Deck 9: Raising Children

Question 1

Tyree is thinking about what it would be like to be a father. Considering what you have learned from the text, which of the following would you tell him?

A)The only role that fathers have played through most of history was breadwinner.
B)The industrial revolution in the 19ᵗʰ century transformed men's roles into that of the "good provider," which emphasized breadwinning and deemphasized the nurturing and caregiving tasks.
C)The good provider role continued until the 1930s, but was changed significantly by the Great Depression.
D)The amount of time that fathers spend with children tends to increase as the child ages.
E)Divorced noncustodial fathers tend to spend more time with their daughters than with their sons.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which agent of socialization listed below has the greatest impact on socializing children?

A)parents and family members
B)books and toys
C)the media
D)teachers
E)peer groups

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following trends is found in parenting around the world today?

A)Although parents are central to childrearing, other people and social institutions are becoming increasingly involved in raising children.
B)Around the world, parents increasingly discourage permissiveness and are becoming more adult-oriented because of the aging population.
C)Increasingly, a higher value is placed on girls than on boys in many societies.
D)Formal operational thought is becoming increasingly important.
E)Cognitive parenting is increasingly recognized as the best form of parenting.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Economic conditions, region of the country, whether it is urban or rural, cultural and religious traditions, gendered norms, job opportunities, and level of technology are just a few of the __________ that shape parenting.

A)micro-level factors
B)role-taking factors
C)super-ego factors
D)macro-level factors
E)concrete operational factors

Question 5

We come to see ourselves as others perceive and respond to us, a process described as __________.

A)the id
B)the open door
C)the looking-glass self
D)formal operational thought
E)sensorimotor intelligence

Question 6

Mario, a university researcher, studies children. He is particularly interested in the period that begins in adolescence. During this stage, children develop capacities for abstract thought, and can conceptualize more complex issues or rules that can be used for problem solving. Using Piaget's model, which stage is this?

A)concrete operational thought
B)formal operational thought
C)preoperational thought
D)motor-coordinated thought
E)sensorimotor intelligence

Question 7

Which of the following was NOT true of parents and children in Colonial America?

A)Parents believed adolescence was a special time of life in which young people transitioned to adulthood.
B)Parents tended to be strict and expected unqualified obedience from their children.
C)Parents were cautious about becoming too close to their children.
D)Children were thought to be born with sin, and therefore needed firm discipline and severe religious training to prevent them from going to hell.
E)Parents were emotionally distant from their children.

Question 8

Who expanded the idea that children learn by reinforcement and believed that children also learn by watching and imitating others, an idea made famous by his research with dolls?

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)Jean Piaget
C)Sigmund Freud
D)George Herbert Mead
E)Alfred Bandura

Question 9

Hien was raised by parents who put few controls or demands on him and rarely held him accountable for his actions when he misbehaved. However, they were also warm and loving. His parents showed what type of parenting style?

A)the looking glass
B)cognitive
C)permissive
D)transitional
E)anticipatory

Question 10

Agents of socialization:

A)are more relevant in developing nations than in developed ones.
B)are first found among the toys and games that young children play with.
C)are more relevant for girls than for boys.
D)teach children about the norms and values of their particular culture.
E)consist of individual persons known to the child, but not social institutions, such as the media.

Question 11

According to Sigmund Freud, the __________ is the rational component of personality that attempts to balance the need for immediate gratification with the demands of society.

A)id
B)looking glass self
C)ego
D)preoperational thought
E)superego

Question 12

In many developed and developing nations families receive a cash benefit from the government to help with the costs of raising children, which is known as:

A)welfare.
B)a family allowance.
C)maternity benefits.
D)a wage enhancer.
E)EITC.

Question 13

Developmental psychologists believe that the __________ parenting style best predicts outcomes in children thought to be most desirable.

A)looking glass
B)cognitive
C)authoritative
D)transitional
E)anticipatory

Question 14

Anna wanted to ride her bike to the store but her mother said no. When Anna asked her why, her mother simply said, "Because I told you so." If this family fits the norms, in which social class do they most likely reside?

A)middle class
B)working class
C)upper class
D)the underclass
E)upper-middle class

Question 15

When parents are asked to choose from a list of childhood traits they consider most desirable for their children, lower-income parents tend to choose traits such as __________.

A)creativity
B)ambition
C)independence
D)curiosity
E)obedience

Question 16

Jean Piaget focused on how people think and understand, and make meaning of their experiences. He identified four stages. Which is NOT one of them?

A)concrete operational thought
B)formal operational thought
C)preoperational thought
D)motor-coordinated thought
E)sensorimotor intelligence

Question 17

Natalie is thinking about what it would be like to be a mother. Considering what you have learned from the text, which of the following would you tell her?

A)Mothers, as compared to fathers, do the majority of socialization, hands-on care, and emotional work, but fathers do the majority of discipline and
Management.
B)Among mothers and fathers who work full-time, mothers are more involved in childcare than are fathers when the children are preschool-age, but this
Difference disappears by the time children are about age 6.
C)Employed mothers spend about 17 hours a week engaged with their children, as compared to about 52 hours a week for mothers who do not work outside
The home.
D)Many employed mothers feel guilty about the time they spend at work, although they are engaged with their children only a few hours less per week
Than are nonemployed mothers.
E)Mothers are more likely than fathers to report that they are well-rested.

Question 18

Urbanization, industrialization, and immigration produced two views of childhood: the "protected child" among __________; and "the useful child" among __________.

A)Whites; Blacks
B)urban; rural
C)wealthy; poor
D)immigrants; Blacks
E)rural; urban

Question 19

Maria, a Mexican-American mother, feels strongly that her children should have a sense of pride about their heritage. She takes time to teach them Mexican cooking, to instill in them the religious traditions of their ancestors, and to ensure that they learn Spanish as well as English. This is an example of:

A)prejudicial socialization.
B)anticipatory socialization.
C)minority response socialization.
D)racial or ethnic socialization.
E)discrimination-avoidance socialization.

Question 20

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC):

A)is found in Canada and most of Western Europe.
B)is designed to partially offset taxes that low-income persons would otherwise pay, thereby serving as an inducement to work.
C)offers a monthly cash grant from the government to help offset the cost of raising children.
D)is available to all families, regardless of income.
E)reaches all targeted families.

Question 21

Samira's parents are strict, punitive, less communicative, and offer less warmth and support than many other parents. Her parents love her, but tend toward being rigid. This is an example of authoritative parenting.

Question 22

About 1 out of __________ lesbian couples and 1 out of __________ gay couples are raising children.

A)5; 20
B)2; 15
C)10; 22
D)3; 5
E)10; 25

Question 23

What can be done to help reduce the number of teen pregnancies? The Annie E. Casey Foundation, in its annual report, Kids Count, makes the following recommendations, EXCEPT:

A)Reinvigorate prevention efforts, intensifying the focus on underlying causes.
B)Remove parents from the role of sex educators.
C)Broaden the scope of pregnancy prevention efforts.
D)Give young people a credible vision of a positive future.
E)Provide accurate, clear, consistent, and ongoing information about how to reduce risk-taking behavior.

Question 24

Research shows that father involvement is important because it can enhance children's social, emotional, and cognitive well-being.

Question 25

Although most aspects of parenting differ little between heterosexual and same-sex families, gays and lesbians do have several unique aspects with respect to raising children. Which is NOT one of these unique aspects?

A)The decision to parent is usually a deliberate choice that reflects a strong commitment to raising children.
B)Same-sex families are more likely to be affected by loss.
C)Same-sex families must cope with homophobia and discrimination.
D)Lesbians are less committed to sons than to daughters, and gays are less committed to daughters than to sons.
E)Same-sex families often have a close network of fictive kin who provide emotional and social support.

Question 26

Most lesbian and gay families are formed from:

A)artificial insemination.
B)stepfamilies.
C)domestic adoption.
D)international adoption.
E)birth.

Question 27

Parents raise children in relative isolation in Western societies.

Question 28

A family allowance was implemented in the U.S. after the Great Depression in the 1930s.

Question 29

Comments such as "Big boys don't cry," "You throw like a girl," "Let's play dress-up," "You're my little tomboy," "Help your mother with the dishes," and "Help your dad take the trash out," are examples of gender socialization.

Question 30

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to grandparents taking care of their grandchildren?

A)Most arrangements are done privately rather than through social welfare agencies.
B)The majority of grandparents are age 65 or older.
C)Parents are absent for many reasons; the most common is jail.
D)Most grandparents are middle-class, but about 20 percent are lower-income.
E)About 10 million live with their grandparents with their own parents absent.

Question 31

A higher value is placed on boys than on girls in most societies around the world.

Question 32

When parents are asked to choose from a list of childhood traits that they consider most desirable for their children, lower-income parents tend to choose traits such as obedience, conformity, staying out of trouble, and keeping neat and clean.

Question 33

The term "broken home" is sometimes used to refer to:

A)same-sex couples and their children.
B)fathers who fail to pay child support.
C)teenagers who have children outside of marriage.
D)single-parent households.
E)grandparents raising children.

Question 34

About _________ million children live with their grandparents, in their grandparents' own home, without a parent present.

A)1
B)3
C)10
D)17
E)23

Question 35

In the boxed feature "Diversity in Families: Sara and Jake," how does Jake influence the socialization he experiences?

A)He has come out to his mother as gay.
B)He is a biracial child.
C)He has a serious disability.
D)His IQ is near genius.
E)He is an "easy" child.

Question 36

Which group is most likely to live with a single parent?

A)Hispanic children age 0-2
B)Black children age 0-2
C)White children age 12-17
D)Hispanic children age 3-5
E)Black children age 6-11

Question 37

An authoritative parenting style is one in which parents are demanding and maintain high levels of control over their children, but they are also warm and receptive. These parents try to guide their children compassionately, while also setting limits on their behavior.

Question 38

Parents do not simply socialize children; their children also influence this socialization through several mechanisms. Which is NOT one of these?

A)the child's culture
B)the child's temperament
C)the child's cognitive abilities
D)the child's health and well-being
E)the child's sex.

Question 39

Parents and family are the primary agents of socialization.

Question 40

During Colonial America, children were treated like adults in many ways.

Question 41

How do authoritarian and authoritative parents differ in their approaches to obedience?

Question 42

Why is it considered important for parents of minorities to engage their children in racial/ethnic socialization?

Question 43

Briefly, why do lower-income parents tend to emphasize conformity and related traits in their children?

Question 44

List five primary agents of socialization.

Question 45

Hispanics have shown the greatest recent decline in teen pregnancy, whereas Whites have shown the least decline.

Question 46

Single-parent families have been maligned for causing juvenile delinquency, poverty, and a host of other social problems. List at least three difficulties with such a sweeping generalization.

Question 47

___________ refers to the lifelong process by which we acquire the knowledge, cultural values, and skills needed to function as human beings and participate in society.

Question 48

List three ways that a child's sex influences parental socialization.

Question 49

The rise in single-parent families is largely due to the rise in teenage unmarried women who are having babies.

Question 50

Parents do not simply socialize children. Children also influence this socialization through their own temperament, cognitive abilities, health and well-being, and their sex.

Question 51

As compared to children growing up in heterosexual households, children in same-sex households show no significant differences in psychological well-being, performance in school, substance abuse, delinquency, or early sexual experiences, although they are more likely to have a homosexual experience or to envision that they could have one in the future.

Question 52

Nils and his wife live in Sweden, and their family receives a "family allowance" from the government. What is this?

Question 53

Mead elaborated on Cooley's concept of the "looking-glass self' by describing "role taking," which is __________.

Question 54

The parenting style that places the fewest demands or controls on a child is called:

Question 55

According to Sigmund Freud, the id is the part of the personality that __________.

Question 56

The most commonly reported reason for grandparents' being primary caregivers is parents' _________.

Question 57

About 1 in __________ lesbian couples and 1 in __________ gay couples are raising children.

Question 58

In looking at the evolution of childrearing, family scholars note at least three trends that exist to varying degrees in both industrial and non-industrial societies today. These trends are:

Question 59

Children separated from their parents and living with their grandparents usually experience trauma, but living with a grandparent, rather than a nonrelative or living in an institution, can minimize that trauma by providing a sense of continuity and family support.

Question 60

List at least three suggestions made by the Casey Foundation to reduce teenage pregnancy.

Question 61

How does socialization differ by social class and race?

Question 62

Compare and contrast the parenting issues of same-sex families with those of heterosexual families.

Question 63

Compare and contrast "mothering" and "fathering" both as an identity and an activity.

Question 64

Describe the different types of single-parent families. Explain why it is a mistake to overgeneralize about the effects of single parenting.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the three parenting styles, and provide an explicit example of each.