Deck 14: Understanding and Predicting the Future of Criminal Justice

Question 1

Your textbook names three general cost-reduction strategies for American corrections in the future.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) The privatization of corrections
B) Having inmates guard each other
C) The use of new technology
D) Various alternatives to incarceration

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Today,more jurisdictions are ____ and using ____.

A) permitting broader judicial discretion; mandatory sentencing statutes
B) enacting mandatory sentencing statutes; sentencing guidelines
C) dissolving mandatory sentencing statutes; broader judicial discretion
D) ignoring sentencing guidelines; broader judicial discretion

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Juvenile courts are currently:

A) increasingly replacing paternalistic, treatment-oriented correctional strategies with more punitive ones.
B) adopting more adversarial procedures.
C) providing juvenile offenders with a greater number of procedural rights.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

If the crime control model dominates the future of the administration of justice,it is likely that ____-following the few trials that occur-will be strongly discouraged and limited.

A) grand juries
B) plea bargains
C) appeals
D) preventive detention

Question 5

In what year did Congress pass the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act,making identity theft a federal crime?

A) 1969
B) 1986
C) 1998
D) 2003

Question 6

Due process model advocates believe that the ____ is a critical stage in the administration of justice.

A) preliminary hearing
B) plea-bargaining process
C) investigation
D) finding of guilt

Question 7

Which of the following types of identity theft is considered the most serious?

A) the misuse of personal information
B) the misuse of existing accounts other than credit cards
C) the misuse of one or more existing credit cards or credit card account numbers
D) all three types are equally serious

Question 8

Advocates of the crime control model consider ____ at any stage,other than perhaps at trial,a luxury and an unnecessary impediment to the efficient operation of the process.

A) DNA technology
B) victims' rights
C) legal representation
D) the adversarial system

Question 9

In the future,there may be no practical need for a separate juvenile justice process because:

A) juvenile offenders are being treated exactly the same as adult offenders in many situations.
B) juvenile offenses are decreasing sharply and are ceasing to be a problem to American society.
C) community-based juvenile corrections and diversion programs seem to be replacing the more formal juvenile court system.
D) a return to the more hands-on, paternalistic system of juvenile justice calls for a less formal system than is currently in place.

Question 10

According to your textbook,which of the following crimes is likely to pose a special problem for law enforcement agencies and criminal justice at the dawn of the twenty-first century?

A) drug crime
B) cybercrime
C) terrorism
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 11

Recent history demonstrates that increases in the use of alternatives to incarceration ____ the use of incarceration.

A) do not necessarily decrease
B) generally increase
C) usually decrease
D) do not affect

Question 12

If the future of law enforcement increasingly reflects the principles and policies of the crime control model,then you might expect:

A) a greater emphasis on probable cause in detaining suspects.
B) broader police discretion.
C) efficient decreases in the length of time a suspect may be detained before being charged.
D) all of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following supporters maintain that a crafty lawyer may be able to win the freedom of a factually guilty client by means of a legal technicality?

A) Due-process model
B) Assembly-line justice
C) Liberal political
D) Crime control model

Question 14

Perhaps the thorniest issue with DNA technology is:

A) why DNA is used when fingerprints seem adequate.
B) how to ensure accuracy and certainty with DNA samples.
C) how the DNA database will be collected and used.
D) how to take DNA samples from state and federal inmates.

Question 15

If the due process model dominates the administration of justice in the future,there will probably be no limitations on:

A) grand juries.
B) preventive detention.
C) plea bargaining.
D) the right to appeal.

Question 16

The investigative abilities of the police should be improved and made easier by the expansion of:

A) arbitration.
B) cryonics.
C) the due-process model.
D) community policing.

Question 17

Which of the following is a strategy in which disappointment is expressed for the offender's actions,the offender is shamed and punished,and there is a concerted effort on the part of the community to forgive the offender and bring him or her back into society?

A) Mediation
B) Reintegrative shaming
C) Arbitration
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 18

In practice,the ____ is a sham because it has become nothing more than a rubber stamp for the prosecutor.

A) arraignment
B) grand jury
C) bench trial
D) preliminary hearing

Question 19

Perhaps the most divisive issue that will confront correctional policy makers in the future is whether increasingly scarce resources should be devoted more to ____ or to ____.

A) deterrence; punishment
B) incapacitation; deterrence
C) crime control; punishment
D) punishment; rehabilitation

Question 20

Participatory justice is a form of:

A) punitive justice.
B) incapacitation.
C) restorative justice.
D) deterrence.

Question 21

Why has transnational organized crime been so difficult for law enforcement agencies to address in Russia as late as the 1990s?

A) no laws against organized crime existed
B) there were no criminal penalties for phony businesses or fictitious bankruptcies
C) there was little financial or social support for law enforcement itself
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transnational organized crime groups,according to a recent survey by the United Nation's Centre for International Crime Prevention?

A) a majority of the groups have a classical hierarchical type of structure with a single leader
B) the largest number of groups engaged in many different criminal activities
C) in the majority of cases, groups engaged in criminal activities in multiple countries
D) all of the choices are characteristics

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transnational organized crime groups,according to a recent survey by the United Nation's Centre for International Crime Prevention?

A) the majority of groups have a strong social or ethnic identity
B) for the majority of groups, violence is essential to the undertaking of their activities
C) the majority of groups are of moderate size (between 20 and 50 participants)
D) all of the choices are characteristics

Question 24

What do identity-theft victims advise people to do to avoid identity-theft victimization?

A) use greater security precautions when handling personal information
B) do not place personal information on the Internet
C) secure personal information in homes and at work
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 25

What to identity-theft victims want the police to do about the problem?

A) make a greater commitment to catch the thief or thieves
B) follow up and communicate better with the victim
C) increase the assistance they provide victims
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 26

With which of the following has transnational organized crime groups financed all or part of their activities?

A) illegal drugs
B) diamonds
C) oil
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 27

How do some identity-theft victims want financial institutions to do a better job of preventing and detecting identity theft?

A) improve authentication measures (for example, photos on credit cards)
B) more thorough identification procedures by employees during credit transactions
C) better monitoring of account activity and notification of irregularities
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the offenses criminalized by the protocols of the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime?

A) trafficking in human beings
B) the manufacturing and distribution of illicit drugs
C) the smuggling of migrants
D) all of the choices are offenses criminalized

Question 29

Which of the following is the largest international police organization in the world?

A) Spectre
B) Policio Internationale
C) Interpol
D) Scotland Yard

Question 30

With which of the following has transnational organized crime groups NOT been involved?

A) hijackings
B) terrorism
C) civil wars
D) transnational organized crime groups have been involved in all of the choices

Question 31

Which of the following amendments to the U.S.Constitution will have to be respected and will no doubt set the outer limits of what corrections in the future might be?

A) 4^th
B) 6^th
C) 8^th
D) 14^th

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT provided by the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime?

A) it requires member countries to criminalize some of the major offenses committed by transnational organized crime groups
B) it encourages cooperation among member countries in the investigation, apprehension, and prosecution of transnational organized crime members involved in serious crimes
C) it allows member countries to relinquish their sovereignty or jurisdictional integrity to another country to foster the apprehension of transnational organized crime members
D) all of the choices are provisions

Question 33

Which of the following was NOT an important factor in the origins of transnational organized crime?

A) the expansion of multinational corporations
B) the opening of national borders to trade
C) growing economic independence
D) all of the choices were factors

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a special problem that transnational organized crime poses for law enforcement?

A) many groups use legitimate businesses as fronts for their illegal activities
B) many groups employ experts in the use of global technology and conduct market research to determine where to operate
C) groups can hide behind national borders and take advantage of jurisdictional limitations or confusion of law enforcement
D) all of the choices are special problems

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a way that high-level bilateral and multilateral assistance treaties have fostered increased cooperation among law enforcement agencies around the world?

A) they allow the law enforcement officers of one country to pursue fugitives in another country, to arrest them, and to return them to the country with original jurisdiction
B) they provide rules for intelligence and evidence sharing and for determining jurisdiction in individual cases
C) they set standards for investigation techniques, the extradition of offenders, and the imposition of sanctions
D) all of the choices are ways that the treaties foster cooperation

Question 36

Approximately what percent of the identity-theft losses are borne by individuals (as opposed to businesses and financial institutions)?

A) 0
B) 10
C) 25
D) 50

Question 37

Which of the following does NOT describe the emotions or experience of a typical identity-theft victim?

A) embarrassment
B) frustration
C) empowerment
D) all of the choices describe the emotions or experience

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT smuggled by some transnational organized groups?

A) commodities such as weapons or human beings
B) illegal drugs
C) protected species
D) all of the choices are smuggled

Question 39

_____ is a dispute resolution process that brings disputants together with a third party who is trained in the art of helping people resolve disputes.The agreed-upon resolution is formalized into a binding consent agreement.

A) Mediation
B) Restitution
C) Arbitration
D) Litigation

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a common technique used in identity theft?

A) dumpster diving
B) shoulder surfing
C) sneaky peaky
D) spamming

Question 41

There is no universally agreed-upon definition of "transnational organized crime."

Question 42

If the crime control model dominates the future,criminal courts will probably have to handle an increasing number of juvenile offenders.

Question 43

In the future,the types of cases routinely heard in criminal courts are likely to change somewhat,to reflect more strongly the problems confronted by the elderly.

Question 44

It is conceivable that sometime in the future the entire juvenile justice system could be eliminated entirely.

Question 45

Your text names three possible ways in which future American criminal courts may be forced to adapt their routines and personnel to those changing demographics.Name these.

Question 46

The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime,which was signed by the United States and 123 other countries in 2000,was the first international instrument against this type of crime.

Question 47

Why is it unlikely that plea bargaining will ever be completely eliminated from the American court system?

Question 48

Greater intrusions into people's lives will be facilitated by future advances in electronic surveillance.

Question 49

Today,the preliminary hearing is used mostly for testing evidence against the defendant.

Question 50

Your textbook names several types of criminal justice technology that are currently on the drawing board.Name five of them.

Question 51

Most identity-theft victims report the crime to the police.

Question 52

Identity theft is a much larger problem than even the experts suspected.

Question 53

Due process model advocates generally agree that prosecutors and judges can predict accurately which defendants actually pose a significant threat and which do not.

Question 54

According to the FBI's counterterrorism policy,terrorism and crime are separate phenomena.

Question 55

Currently,transnational organized crime is mainly addressed at the international level,when it is dealt with at all.