Deck 3: Understanding Crime and Victimization

Question 1

Situational crime prevention falls under _____ theory.

A)Psychological
B)Choice
C)Sociobiological
D)Developmental

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Consideration of IQ and attachment are a part of what type of theory

A)Psychological theory
B)Sociological theory
C)Sociobiological theory
D)Choice theory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is an argument of Hirschi's social control theory

A)Delinquents are detached loners whose bond to friends has been broken.
B)Delinquents have the same friendship patterns as conventional youth.
C)There is a definitive reason why a person's social bond is weakened.
D)Only females who are detached from their parents are at risk for gang involvement.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

__________ theory focuses on a person's bonds to society as a factor in preventing crime.

A)Social learning
B)Social disorganization
C)Choice
D)Social control

Question 5

What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization

A)The victim invariably precipitates their own victimization.
B)Victimization is a function of social strain and precipitation.
C)Crime is not a random event, and the probability of a crime occurring is dependent on the activities of the victim.
D)Victims are just as likely to become offenders as offenders are to become victims.

Question 6

Which of the following was not one of the models of adaptation that Robert Merton produced as part of his explanation of how anomie can lead to crime

A)Innovation
B)Rebellion
C)Retreatism
D)Toughness

Question 7

Target hardening techniques are examples of which type of situational crime prevention tactic

A)Increasing the effort needed to commit the crime
B)Increasing the risks of committing the crime
C)Reducing the rewards for committing the crime
D)Inducing guilt or shame over the crime

Question 8

Crime is believed to be a product of transitional neighborhoods that manifest value conflict according ________ theory.

A)Psychoanalytic
B)Social control
C)Social structure
D)Social learning

Question 9

A subculture occurs in disorganized neighborhoods marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and distrust that is passed from one generation to the next, creating a permanent underclass. This subculture is called:

A)Focal concerns
B)Collective efficacy
C)The culture of poverty
D)The truly disadvantaged

Question 10

______ suggests that some people adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them and will therefore seek alternatives, such as crime.

A)Strain theory
B)Social learning theory
C)Differential association theory
D)Self-control theory

Question 11

The general theory of crime suggests that differences between individuals in the tendency to commit criminal acts stems from:

A)The level of relative deprivation in their immediate environment
B)Their level of self-control
C)The perceived value of social injustice in the community
D)Their tolerance for social strain

Question 12

______ theory is not a type of developmental theory.

A)Age-graded
B)Life course
C)Latent trait
D)Social strain

Question 13

______ theory believes that law violators may have suffered damage to their personalities early in their development that renders them powerless to control their impulses.

A)Psychodynamic
B)Life course
C)Developmental
D)Sociobiological

Question 14

According to social learning theory, people become violent because they:

A)Model their behavior after others and have that behavior positively reinforced.
B)Are born with a predisposition toward violence because of their genetic makeup.
C)Suffer damage to their egos and superegos at an early age.
D)Have a mental disorder or illness.

Question 15

The use of illegal means to achieve success in the absence of legitimate means is an example of ______ in Merton's theory of anomie.

A)Innovation
B)Retreatism
C)Rebellion
D)Conformity

Question 16

According to the principles of choice theory, in order for punishment to most effectively deter crime, it must meet the following three conditions:

A)Swift, satisfactory, and certain
B)Severe, certain, and punitive
C)Strict, sure, and swift
D)Intense, lasting, and cumulative

Question 17

Putting up large signs indicating that trash must be either thrown away or recycled and placing bins to dump or recycle throughout a park is which type of situational crime prevention tactic

A)Increase the risks
B)Reduce provocation
C)Remove excuses
D)Induce shame or guilt

Question 18

Which is not a behavior associated with antisocial personality

A)Repeatedly performs acts that are grounds for arrest
B)Needs to plan ahead
C)Reckless disregard for the safety of others
D)Lack of remorse

Question 19

When individuals provoke or encourage criminal behavior, this is referred to as:

A)Latent trait activation
B)Victim precipitation
C)Lifestyle theory
D)Cognitive abuse of the victim

Question 20

According to Sampson and Laub, what are the two most critical turning points in a criminal career

A)Marriage and employment
B)Employment and imprisonment
C)Children and imprisonment
D)Victimization and social bonds

Question 21

CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases.
When Mr. Brown meets with Louise, he asks her the same questions he asked Mary about her background. Louise explains that she has been arrested ten times before for various charges, including drug possession, burglary, and assault.Louise also explains that she has been diagnosed with ADHD and learning disabilities and that she does not always know why she does the things she does.Which biosocial view of crime would best explain Louise's behavior

A)Biochemical
B)Neurological
C)Genetic
D)Precipitation

Question 22

CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
Warden Smith meets Jamaal.He was sentenced to 20 years in prison for armed robbery.Jamaal is argumentative and is a firm believer that the criminal justice system is just a mechanism to control the poor.He thinks that the government should be focusing on the crimes that the wealthy commit and not those of the lower-class community.Jamaal would most likely support which theory

A)Critical
B)Social learning
C)Psychodynamic
D)Choice

Question 23

Social disorganization leads to which of the following

A)Residents' frustrations over their perceived inability to attain the "American Dream"
B)Weakened informal social control
C)The development of a cognitive landscape that views violence as an acceptable means to resolve conflict
D)All of the above

Question 24

Which age group is linked to the early onset of criminal behavior

A)Toddlers
B)Early adolescence
C)Late teens
D)Mid-twenties

Question 25

Which theory posits that antisocial behavior is learned through observation

A)Social learning theory
B)Psychodynamic theory
C)Moral development theory
D)Social disorganization

Question 26

Which occurs when the victims used threats

A)Active precipitation
B)Cursory precipitation
C)Passive precipitation
D)Solitary precipitation

Question 27

Which theory proposes the existence of a master criminal trait or propensity after birth

A)Latent trait
B)Life course
C)Trajectory
D)Biochemical

Question 28

CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases.
According to the routine activities theory Mary would be considered a:

A)Motivated offender
B)Suitable target
C)Suitable offender
D)Capable guardian

Question 29

According to critical criminologists, which behavior is the biggest problem

A)Burglary
B)Racism
C)Rape
D)Robbery

Question 30

According to the routine activities theory, police officers would be considered:

A)Capable guardians
B)Suitable targets
C)Motivated offenders
D)Capable targets

Question 31

CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
Larry meets with Warden Smith.Larry has been to prison three timespreviously.He tellsWarden Smith that he has committed hundreds of other crimes for whichhe never got caught.His current conviction is for drug dealing.Larry was willing to take achance in dealing drugs because he was going to make over $100,000 for the transaction and he thought the potential profit was worth the risk and the effort.Which theory would most likely support why Larry committed his crime

A)Critical
B)Social learning
C)Psychodynamic
D)Choice

Question 32

Which of the following is not considered a biochemical factor

A)Environmental constraints
B)Hypoglycemia
C)Testosterone
D)Genetic abnormality

Question 33

Johnny is arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol. As a result, he is convicted and serves a short stint in jail. Johnny's incarceration is an example of which of the following concepts

A)General deterrence
B)Specific deterrence
C)Situational prevention
D)Just desserts

Question 34

Excessive levels of ___________ have been linked to violence and aggression.

A)Estrogen
B)Progesterone
C)Serotonin
D)Testosterone

Question 35

Which of the following is not one of the three factors linked to predatory crime rates in routine activities theory

A)Supply of motivated offenders
B)Supply of suitable targets
C)Absence of effective guardians for protection
D)Extent of relative social deprivation

Question 36

CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
Joey is in prison for attempted murder.He got into a fight at a local bar with a man with whom he was drinking some beers.The man made a comment about Joey's girlfriend and Joey just snapped and beat him until he was unconscious.The man was in a coma for a few months before he woke up.The man sustained permanent brain damage.Warden Smith asked Joey why he did not just walk away from this man who commented about his girlfriend.Joey explained to Warden Smith that he always saw his father and uncles handle disagreements by fistfighting.He says this is the only way he knows how to settle disputes.Joey asks for help from Warden Smith.What theory would explain Joey's behavior

A)Critical
B)Social learning
C)Psychodynamic
D)Choice

Question 37

CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
Warden Smith has met with thousands of inmates who have come into his prison.He firmly believes that the majority of people who commit crime do so because of social structure theories.Which of the following is not considered a social structure theory

A)Social disorganization
B)Social learning
C)Strain
D)Cultural deviance

Question 38

What is the process in which criminal behavior becomes embedded because antisocial behavior erodes social ties that encourage conformity and creates incentives to commit crime

A)Latent traits
B)State organized
C)State dependence
D)Victim precipitation

Question 39

CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases.
Louise also explains that she was diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder.She cannot remember the name of the disorder.Mr. Brown is waiting for her case file to see her diagnosis.Which of the following psychiatric disorders is Louise unlikely to have

A)Oppositional defiant disorder
B)Conduct disorder
C)Alexithymia
D)Strain disorder

Question 40

CASE 3.1
Mary and Louise are both 15 years old. Each was arrested and charged with stealing a vehicle. Mary stole a car from the teacher's parking lot at her school. Louise stole her neighbor's car when she decided that she wanted to drive to her boyfriend. They both meet with Mr. Brown, a juvenile probation officer, who is to recommend whether or not they should be detained in a juvenile detention center prior to the disposition of their cases.
When Mr. Brown asks Mary if she thought twice about stealing the car from the teacher's parking lot, she replied, "when I saw that the gate was open and there was no security officer around, I had no fear of stealing the car."What situational crime prevention tactic could have prevented this crime from occurring

A)Increase the effort needed to commit the crime
B)Increase the risk of committing the crime
C)Reduce the rewards for committing the crime
D)Remove excuses

Question 41

CASE 3.2
Warden Smith supervises 2000 male inmates who are incarcerated for various reasons, including murder, rape, robbery, drugs, theft, and arson. He meets with every inmate who is sentenced to his prison to get an understanding of where each inmate came from and how he can possible help each inmate to not return to his institution once released.
Warden Smith also reviews the background and criminal history of all offenders who enter his prison.He notices a common theme-many of his inmates began offending at a very early age and they continued to offend well into adulthood.These inmates are considered to be:

A)Adolescent-limited offenders.
B)Active persisters.
C)Passive persisters.
D)Life-course persisters.

Question 42

Alexithymia is a disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, loss of appetite, and hopelessness.

Question 43

According to situational crime prevention, if punishment is severe enough, known criminals will never be tempted to repeat their offenses.

Question 44

The death penalty has been shown to be a deterrent to violent crime.

Question 45

ADHD has been linked to antisocial behavior.

Question 46

In recent years there has been increased interest in the biology of crime, including biochemical, neurological, evolutionary, and genetic concerns.

Question 47

According to social control theorists, society produces criminals by stigmatizing certain individuals as deviant.

Question 48

The lack of capable guardians is a cornerstone of routine activities theory.

Question 49

Social process theories suggest that criminal behavior is learned.

Question 50

Under critical criminal justice, the criminal justice system is viewed as a means of controlling the poor.

Question 51

Cesare Lombroso's views on crime causation were discredited.

Question 52

Punishments such as arrest and formal sanctions have been shown to deter sociopaths.

Question 53

The focus of neurological views of crime causation is twin and sibling behavior.

Question 54

The field of criminology is not concerned with the control of criminal behavior, only its causes.

Question 55

People suffering from conduct disorder have difficulty following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way.

Question 56

Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the way people perceive and mentally representthe world in which they live.

Question 57

Studies show that high serotonin levels are linked with poor impulse control andhyperactivity.

Question 58

Under critical criminal justice, white collar crimes would likely be prosecuted with much less vigor.

Question 59

Target hardening techniques are one element of situational crime prevention.

Question 60

Disinhibition is when adults are viewed as being rewarded for violence and when violence is seen as socially acceptable.

Question 61

________ is the beginning of antisocial behavior during early adolescence, after which criminal behavior is more likely to persist throughout the life span.

Question 62

________________ suggests that as people age and mature they traverse a series of stages in which their view of what is morally right or wrong changes and develops.

Question 63

The concept of ____________________ refers to the absence or weakness of rules and social norms (normlessness) in any person or group.

Question 64

The concept of ____________________ refers to the frustration and inner conflict experienced by people who believe that they cannot achieve their desires and goals through legitimate means.

Question 65

According to labeling theorists, the use of social or physical restraints such as handcuffs, incarceration, or a criminal record are examples of ____________________ ceremonies, believed to leave a lasting impression on the accused.

Question 66

According to Laub and Samson, "turning points" allow people to build ____________________-the positive relations with individuals and institutions that contribute to success.

Question 67

___________________ may be considered typical teenagers who get into minor scrapes and engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with their friends.

Question 68

_______________are chemical compounds that influence or activate brain functions.

Question 69

The major premise of ___________________ theory is that crime is a function of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance, or food allergies.

Question 70

According to Merton's strain theory, youths who reject conventional goals and choose to live as drug users or alcoholics are called _______________.

Question 71

Under the general theory of crime, criminal acts are attractive because they provide instant gratification for the offender.

Question 72

Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend into adulthood are known as ______________________.

Question 73

Developmental theories are concerned with trying to understand why people commit crime.

Question 74

________ consists of the stratifications, classes, institutions, and groups that characterize a society.

Question 75

_______________ is a condition characterized bya decrease in blood sugar levels that is thought to impair brain function

Question 76

The role of the victim in provoking or encouraging criminal behavior is known as _______________.

Question 77

The terms "psychopath" and "sociopath" are commonly used to describe people who have a (n) ___________.

Question 78

Johnny's friend Maria hears that Johnny has been arrested and served some jail time for a DUI. Maria is fearful of being arrested and punished herself, and decides that she will abstain from drinking and driving. This is an example of ____________________ deterrence.

Question 79

In cohesive communities, _________ may develop.This is characterized by mutual trust, a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children, and the maintenance of public order.

Question 80

_________________ is a crime control approach that seeks to instill fear of criminal penalties in the public.