Deck 6: Object Recognition

Question 1

Anatomical outputs from the occipital lobe follow two major axon bundles that terminate in the ________ and ________.

A)anterior parietal lobe; posterior frontal lobe
B)posterior frontal lobe; inferior temporal lobe
C)inferior temporal lobe; posterior parietal lobe
D)posterior parietal lobe; anterior parietal lobe

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A patient's ability to represent the spatial layout of their environment has become disturbed. The patient most likely has damage in the _____ lobe.

A)temporal
B)parietal
C)frontal
D)occipital

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The patient D.F., studied by Goodale and Milner (1982), had severe problems with object recognition. When presented with a circular block into which a slot had been cut,

A)D.F. was able to insert a card into the slot when asked to do so, even though she was unable to follow the instruction to orient the card so that it would fit.
B)D.F. was able to orient the card so that it would fit into the slot but was not able to insert the card into the slot when asked to do so.
C)D.F. was unable to deduce that this object could be used to contain slips of paper upon touching it.
D)D.F. was able to deduce that this object could be used to contain slips of paper but was unable to provide a name for the object upon touching it.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An undercover agent notices a green car parked outside her apartment building when she leaves for work at 8:00
A)viewer-centered object recognition.

A)m. Later she notices the same car in a store parking lot and becomes suspicious that she is being followed. The agent's ability to recognize the car under these two different circumstances is an example of
B)object constancy.
C)perceptual categorization.
D) property-based organization.

Question 5

The "what" versus "where" distinction is supported by single-cell recording studies showing that neurons in the ________ lobes have receptive fields that are almost always located in the fovea, where high-acuity vision takes place.

A)anterior occipital
B)inferior temporal
C)posterior parietal
D)superior temporal

Question 6

In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be ________ for the second presentation compared to the first. This is known as the ________________.

A)lower; repetition enhancement effect
B)lower; repetition suppression effect
C)higher; repetition enhancement effect
D)higher; repetition suppression effect

Question 7

To create an effective encoding model of the brain's visual activity, what properties should be used to model V1 voxel activity?

A)semantic properties
B)receptive field properties
C)face properties
D)place properties

Question 8

There are various issues with the idea that single neurons encode the mental representations for all possible complex visual stimuli. Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?

A)Loss of any single visual recognition neuron would have too great an impact on perception.
B)These single neurons would have to adapt as the objects they respond to change over time.
C)Neurophysiological evidence that visual cells respond to specific types of stimuli is lacking.
D)This approach cannot explain how we recognize novel objects.

Question 9

With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, ________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral.

A)"where"; "what"
B)"what"; "where"
C)"who"; "what"
D)"what"; "who"

Question 10

A role of the dorsal visual system in computing the way in which a movement should be produced argues for a dichotomy between

A)"why" and "where".
B)"where" and "what".
C)"what" and "how".
D)"how" and "why".

Question 11

Eliminating a gnostic unit would

A)slightly disrupt recognition of a region of space.
B)slightly disrupt recognition of a complex object.
C)completely disrupt recognition of a region of space.
D)completely disrupt recognition of a complex object.

Question 12

Lomber and Malhorta (2008) conducted a study asking cats to identify the where and what of an auditory stimulus. Using thin tubes of cold liquid, the researchers induced transient lesions. Lesions to the anterior auditory region disrupted the __________ task but not the __________ task. When lesions were induced to the posterior auditory region, the cats showed the _______ pattern of performance.

A)localization; pattern discrimination; same
B)pattern discrimination; localization; same
C)localization; pattern discrimination; opposite
D)pattern discrimination; localization; opposite

Question 13

Optic ataxia is an inability to

A)name familiar objects.
B)read, acquired as an adult.
C)recognize familiar visual objects.
D)use visual information to guide movements.

Question 14

________ is the ability to recognize an object under many different viewing conditions and in many different contexts.

A)Ensemble coding
B)Object constancy
C)Apperceptive agnosia
D)Repetition suppression

Question 15

Each of the following are factors that currently restrict our ability to decode information from the brain, EXCEPT

A)the spatial resolution of our equipment.
B)the availability of necessary data for building decoding models.
C)the accuracy of the model for how the brain encodes information.
D)the temporal resolution of our equipment.

Question 16

Pohl (1973) conducted a study of the "what" and "where" pathways in brain-lesioned monkeys using two different tasks: a landmark discrimination task, which required a visuospatial judgment, and an object discrimination task, which required object recognition. He found that monkeys with temporal lobe lesions became severely impaired in learning the ________ task but not the ________ task. Monkeys with posterior parietal lesions showed the ________ pattern of performance.

A)object discrimination; landmark discrimination; same
B)landmark discrimination; object discrimination; same
C)object discrimination; landmark discrimination; opposite
D)landmark discrimination; object discrimination; opposite

Question 17

With regard to perception, the term feature refers to

A)the most important aspect of a figure, such as its identity or name.
B)a complex pattern of sensory stimulation, such as a face or word.
C)any combination of elements that requires attention for processing, such as the conjunction of color and shape.
D)a fundamental component of a visual pattern, such as edge orientation or color.

Question 18

Optic ataxia is to associative visual agnosia as ________ lesions are to ________ lesions.

A)posterior parietal; superior temporal
B)inferior parietal; posterior temporal
C)dorsal pathway; ventral pathway
D)ventral pathway; dorsal pathway

Question 19

During a single-cell recording study, you locate a neuron in one of the two main output pathways from the occipital cortex that has a large receptive field in the central part of the visual field. The cell probably lies inside the ________ pathway and is specialized for ________.

A)dorsal; object recognition
B)ventral; spatial layout
C)parietal; spatial layout
D)temporal; object recognition

Question 20

According to ensemble theories of object recognition, it is possible to confuse similar-looking objects because

A)objects that appear similar activate overlapping networks of cells.
B)similar-looking objects activate the same grandmother cell.
C)cells in the extrastriate cortex have large receptive fields and therefore low spatial resolution.
D)object constancy prevents the visual system from encoding fine details about objects.

Question 21

When a picture of a hammer is placed in front of Patient H, she is unable to identify it. How can you determine if her difficulty is in recognizing the object or in simply remembering its name?

A)Ask her to demonstrate its use rather than identifying it.
B)Ask her to close her eyes before attempting to name it.
C)Ask her to copy the picture of the object instead of naming it.
D)Ask her to trace the outline of the object instead of naming it.

Question 22

Generally, brain lesions in individuals with associative agnosia are

A)in the left hemisphere.
B)not highly localized.
C)in the right hemisphere.
D)more severe than most lesions.

Question 23

When her telephone rings, a patient who has been diagnosed with visual object agnosia immediately picks up the receiver and answers it correctly. Why doesn't this person show any signs of an object recognition deficit in this scenario?

A)The patient can still recognize extremely familiar objects, such as her own belongings.
B)The patient is impaired only in the recognition of faces, not other classes of objects.
C)The patient can use the sound of the ringing telephone to cue its recognition.
D)The patient can recognize objects as long as they remain stationary.

Question 24

While conducting an fMRI study, you ask participants to view photographs of scenes and to make distinctions about those scenes. For example, you instruct participants to respond when trees are near a lake or when a house is near a garden. In which area of the brain do you most likely to see a pronounced BOLD signal?

A)the fusiform place area (FPA)
B)the parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C)the intraparietal place area (IPA)
D)the supratemporal place area (PFA)

Question 25

A major source of evidence against the idea that faces are processed in a special neural region in humans is that the candidate region

A)is used to process a variety of perceptual stimuli in nonhuman primates.
B)is also involved in processing highly familiar places.
C)is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli.
D)varies significantly in location from person to person.

Question 26

A person with a visual agnosia has difficulty in recognizing drawings of familiar objects, such as an apple. If she were asked to imagine an apple rather than to inspect a picture of an apple, you would expect to find that

A)she can generate visual images normally because agnosia does not affect internally generated information.
B)she has great difficulty in generating visual images as well as visual perception because the two skills share common brain regions.
C)she can generate visual images correctly and easily, but she cannot recognize them because of a memory deficit.
D)she has great difficulty with generating images of faces but not other kinds of objects.

Question 27

Which of the following statements does NOT explain why some patients are visually agnosic for living (animate) things versus nonliving (inanimate) things?

A)Knowledge about different categories of objects may be represented in different parts of the brain.
B)Inanimate objects may activate kinesthetic representations that animate objects do not.
C)Animate objects may share more visual features than inanimate objects.
D)There are more familiar animate objects in the environment than inanimate objects.

Question 28

A patient like G.S. who had visual object agnosia would have difficulty in identifying an object unless

A)the object had been familiar to him prior to his brain injury.
B)he was asked to describe the object's use rather than its specific name.
C)he was permitted to touch the object before making a response.
D)the object was presented in the contralesional side of the visual field.

Question 29

Neurons in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex rarely respond to __________. Rather, they respond to __________.

A)lines or spots; human hands
B)human hands; lines or spots
C)animate objects; inanimate objects
D)inanimate objects; animate objects

Question 30

Cells that respond to the human hand are located in the _____________, and their responsive firing rate is high regardless of the hand's __________.

A)inferior temporal cortex; orientation
B)inferior temporal cortex; detail
C)superior temporal sulcus; orientation
D)superior temporal sulcus; detail

Question 31

According to Warrington's model, patients with left posterior lesions should be particularly impaired in

A)recognizing the visually invariant properties of objects.
B)linking functionally associated visual inputs.
C)matching different views of an object as representing the same item.
D)segmenting a complex drawing into its component parts.

Question 32

The term associative visual agnosia is reserved for patients who

A)have perceptual impairments due to problems with the ventral stream.
B)cannot recognize objects despite having normal perceptual representations.
C)have perceptual impairments due to problems with the dorsal stream.
D)cannot recognize objects due to compromised perceptual representations.

Question 33

Decoding is to encoding as ____________ is to ____________.

A)neural activity; mind reading
B)mind reading; neural activity
C)object recognition; object identification
D)object identification; object recognition

Question 34

Regarding facial recognition, the ventral pathway is to the superior temporal sulcus as __________ is to __________.

A)emotion; familiarity
B)direction of gaze; features
C)structure; movement
D)movement; emotion

Question 35

Why might the brain have dedicated regions devoted to recognizing faces or places, but not for making other types of distinctions such as object discrepancies?

A)Faces and places are most prevalent in our environment, rather than objects.
B)Objects require numerous neural regions to sum various object parts.
C)Recognizing faces and remembering places serves a superior evolutionary advantage.
D)There are too many object categories for the brain to dedicate distinct object regions.

Question 36

Which of the following is a brain region that would likely be implicated in processing spatial relations in an outdoor scene?

A)the fusiform place area (FPA)
B)the parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C)the fusiform face area (FFA)
D)the parahippocampal face area (PFA)

Question 37

Which characteristic of brain activity is promising for the potential to decode dreams in the future?

A)Activity patterns during perception resemble those generated when people imagine the same object.
B)Activity levels during perception resemble those generated when people imagine the same object.
C)Activity patterns in V1 resemble patterns in the temporal lobe.
D)Activity levels in V1 resemble levels in the temporal lobe.

Question 38

A researcher wishes to investigate the visual processing of bodies in the human brain using TMS. Where should he or she stimulate?

A)on the border of the occipital and temporal lobes
B)on the border of the occipital and parietal lobes
C)on the border of the temporal and parietal lobes
D)on the border of the parietal and frontal lobes

Question 39

A patient who has difficulty matching pictures of the same object taken from different vantage points may be showing which dysfunction?

A)anomia
B)alexia
C)apperceptive visual agnosia
D)associative visual agnosia

Question 40

Using equipment such as EEG and fMRI, it is possible that in the future, __________ will assist the detection of psychopathy, lies, terrorism, and murder.

A)advanced algorithms
B)facial recognition
C)mind reading
D)machine learning

Question 41

________ is to ________ as face recognition is to object recognition.

A)Agnosia; prosopagnosia
B)Prosopagnosia; agnosia
C)Alexia; agnosia
D)Agnosia; alexia

Question 42

Which of the following disorders may be associated with impaired facial perception?

A)dyslexia
B)autism spectrum disorder
C)social communication disorder
D)intellectual disability

Question 43

The fusiform face area is part of the dorsal stream.

Question 44

The results of most single-cell studies of temporal lobe neurons support the gnostic unit hypothesis.

Question 45

Selective damage to the primary visual cortex typically leads to visual agnosia.

Question 46

Humphreys and Riddoch (1994) described a patient with a syndrome they called integrative visual agnosia, which was characterized by difficulty in

A)linking visual percepts to long-term knowledge about objects.
B)combining parts of objects into coherent whole percepts.
C)drawing and copying pictures of objects.
D)matching different views of an object as representing the same item.

Question 47

A stroke patient is having trouble recognizing objects. For example, sometimes he can't recognize his own cat depending on how the cat is positioned. Where in the brain does this patient most likely have damage?

A)inferior temporal cortex
B)superior temporal sulcus
C)left hemisphere
D)right hemisphere

Question 48

The dorsal visual pathway is associated with the parietal lobe.

Question 49

After suffering from a focal brain injury, a patient has difficulty in recognizing visually presented objects, despite normal acuity and color perception. Notably, she has severe difficulty in judging whether two pictures, each showing a different view, represent the same object. What is the most probable diagnosis?

A)apperceptive visual agnosia
B)associative visual agnosia
C)synesthesia
D)prosopagnosia

Question 50

Category-specific deficits may be an emergent property of the fact that different kinds of information are needed to recognize living and nonliving objects.

Question 51

Why do people fail to notice when the mouth and eyes of an inverted face remain upright?

A)Humans do not perceive eyes or mouths in faces.
B)The overall configuration remains the same.
C)They have apperceptive agnosia.
D)They have prosopagnosia.

Question 52

Three primary localized regions include face, place, and clothes areas.

Question 53

An encoding model of brain activity predicts brain activity from a given stimulus.

Question 54

As a neurologist, you have a patient with prosopagnosia, and the patient has also lost the ability to read. Which of the following are you LEAST likely to report after examining this patient?

A)Patient shows signs of a lesion in the inferior parietal lobe.
B)Patient shows signs of a lesion in the ventral pathway.
C)Patient is able to identify an individual when hearing the individual's voice.
D)Patient demonstrates impaired object perception.

Question 55

Which of the following BEST describes why facial perception is unique compared to object or word recognition?

A)Our ability to recognize faces is superior.
B)Facial recognition is localized to a special neural region.
C)Facial recognition requires a sum of parts.
D)Facial recognition does not require a sum of parts.

Question 56

Warrington (1985) proposed an anatomical model of the cognitive operations necessary to explain object recognition. The first stage in this model involves the detection and categorization of visually invariant information, which occurs in the ________ hemisphere; the second stage involves the semantic categorization of visual input, which occurs in ________ hemisphere(s).

A)left; the right
B)left; both the left and right
C)right; the left
D)right; both the left and right

Question 57

Prosopagnosia is to alexia as ________ is to ________.

A)face recognition; reading
B)reading; face recognition
C)writing; reading
D)reading; writing

Question 58

Patients with prosopagnosia typically have difficulty recognizing

A)the faces of famous people but not those of their family.
B)the faces of their family but not those of their friends.
C)the faces of their friends but not those of famous people.
D)the faces of both their friends and famous people.

Question 59

When a person who has learned to read proficiently subsequently develops reading problems as a result of brain injury, this deficit is called

A)acquired agraphia.
B)apperceptive visual agnosia.
C)acquired alexia.
D)apperceptive ataxia.

Question 60

Tanaka and Farah (1993) used line drawings of faces and houses in a recognition task. Participants were instructed to associate houses with names of those who lived there, and to associate faces with names. During the recall portion of the task, items were presented either in isolation or in context. Which of the following best describes the findings of this study?

A)Participants were better at identifying the house when presented as a whole object.
B)Participants were better at identifying a face when presented in conjunction with other parts of the person's face.
C)Participants' perception of the house did not depend on whether the test items were presented in isolation or as an entire object.
D)Participants performed the same for house perception regardless of whether presentation was in isolation or in context; however, face perception was better when features were presented in context.

Question 61

It has been suggested that the fusiform gyrus is specialized for processing faces. What are the sources of evidence for and against this position?

Question 62

What categories of visual stimuli have regions of cortex that are activated when a person views examples from each category? Describe one approach that can establish a causal role of each region for perceiving these categories. Why is this evidence that these regions are involved in processing these categories?

Question 63

What are some of the ethical issues that come up regarding mind reading? Describe the potential pros and cons of "mind-reading" technologies.

Question 64

Explain a category-based and property-based organization of semantic knowledge. Discuss evidence in favor of each account.

Question 65

Describe the visual system's dorsal and ventral pathways. In your answer, describe the kinds of information that are processed in each pathway and the lobes of the brain that are involved. Give an example of an experiment discussed in class or your text that supports this distinction in the visual system.

Question 66

Synesthesia is a deficit in the ability to recognize faces that cannot be directly attributed to deterioration in intellectual function.

Question 67

Why is object constancy a difficult computational problem for the visual system? Describe some potential changes that can occur when we view the same object under different circumstances.

Question 68

How do receptive fields of cells in the ventral and dorsal streams differ? How do these characteristics support the functions of the ventral and dorsal streams?

Question 69

A major distinction in the study of visual agnosia is that between apperceptive visual agnosia and associative visual agnosia.

Question 70

How can researchers use our knowledge of the visual system to maximize the decoding of brain activity? What factors currently limit decoding performance?

Question 71

Patients with associative visual agnosia can typically describe the functions of objects if they are given the names of the objects verbally.

Question 72

You, a neurologist, have just met a patient who suffered a stroke last year and is having trouble identifying objects. Could this person be experiencing visual agnosia? What tasks could you ask the patient to perform to help you determine the source of the problem?

Question 73

There is some evidence for a double dissociation between agnosia for animate (living) things compared to inanimate (nonliving) things. Does this mean that there are distinct brain systems for representing these two categories? Why or why not?