to live in the inner cities of Europe
D) lived only in a segregated part of the suburbs along major routes
E) pay higher taxes for the right to live in the inner cities

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which model of the internal social structure of the city explains that growth develops in a series of sectors?

A) The concentric model
B) The sector model
C) The multiple nuclei model
D) The adaptive concentric model
E) The successive hierarchy model

Question 5

In European cities, much of the housing for low-income minorities and immigrants is in:

A) high-rise buildings in the suburbs
B) high-rise buildings in the inner city
C) single condominiums in the suburbs
D) single condominiums in the inner city
E) low-rise buildings in the countryside

Question 6

Which of the following is not true of the CBD?

A) Compared to other parts of the city, the central area uses more space below and above ground level
B) Beneath most central cities runs a vast underground network of garages, loading docks, utilities, walkways, and transit lines
C) Consumer services in the CBD sell office supplies, computers, and clothing, or offer shoe repair, rapid photocopying, and similar services
D) Large department stores once located in the suburbs are now clustered in the CBD
E) In several CBDs, new shopping areas attract suburban shoppers as well as out-of-town tourists with unique recreation and entertainment experiences

Question 7

In the past, low-income people:

A) lived in the center of European cities
B) were banned from living in the cities
C) were only allowed to live in the inner cities
D) lived in a segregated part of the suburbs along major routes
E) paid higher taxes for the right to live in the inner cities

Question 8

Business services, such as advertising, banking, and journalism are centrally located mainly to:

A) take advantage of the safe environment
B) facilitate rapid communication of fast-breaking news
C) facilitate the speedy movement of manufactured goods
D) maintain a presence in the seat of government
E) allow for easier commuting to and from the countryside

Question 9

Geographers C. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman developed the ________ model in 1945.

A) concentric model
B) sector model
C) multiple nuclei model
D) adaptive concentric model
E) successive hierarchy model

Question 10

The best-known and most visually distinctive area of most cities is the ________.

A) Central Business District
B) Central Residential Area
C) Government Ministerial Region
D) Suburban Retail District
E) Metro Transitional Area

Question 11

Effective use of the urban-structure models depends on the availability of data at the scale of:

A) national and state level
B) state and municipal level
C) municipal and city level
D) individual neighborhood level
E) all of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is a major difference between CBDs in Europe and those in the U.S.?

A) Fewer people live in Europe's CBDs compared to the U.S.
B) Just like the U.S., wealthy people tend to avoid living in the CBD in Europe.
C) More people live in Europe's CBDs compared to the U.S.
D) Property values are lowest in CBDs in Europe, a marked difference with the U.S. where property values are highest.
E) European CBDs make no attempt to preserve their historic buildings.

Question 13

Which model of the internal social structure of the city explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of five rings, like the growth rings of a tree?

A) The concentric model
B) The sector model
C) The multiple nuclei model
D) The adaptive concentric model
E) The successive hierarchy model

Question 14

Which of the following is the main reason why consumers, businesses, and public services are attracted to the CBD?

A) accessibility
B) congestion
C) cheap rent
D) security and safety
E) variety

Question 15

Which of the following is most likely to be found in the second ring of a city in the concentric model?

A) poor-quality housing
B) affluent neighborhoods
C) city hall
D) universities
E) none of the above

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the limitations of the three models on the internal social structure of the city?

A) The models are too simple and fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations.
B) The three models are all based entirely on conditions in the U.S.
C) Critics question their relevance to contemporary urban patterns in the United States and in other countries.
D) Models are simplifications, and we must remember that not everyone with the same characteristics will live in the same neighborhood.
E) The models all assume that over time, cities will evolve to accommodate critical changes in demography and adapt to the the growing needs of the urban poor.

Question 17

Before the Europeans established colonies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, most people there:

A) lived in rural settlements
B) lived along mountain slopes
C) lived in large cities
D) lived on the western side of towns
E) divided their time between living in the city and living in rural areas

Question 18

The three models describing the internal social structure of cities were developed in this city:

A) Sacramento
B) New York City
C) Seattle
D) Chicago
E) Boston

Question 19

In developing countries, as in Europe:

A) care is taken to make sure no poor person lives in the suburbs
B) there is no discernible urban pattern
C) the wealthy are accommodated in the outer rings, whereas the poor live near the center of cities as well as in a sector extending from the center
D) the poor are accommodated in the outer rings, whereas the wealthy live near the center of cities as well as in a sector extending from the center
E) care is taken so no poor person lives in the inner city

Question 20

Which of the following is generally true of many suburbs in Europe, in contrast to U.S. models?

A) Shops, schools, and other services are worse than in central-city neighborhoods, and they are centers for crime, violence, and drug dealing.
B) They have the best schools, although these same schools are centers for white-collar crime, hazing and other forms of student-on-student violence, and drug dealing.
C) Most of the best shopping malls are located here.
D) They tend to have the largest community gardens in Europe.
E) They have the highest property taxes in Europe, and their levels of crime are low.

Question 21

The CBD is usually one of the oldest districts in a city, often the original site of the settlement.

Question 22

Consumer services in the CBD are designed to serve rural areas exclusively.

Question 23

Approximately ________ percent of Americans live in urbanized areas.

A) 90
B) 70
C) 50
D) 40
E) 30

Question 24

Which of the following is not one of the chief reasons why people are attracted to the suburbs?

A) A detached single-family dwelling rather than a row house or apartment
B) A yard surrounding the house for children to play
C) Space to park several cars at no cost
D) Protection from inner-city crime and congestion
E) Access to well-constructed houses with unique architectural designs like fireplaces and wood trim

Question 25

Before the advent of streetcars, commuter trains, and subways, the growth of suburbs was ________.

A) constrained by poor transportation
B) accelerated by excellent transportation
C) not affected by the lack of transportation
D) limited by the laws governing building new side streets
E) accelerated by the lack of rules involving the construction of side roads

Question 26

Which of the following is not true of annexation in the U.S.?

A) Rules concerning annexation vary among states.
B) Normally, land cannot be annexed into a city even if a majority of residents in the affected area vote in favor of doing so.
C) Peripheral residents generally desired annexation in the nineteenth century, because the city offered better services, such as water supply, sewage disposal, and trash pickup.
D) Today's cities are surrounded by a collection of suburban jurisdictions whose residents prefer to remain legally independent of the large city.
E) As U.S. cities grew rapidly in the nineteenth century, the legal boundaries frequently changed to accommodate newly developed areas.

Question 27

Public services typically located downtown include City Hall, courts, and libraries.

Question 28

More than ________ percent of all trips within U.S. cities are made by car.

A) 95
B) 99
C) 68
D) 25
E) 33

Question 29

Which of the following is not a reason why middle-class people are attracted to the U.S. inner city?

A) Houses may be larger and better constructed, yet cheaper in the inner city than in the suburbs.
B) Houses may possess attractive architectural details such as ornate fireplaces and wood trim.
C) Those who work downtown can enjoy their proximity to work.
D) Proximity to theaters, restaurants, and other cultural and recreational facilities located downtown.
E) Downtown public schools are superior ,with quality instruction and high graduation rates.

Question 30

According to the peripheral model, an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by:

A) large industrial parks far removed from any residential neighborhoods
B) small clusters of suburban malls and run-down shanties (shacks)
C) large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
D) wealthy residential neighborhoods with no access to the inner city
E) a beltway of connected roads all leading to small rural areas where the rich live

Question 31

The number of local government units in the U.S. exceeds ________.

A) 200
B) 1,000
C) 10,000
D) 20,000
E) 100,000

Question 32

The U.S. Bureau of the Census has created a method of measuring the functional area of a city, known as:

A) the city-state
B) the megalopolis
C) the metropolitan statistical area
D) the metropolitan influence zone
E) the functional city limit

Question 33

The U.S. government paid 90 percent of the cost of limited-access ________.

A) nuclear-powered passenger ships and barges
B) major airports to support the struggling airline industry
C) subway and light rail systems in urban areas
D) high-speed interstate highways
E) passenger trains

Question 34

As of 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, what percentage of Americans lived in an MSA?

A) 15
B) 37
C) 50
D) 68
E) 84

Question 35

A shopping mall is built by a developer, who buys the land, builds the structures, and leases space to merchants. The key to a successful large shopping mall is the inclusion of one or more ________.

A) anchors
B) tall buildings
C) food vendors
D) clothing stores
E) government services

Question 36

Geographers Griffin and Ford show that in Latin American cities wealthy people:

A) push out from the center in a well-defined elite residential sector
B) push into the center in a well-defined elite residential sector
C) have always lived exclusively in the center
D) have always lived in the peripheries away from the center
E) abhor the city center because of the high marginal tax rates

Question 37

The process of legally adding land area to a city is called:

A) stealing
B) encroachment
C) gerrymandering
D) confiscation
E) annexation

Question 38

The term ________ defines an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

A) village
B) city
C) state
D) metropolis
E) country

Question 39

Which of the following is true of urban retailing?

A) Historically, urban residents bought food and other daily necessities at small neighborhood shops in the midst of housing areas.
B) Historically, grocery stores have always been outside the CBD.
C) Historically, all the large clothing stores preferred to set up shop in large suburban malls.
D) Historically, gangs made stores in the CBD pay "taxes" (protection money) to them.
E) Because of lower taxes, historically, large retail businesses preferred to locate in tall buildings.

Question 40

This is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing.

A) Gentrification
B) Gerrymandering
C) Redlining
D) Annexation
E) Kleptocracy

Question 41

In the United States, inner rings are more likely to contain owner-occupied detached houses for families, whereas the outer rings are more likely to contain rented apartments for individuals.

Question 42

Many residents of the dreary downtown of European cities are persons of color or recent immigrants from Africa or Asia, who face discrimination and prejudice by "native" Europeans.

Question 43

In Florida, the city of Miami and surrounding Dade County have combined some services, but the city
boundaries have not been changed to match those of the county.

Question 44

In developing countries, as in Europe, the poor are accommodated in the center whereas the wealthy live in the outer rings of cities, as well as in a sector extending from the center.

Question 45

As in the U.S., wealthier people in European cities cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD.

Question 46

Approximately 70 percent of Americans live in urbanized areas, including about 30 percent in central cities and 40 percent in surrounding jurisdictions.

Question 47

Cities in developing countries have been shrinking as millions of people emigrate out in search of work.

Question 48

The consolidation of local governments in the Detroit area has surrounded the impoverished center city with even poorer suburbs.

Question 49

The concentric zone model has 6 rings in it.

Question 50

The U.S. Bureau of the Census has created a method of measuring the functional area of a city, known as
the metropolitan statistical area.

Question 51

The United States had 576 metropolitan statistical areas in 2009, for the most part found around southern and western communities previously considered rural in character.

Question 52

According to the multiple nuclei model, a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.

Question 53

The concentric zone model suggests that the owner-occupant is much more likely to live in an inner ring and the renter in an outer ring.

Question 54

To serve its residents, European CBDs contain consumer services, such as markets, bakeries, and butchers.

Question 55

Urban areas in the United States are divided into census tracts that contain approximately 50,000 residents and correspond, where possible, to neighborhood boundaries.

Question 56

According to the sector model, developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt, the city develops in a series of sectors.

Question 57

In the northwestern United States, metropolitan areas are so close together that they now form one continuous urban complex, extending from north of Seattle to south of Los Angeles.

Question 58

The similarity between cities in Europe and developing countries is not a coincidence: European colonial policies left a heavy mark on the development of cities in developing countries.

Question 59

The process of legally adding land area to a city is known as gentrification.

Question 60

When Europeans gained control of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, they decided against expanding existing cities to provide colonial services, such as administration, military command, and international trade, as well as housing for Europeans who settled in the colony.

Question 61

What are some of the characteristics of European CBDs?

Question 62

Historically, urban residents bought food and other daily necessities at small neighborhood shops in the midst of housing areas and shopped in the CBD for other products.

Question 63

Briefly describe the multiple nuclei model for the internal social structure of cities.

Question 64

Briefly describe the sector model for the internal social structure of cities.

Question 65

North American urban areas follow what Chauncey Harris (creator of the multiple nuclei model) called the peripheral model.

Question 66

The modern suburb is segregated in two ways: by class (wealth, size of housing, and location) and by a separation from manufacturing and industrial activities.

Question 67

Explain the concept of annexation.

Question 68

Gentrification is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing.

Question 69

Briefly describe the characteristics of the concentric zone model.

Question 70

What is a metropolitan statistical area?

Question 71

What are some of the characteristics of suburban retail?

Question 72

Compare colonial and post-colonial Latin American cities.

Question 73

In larger cities, motor vehicles are better suited than public transit because each traveler takes up far less space, while also having their privacy and convenience.

Question 74

What is gentrification and what are some of the drivers of gentrification?

Question 75

Historically, people lived in crowded cities because they had to be within walking distance of shops and places of employment.

Question 76

What are some of the challenges that inner cities face in the U.S.?