Deck 10: Language and Education

Question 1

When using syntactic bootstrapping,a child

A)uses a word's placement in a sentence to help determine its meaning.
B)generates a one-word utterance that has the meaning of a full sentence.
C)uses a grammar rule in an inappropriate manner.
D)is able to immediately connect a word in one language to its counterpart in a second language.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which is the typical order of linguistic attainment (from earliest to latest)?

A)Coo,then babble,then holophrase,then telegraphic speech
B)Babble,then coo,then holophrase,then telegraphic speech
C)Coo,then babble,then telegraphic speech,then holophrase
D)Babble,then coo,then telegraphic speech,then holophrase

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which statement is true?

A)At five months of age,deaf and hearing children from all cultures make similar sounds.
B)At five months of age,deaf and hearing children produce very different sounds.
C)At five months of age,children from different cultures produce very different sounds.
D)At five months of age,deaf children produce no sounds while hearing children?produce many sounds.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Though 18-month-old Yolanda knows the word "car," she only uses it when referring to her mother's sedan,not any other vehicle.Yolanda's linguistic limitation is best described as involving

A)underextension.
B)overregularization.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)overextension.

Question 5

One-year-old Daniel's ability to learn the meaning of words has been greatly enhanced by the fact that his dad,Leo,often points and repeatedly names objects that are around him.Leo's teaching style best reflects the process of

A)intonation.
B)vocabulary spurt.
C)joint attention.
D)decontextualized language.

Question 6

Nadine's father says,"Look at that ferret with that man." She has never before heard the term "ferret," but based on its placement in her dad's statement,she is sure that it refers to the animal the man has on a leash.Nadine's ability to ascertain the meaning of the word "ferret" was accomplished using

A)overextension.
B)syntactic bootstrapping.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)emergent literacy.

Question 7

The semantic rules for forming sentences are referred to as

A)phonology.
B)prosody.
C)syntax.
D)pragmatics.

Question 8

Joel reaches up to Daddy with waving outstretched arms and says "Up!" meaning "Daddy,pick me up!" This is an example of

A)underextension.
B)echolalia.
C)a holophrase.
D)babbling.

Question 9

Six-week-old Beck is lying in his crib and making a melodic sound that might be described as an "eeeeee." What is Beck doing?

A)babbling.
B)telegraphing.
C)cooing.
D)holophrasing.

Question 10

Which word consists of three morphemes?

A)Cat
B)Volcano
C)Previewing
D)Breakfast

Question 11

Linguistic overextension occurs when a person

A)uses the same word to describe too wide a range of objects.
B)initially learns all the letters of the alphabet.
C)cannot understand the relationship between the sound for a word and the object it represents.
D)uses many words to describe a single object.

Question 12

Two-year-old Tracy calls every four-wheeled vehicle she sees "truck." This is an example of

A)overextension.
B)overregularization.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)social speech.

Question 13

Which aspect of speech involves the melody,intonation,or timing of a word production?

A)Semantics
B)Prosody
C)Syntax
D)Morphology

Question 14

_____ are the basic units of meaning in a language.

A)Phonemes
B)Syntax
C)Morphemes
D)Intonation

Question 15

Which linguistic concept is best defined as an understanding of the rules concerning the appropriate use of language in different social context?

A)Prosody
B)Pragmatics
C)Holophrasing
D)Syntax

Question 16

In a holophrase,

A)a single word conveys the meaning of an entire sentence.
B)the same word is used for many objects in an environment.
C)an infant makes vocalizations consisting only of vowel sounds.
D)a vocalization is produced,but it has no meaning.

Question 17

How many of the following ("d," "da," "dada," "daddy")are phonemes?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 18

When Jasmine says,"That song makes me blue." Her friend Rice says,"You don't look like a different color to me." Rice's failure to understand that in certain context the word "blue" in English means depressed illustrates a lack of _____ understanding.

A)morpheme
B)syntactic
C)prosody
D)semantic

Question 19

Six-month-old Emir is sitting in his car seat and repeatedly saying "na-na-na-na." What is Emir doing?

A)babbling.
B)telegraphing
C)cooing.
D)holophrasing.

Question 20

Over- and underextension are best associated with _____ errors.

A)phonological
B)morphological
C)syntax
D)semantic

Question 21

When describing his ideas on language acquisition,Harlan says,"I believe that humans have a natural biological predisposition toward language and that the environment that the child is raised in also impacts the development of language skills." Given this description,Harlan appears to hold a(n)_____ perspective concerning the acquisition of language.

A)nativist
B)interactionist
C)learning
D)psychodynamic

Question 22

When a person speaks using several critical content words but does not actually use full sentences,he or she is said to be engaging in

A)underextension.
B)telegraphic speech.
C)babbling.
D)joint attention.

Question 23

Rachel stubs her toe and says "Ouch! I hurted myself!" This is an example of

A)animism.
B)metacognition.
C)overregularization.
D)overextension.

Question 24

Carter has been diagnosed with aphasia.What symptom is he most likely exhibiting?

A)Difficulty in maintaining his balance
B)Difficulty in retrieving an autobiographical memory
C)Difficulty in repeating a sentence he just heard
D)Difficulty in scoring above average on an IQ test

Question 25

Logan has just realized that the phrase "daddy run" can mean both "daddy is going for a run" and "can I go for a run with daddy." This realization best illustrates the acquisition of

A)overregulation.
B)functional grammar.
C)metalinguistic awareness.
D)child-directed speech.

Question 26

Tyler argues that language is best explained in terms of a baby imitating the speech of her parents and being reinforced by parents for speaking words properly.These arguments best fit with the _____ perspective on language acquisition.

A)constructivist
B)learning
C)humanist
D)cognitive

Question 27

Researchers have shown that individuals who are better able to learn new words show more connectivity between their left and right

A)supramarginal gyrus.
B)pons.
C)adrenal medulla.
D)reticular formation.

Question 28

Which finding would be most difficult to explain from the nativist perspective of language acquisition?

A)The human brain contains areas that appear to be specifically designed to process language.
B)Children progress through the same sequence in acquiring language skills and at roughly the same ages.
C)Children exhibit remarkable cultural differences in early language learning.
D)Overregularization and other characteristics of early language appear to be universal phenomena.

Question 29

With regard to language learning,nativists believe that

A)language is learned as a result of differential parental reinforcement.
B)children learn language by listening,observing,and imitating.
C)children are biologically programmed for language acquisition.
D)the social environment plays the most critical role in language learning.

Question 30

When Samira is talking to her infant son,Sanjay,she tends to use a more high-pitched voice,slow speech,and short simple sentences.Samira's speech would best be described as

A)telegraphic.
B)holophrastic.
C)child-directed.
D)underextended.

Question 31

Which best reflects the nurture-based research on language acquisition?

A)Children only learn words that are directly spoken to them.
B)Reinforcing a word does not increase the odds that a word will be learned.
C)Frequent caregiver conversation involving questions encourages language development in children.
D)Aphasia may be related to damage of arcuate fasciculus fibers.

Question 32

Functional grammar emphasizes the _____ relations between words.

A)semantic
B)morphological
C)phonological
D)intonation

Question 33

Juan has just developed the ability to convert a declarative sentence (e.g. ,"I like pizza")into both a question (e.g. ,"Do I like eating pizza?")and an imperative (e.g. ,"I must eat pizza!").This would indicate that Juan now is aware of

A)overregulation.
B)functional grammar.
C)overextension.
D)transformational grammar.

Question 34

Which of the following is evidence for a critical period for language acquisition?

A)Children denied access to language often have difficulty mastering language skills in later life.
B)Deaf children who never hear language can learn to speak.
C)Adults are more likely to acquire multiple languages than are children.
D)Children do not acquire large vocabularies until they learn to read.

Question 35

Which statement about the language acquisition device is FALSE?

A)It is activated by exposure to language.
B)It determines the language an infant speaks.
C)It involves specific areas of the brain.
D)It helps a child learn the specific language to which he or she is exposed.

Question 36

Universal grammar is best described as

A)a list of the manner in which all words should be pronounced.
B)the biological factor that limits the specific language a newborn will acquire.
C)the belief that there are an unlimited number of possibilities for forming language.
D)a system of common rules and properties for learning any of the world's languages.

Question 37

Older adults experience all of the following changes in language EXCEPT that

A)they use less complex sentences than younger adults do.
B)they show refinements in the pragmatic use of language.
C)their knowledge of semantics increases.
D)their knowledge of grammar decreases.

Question 38

Concerning language,Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as

A)visual is to auditory.
B)production is to comprehension.
C)syntax is to semantics.
D)left hemisphere is to right hemisphere.

Question 39

What is the best summary of implications of neurobiological research on language?

A)Language acquisition is impacted solely by heredity factors.
B)Language acquisition is impacted by both heredity and environmental factors.
C)Language acquisition is impacted solely by environmental factors.
D)The genetic factors which underlie language acquisition cannot be identified.

Question 40

Sarah is just starting first grade.How many words will she draw on to communicate with friends and teachers?

A)15,000
B)1,000
C)5,000
D)10,000

Question 41

Belmont has a high degree of mastery motivation.On his first psychology test,he scores 52 out of 100 (an "F").What is his most likely reaction?

A)He blames himself for being stupid.
B)He blames himself for not studying.
C)He blames the instructor for writing such a hard test.
D)He doesn't care about his level of performance.

Question 42

Hamid has just acquired the ability to "sound out" a word.This means that when he sees the word "bend" for the first time,he is able to decode it as "b" plus "e" plus "n" plus "d" and say "bend." Hamid's newfound ability indicates that he has acquired _____ awareness.

A)semantic
B)syntactical
C)morphological
D)phonological

Question 43

Which statement would indicate that Justin has adopted mastery goals concerning playing the guitar?

A)"The key is to play better than my friend Danielle."
B)"If I can't learn to play,then I am a loser."
C)"If I practice,I will get better."
D)"Music is an innate talent."

Question 44

Unskilled readers tend to _____ more than skilled readers.

A)rely on phonological cues
B)make sure their eyes "hit" all words
C)use context to help identify words
D)connect letters and sounds

Question 45

Brandy has just begun to learn to read.At this point,she knows that the letter with one line and two bumps is the "B." She also knows that this letter corresponds to the "b" sound,and it is the first letter of her name.While Brandy has this knowledge,she is not yet able to connect all written words with their sounds.Brandy is best classified as being in the _____ phase of reading development.

A)prealphabetic
B)partial alphabetic
C)full alphabetic
D)phonological awareness

Question 46

When attempting to learn to play football,Javier has great difficulty in throwing the odd-shaped ball.After several bad passes,he decides that he has no talent for football and will never be any good at it.Javier's behavior provides an example of _____ goals.

A)performance
B)mastery
C)internal
D)external

Question 47

During the _____ phase of reading,a child is first able to "read" something that he or she memorized during a previous reading session.

A)prealphabetic
B)partial alphabetic
C)full alphabetic
D)full phonological awareness

Question 48

"Low ability" students with a mastery goal

A)persist,but only when they succeed.
B)persist and show major frustration when they fail.
C)persist and show little frustration despite failure.
D)do not persist,regardless of success or failure.

Question 49

The intrinsic drive to be successful in one's environment defines

A)mastery motivation.
B)external motivation.
C)learned helplessness.
D)metalinguistic awareness.

Question 50

Angie doesn't seem to even want to try to do well in her high school math class.If her mom Karen wants to help change her self-defeating pattern of behavior,Karen should

A)provide a cognitively stimulating home environment.
B)tell Angie her failures have just been due to bad luck.
C)offer her a monetary reward if her grades improve.
D)continually pressure her about her poor grades.

Question 51

Research has shown that children in preschools with very strong academic orientations tend to be less _____ by the end of their kindergarten year.

A)anxious
B)creative
C)negative toward schooling
D)intelligent

Question 52

When her toddler holds her cup up and says,"Milk," her mother says,"You're ready for more milk." The mother's response is best described as an example of

A)expansion.
B)holophrastic speech.
C)child-directed speech.
D)babbling.

Question 53

The key motivation for someone with a strong sense of performance goals is to

A)significantly improve his or her performance.
B)process information as deeply as possible.
C)feel value from the learning process.
D)be seen as smart and not dumb.

Question 54

If Fadia wants to help her son Khalid develop a mastery motivation orientation,she should

A)de-emphasize the importance of self-reliance.
B)encourage him to do things well.
C)try to not offer guidance.
D)praise him lavishly for his accomplishments even if the performance is actually very poor.

Question 55

Which example best illustrates mastery motivation?

A)Terrell's innate ability to understand phonemes
B)Vuong's innate drive to succeed
C)George's parents' rewards for his academic success
D)Marta's extremely large vocabulary

Question 56

Lakesha believes that her abilities and talents are malleable,and that if she works hard enough she will be able to improve her grades.What type of mindset does Lakesha have?

A)fixed
B)growth
C)internal
D)external

Question 57

When a child is able to realize that some letter combinations (e.g. ,"br," "st," "ed")need to be perceived as a single unit versus several individual units,he or she is said to be in the _____ phase of reading.

A)pre-alphabetic
B)consolidated alphabetic
C)partial alphabetic
D)full alphabetic

Question 58

Exposure to rhyming stories is most likely to enhance the _____ aspect of emergent literacy.

A)phonological awareness
B)fast mapping
C)telegraphic speech
D)decontextualized language

Question 59

An effective method for a school to positively influence motivation is to

A)stress competition concerning class grades.
B)discourage parental involvement,making children respond on their own.
C)emphasize intrinsic motivation techniques.
D)avoid adopting learning goals.

Question 60

When someone is speaking to three-month-old Donte,which of the following styles will most likely capture his attention?

A)low-pitch sounds and nonvaried intonation
B)low-pitch sounds and varied intonation
C)high-pitch sounds and nonvaried intonation
D)high-pitch sounds and varied intonation

Question 61

The concept of appropriately matching an environment with a person's characteristics is called

A)overregulation.
B)goodness-of-fit.
C)mastery orientation.
D)joint attention.

Question 62

To help curtail the decrease in achievement motivation that occurs in adolescents,an effective strategy would be to ________.

A)manage their social activity
B)reduce their emotional stress
C)increase parent accountability
D)encourage after-school jobs

Question 63

Cedric attended an Abecedarian program for preschool.Compared to his friends who did not attend the program,Cedric ________.

A)had a higher cognitive score than his peers until age 12,when they surpassed his score
B)had a consistently higher cognitive score into young adulthood
C)had a higher cognitive score through first grade but then matched his peers' scores into young adulthood
D)had a higher cognitive score that continued to rise into young adulthood

Question 64

Reasons for declining achievement motivation during adolescence include all of the following EXCEPT

A)stronger emphasis on physical development.
B)poor person-environment fit.
C)increasingly negative feedback from teachers regarding ability.
D)increased importance of peer acceptance.

Question 65

Monica sees the sentence,"I saw a dog," but reads the sentence as,"I was a god." This indicates that Monica is best classified as

A)ignoring joint attention cues.
B)lacking mastery motivation.
C)engaging in child-directed speech.
D)suffering from dyslexia.

Question 66

Research on adult education has shown that

A)literacy programs for adults tend to be highly successful.
B)older adult college students are more likely to be motivated by external expectations than traditional students.
C)adult men tend to return to the classroom for personal enrichment reasons.
D)returning adult students often put more effort into learning material because they want or need to use the information.

Question 67

Heather has always been a below average student.Her mom tells Heather she still loves her even if she's dumb.How will Heather respond to her third grade class contest that will award a bike to the boy and girl who read the most books this term?

A)She will be very motivated. 
B)She will become frustrated.
C)She will not read any books. 
D)She will commit to winning.

Question 68

In a recent test of math proficiency,three students in an American eighth grade classroom scored in the top 10%.How many students in a classroom of the same size in Singapore were in the top 10% on the same test?

A)6
B)15
C)21
D)34

Question 69

School districts that want to raise student performance in math should implement community-wide strategies to ________.

A)enhance cognitive training
B)increase job opportunities
C)prevent bullying behavior
D)raise student motivation

Question 70

Which of the following statements best reflects a student who has a growth mindset?

A)Classmates are competitors.
B)The joy is in the doing.
C)Go big or go home.
D)Only failures get Cs.

Question 71

Which of the following is the best advice for parents of young toddlers who want them to succeed later in school and life?

A)"Teach and test."
B)"Let them play."
C)"Keep them thinking."
D)"Raise the stakes."

Question 72

Lower academic performance in African-American teens has been linked to

A)negative peer pressure.
B)an attempt to reject cultural identity.
C)overinvolved parents.
D)too extreme a valuation on academics.

Question 73

Which family characteristic is NOT associated with lower achievement?

A)Growing up in a single-parent family
B)Being a member of a minority group
C)Having an uneducated mother
D)Having a parent who uses consistent discipline

Question 74

A program that targets environmental factors to improve toddlers' readiness for school would focus on ________.

A)promoting academics
B)reducing poverty
C)updating classrooms
D)training parents

Question 75

Individuals with dyslexia

A)show deficiencies in every reading area except phonological awareness.
B)are best classified as having a speech disorder.
C)devote so much effort to decoding words that recall for the words is compromised.
D)tend to outgrow the problem in adulthood even without intervention.

Question 76

Who goes to school every day guided by mastery goals?

A)Jonah,a second grader
B)Lexie,a fourth grader
C)Miguel,a seventh grader
D)Priya,a ninth grader

Question 77

Literacy is defined as the ability to use

A)printed information to function in society.
B)verbal speech to function in school.
C)gestures to communicate ideas to another person.
D)written language to demonstrate one's intelligence.

Question 78

When compared to American students,Asian students appear to have higher levels of academic achievement.Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed reasons for this advantage?

A)Asian students spend more time being educated.
B)Asian student are assigned and complete more homework.
C)Asian parents tend to have a "hands-off" attitude concerning their children's education.
D)Asian peers value academic achievement.

Question 79

Which of the following statements best reflects a student who has a performance mindset?

A)Try your best,forget the rest.
B)Failure is not an option.
C)Live to learn,love to learn.
D)Feed your mind and be happy.

Question 80

Which best describes achievement motivation during adulthood?

A)Achievement motivation is steady from middle to old age for both females and males.
B)The loss of motivation is an inevitable part of the aging process (especially in those over age 70).
C)For both females and males,achievement motivation increases steadily from young adulthood to middle age.
D)Achievement motivation is more affected by work and family context than by the process of aging.