Deck 11: Interpersonal Attraction, Close Relationships, and Groups

Question 1

Which of the following statements is Addae, a Ghanaian, most likely to make regarding the experience of enemyship in Ghana?

A) "Popular people with lots of friends are least likely to be the target of enemies."
B) "Most Ghanaians don't think they have enemies; this isn't a common belief."
C) "You can choose not to have enemies-just don't interact with those people!"
D) "Enemies happen when friendships turn sour."
E) "Ignorance and prejudice about different groups is one of the main reasons why people have enemies."

Answer 1

"Enemies happen when friendships turn sour."

Question 2

You are friends with Natalia, who has recently moved from Russia.The two of you are discussing your upcoming cultural psychology final exam.Given what you know about cultural differences in advice giving, you can expect that Natalia will give you advice on studying for your exam

A) but only after you ask for it.
B) even if you don't ask for it.
C) in private.
D) in public.
E) that is better quality than advice you would receive from a North American friend.

Answer 2

even if you don't ask for it.

Question 3

People from non-Western cultures view the ideal female body to be _______ than what is typically preferred among Westerners.

A) thinner
B) heavier
C) more muscular
D) taller
E) shorter

Answer 3

heavier

Question 4

How does the propinquity effect differ from the mere exposure effect?

A) The propinquity effect argues that we like people we interact with frequently whereas the mere exposure effect argues that a single interaction is enough to foster liking.
B) The mere exposure effect has been found with both humans and animals; however, the propinquity effect occurs only with humans.
C) The mere exposure effect describes how the propinquity effect occurs.
D) The propinquity effect is a more powerful influence on liking than the mere exposure effect.
E) The propinquity effect and the mere exposure effect both describe the same psychological phenomenon.

Question 5

Given the research discussed in the textbook, which of the following people is most likely to be attracted to a person with the same religious and political beliefs?

A) Michelle, who was born and raised in the United States
B) Michiko, who was born and raised in Japan
C) Myung-Sook, who was born and raised in South Korea
D) All three women will be attracted to a similar other.
E) None of these three women will be attracted to a similar other.

Question 6

Every day Jinro purchases coffee from the same café and every day he notices the shop owner cleaning tables.The more he is exposed to this shop owner, the

A) more likely it is that he will become bored with this person and ignore them.
B) more it is that he will like this person if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse will hold true if he is from an individualistic culture.
C) more likely he will be to confuse the shop owner with other employees at the café.
D) more pleasant affect he will experience when he sees this person.
E) less he will like this person if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse will hold true if he is from an individualistic culture.

Question 7

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?

A) Jaedong and Fox, who live in neighboring apartment units but rarely see each other
B) Betty and Bulma, who attended the same college
C) Amy and Alyssa, who interact with each other at the bus stop every day
D) Malcolm and Maurice, who both drive the same model of car
E) Lara and Lindsay, who are both psychology majors

Question 8

The following statements depict recent events occurring within the Choi family household, which includes Yoon-ja (the mother), Tae-woo (the father), and Eun-mi (the daughter).Which statement reflects an authority ranking relational model within the family?

A) Tae-woo, Yoon-ja, and Eun-mi worked together to plant a new vegetable garden.
B) Yoon-ja surprised Tae-woo with his favorite dessert, so the next day Tae-woo bought Yoon-ja a bouquet of her favorite flowers.
C) Yoon-ja agreed to give Eun-mi $20 if she washed all the windows in the house.
D) Tae-woo took away Eun-mi's phone as punishment for missing curfew.
E) Eun-mi was considering quitting the soccer team so she asked her parents for advice.

Question 9

Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student.They are both trying to make new friends.Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that

A) Heidi, more than Homare, will like a person who is similar to her.
B) Homare, more than Heidi, will prefer a person with similar personality traits.
C) Heidi, more than Homare, will prefer a person with a similar social background.
D) Homare, more than Heidi, will like a person who is similar to him.
E) Heidi and Homare will both like people who are similar.

Question 10

According to the mere exposure effect, we come to like a person more the more we are exposed to them.This happens because increased exposure

A) increases our familiarity with the person.
B) leads us to perceive ourselves as more similar to the person.
C) makes it easier to identify the various positive qualities the person possesses.
D) makes us want to interact with the person in the future.
E) makes us more willing to self-disclose personal details, which fosters intimacy and liking.

Question 11

Which of the following conclusions accurately reflects the cross-cultural research on the similarity-attraction effect?

A) The Japanese and North Americans are attracted to similar others to the same degree.
B) Compared to North Americans, the similarity-attraction effect is either absent or relatively weaker for the Japanese.
C) The similarity-attraction effect is consistently stronger among the Japanese compared to North Americans.
D) Whereas Americans are attracted to similar others, the Japanese are attracted to dissimilar others.
E) The Japanese do show a similarity-attraction effect but only when considering similarity in social background.

Question 12

According to evolutionary theory, facial features such as clear complexion and bilateral symmetry are considered universally attractive because

A) most of the people with which we regularly interact possess these features and familiarity fosters attraction.
B) they indicate that a person has the financial resources to afford nutritious food and health care to ensure good health in the future.
C) they are believed to indicate a person's good health and therefore imply that future offspring are also likely to be healthy and survive.
D) it is easier to mentally process faces with these features and this ease of understanding fosters attraction.
E) cultures around the world similarly value these features and communicate those values from one generation to the next.

Question 13

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he has first sent you one would best be seen as an example of

A) communal sharing.
B) authority ranking.
C) equality matching.
D) market pricing.
E) vertical collectivism.

Question 14

Based on what you know about the meaning of friendship across cultures, how do you think Kofi, a Ghanaian, would most likely respond when asked what he thinks of a person with a lot of friends?

A) "I would like to meet this person as he or she must have a lot of positive qualities."
B) "I doubt this person really has a lot of friends-that doesn't seem possible in today's world."
C) "This person is foolish.It would be too much responsibility to support all these friends."
D) "This person is delusional.Realistically, he or she probably has an average number of friends."
E) "More friends means a wider variety of experiences.This person is probably very interesting."

Question 15

Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal?

A) arranged marriage
B) simpático
C) the mere exposure effect
D) market pricing
E) love marriage

Question 16

North Americans are less concerned about enemies than West Africans.Why is this?

A) Since violent crime rates are lower in North America than in West Africa, North Americans do not need to worry about people harming them.
B) North Americans are less competitive than West Africans, so it is less likely that a North American will make enemies with people they beat in competitions.
C) North Americans view relationships in terms of choice more than West Africans; consequently, North Americans can more easily distance themselves from someone they dislike or who dislikes them.
D) The individualistic emphasis on autonomy in North American cultures makes North Americans less socially sensitive and consequently less likely than West Africans to realize they have enemies.
E) Compared to West Africans, North Americans are more motivated to understand their enemies and potentially turn them into friends; consequently, North Americans view their enemies as more interesting than threatening.

Question 17

Given what you know about universal bases of attraction, which of the following products or services is least likely to increase perceived attractiveness cross-culturally?

A) makeup that covers skin blemishes
B) photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together
C) creams that get rid of acne and pimples
D) laser procedures that remove scars
E) photo-editing software that can mix different faces together

Question 18

Which of the following characteristics would one think is attractive, regardless of his or her culture of origin?

A) blemish-free skin
B) athletic body types
C) people who are moderately similar to each other
D) people who are greatly different from each other
E) a body that is very average in terms of how much body fat one has

Question 19

An example of equality matching is

A) family members who eat meals together.
B) a landlord charging his tenants monthly rent.
C) roommates who take turns cleaning the apartment.
D) a neighborhood library where people can donate or take as many used magazines as they like.
E) a boss treating his employees to lunch.

Question 20

You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just caught.You would love to take that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy.You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag.The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes.What is this an example of?

A) authority ranking
B) communal sharing
C) market pricing
D) equality matching
E) big-gun diplomacy

Question 21

Which of the following is associated with greater commitment in romantic relationships?

A) a country's degree of individualism
B) high relational mobility
C) viewing others in terms of their personal dispositions
D) greater idealization of one's romantic partner, but only among Asians
E) greater idealization of one's romantic partner, but only among Westerners

Question 22

Joachim feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he is permanently connected to the friends he has.Knowing this, you can expect that

A) Joachim only has positive relationships.
B) Joachim's social circle is much larger than it would have been if he felt that there were many opportunities for him to make new friends.
C) Joachim will exert a lot of effort to maintain his friendships.
D) Joachim only has negative relationships.
E) Joachim won't care that much about how similar he is to his friends.

Question 23

Romantic love, which is discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook, exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors.Is this true or false? Why?

A) True: More children from parents who experienced romantic love survive to pass on their genes, compared to children of parents without romantic love.
B) False: Romantic love hinders an individual's ability to spread his or her genetic material.
C) True: Romantic love led people to become more skilled hunters and gatherers, allowing for greater survivability.
D) False: Someone experiencing romantic love was more likely to hunt more dangerous prey than someone not experiencing romantic love.
E) True: Romantic love meant more sex with more partners, and this meant a greater number of viable babies.

Question 24

Marco, who is Latin American, scores very highly on a measure of simpático.Given what you know about this concept, which of the following statements is also likely to be true of Marco?

A) Marco prefers to work alone because being sociable is draining.
B) Marco is motivated by self-enhancement more than self-improvement.
C) Marco's interactions with friends involve many displays of warmth and affection.
D) Marco is easygoing with friends but more likely to express negativity toward strangers.
E) Marco prefers a communal sharing relational model in the workplace.

Question 25

A person says, "I do not need to maintain my friendships.I know that they will always be friends with me, and I will always be friends with them." According to the textbook, this person is likely to

A) engage in market pricing relationships.
B) have more friends than enemies.
C) not care much whether a friend is like him or her.
D) be naïve and immature.
E) be in a relationship characterized by equality matching.

Question 26

Josie, who is from the United States, has been living in Taiwan for over a year.She has made several Taiwanese friends and has a Taiwanese romantic partner.Given what you know about cultural differences in intimacy, you can expect that

A) Josie will disclose more personal information to her romantic partner than her romantic partner discloses to her.
B) Josie's romantic partner will devote more time and attention to her and comparably less to parents and friends.
C) Josie's friends will prioritize their relationship with her more than their relationships with other friends.
D) Josie's friends will disclose more personal information to her than she discloses to them.
E) the amount of information that Josie, her friends, and her relationship partner disclose to each other will be relatively similar.

Question 27

Romantic love was evolutionarily advantageous because it

A) brought parents closer together to ensure survival of the child.
B) allowed people to exercise personal agency.
C) was a necessary foundation in order for the marriage to succeed.
D) promoted relational mobility.
E) led to greater social complexity.

Question 28

Greater residential mobility is associated with

A) stronger preference for local stores than national chain stores.
B) higher crime rates.
C) viewing the self in terms of one's group membership more than one's personality traits.
D) regular attendance at local sporting events, regardless of how the team is performing.
E) fewer employment opportunities.

Question 29

Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than Lisa, who is an American teenager.According to research discussed in the textbook on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa?

A) There is more conflict in their lives, so Ghanaians need to be more wary about enemies.
B) Ghanaians have more relationships than Westerners, so it follows that they will also have more enemies.
C) Enemies are desirable in Ghanaian contexts, so people there seek them out.
D) Ghanaians are more likely than Westerners to have relationships with people they did not choose and subsequently cannot avoid.
E) Lumusi may report having more enemies but she actually does not.

Question 30

Priya, an Indian woman, and Gopal, an Indian man, have been in an arranged marriage for 12 years.Seema, who is also an Indian woman, and Arun, who is also an Indian man, have been in a love marriage for 12 years.Based on research by Gupta and Singh (1982), which couple will report feeling the most love for each other?

A) Priya and Gopal
B) Seema and Arjun
C) Priya and Gopal, but only if they had some say in choosing their partner
D) Seema and Arjun, but only if their families supported their decision to marry
E) The couples will report feeling equal amounts of love.

Question 31

Previous research indicates that _______ is more important for relationship satisfaction among East Asians than Westerners, while _______ is more important for relationship satisfaction among Westerners than Asians.

A) intimacy; passion
B) commitment; passion
C) intimacy; commitment
D) passion; commitment
E) commitment; intimacy

Question 32

You are likely to find high levels of residential mobility in cultures that are also characterized by

A) more equality matching relationships.
B) more communal sharing relationships.
C) high relational mobility.
D) low relational mobility.
E) the relational style of simpático.

Question 33

Given what you know about the cross-cultural research examining simpático, what would you expect to occur within an interaction between Fernando, who is Latin American, and Frank, who is European American?

A) Fernando will express more negative attitudes than Frank.
B) Fernando will talk more and make more eye contact than Frank.
C) Fernando will enjoy the interaction more than Frank.
D) Fernando will perceive the interaction as more smooth and natural than Frank.
E) Fernando will perceive the interaction as more valuable than Frank.

Question 34

How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one's relationships?

A) Both account for communal sharing.
B) Both are accounted for by relational mobility.
C) The similarity-attraction effect causes greater conditionality of one's relationships.
D) The similarity-attraction effect has a negative relationship with conditionality.
E) There is no relationship between them.

Question 35

Which of the following reflects simpático?

A) Rose loves to meet new people.
B) Maria provides unsolicited advice to her friends.
C) Teresa is very competitive at work.
D) Narcisa readily expresses her opinions.
E) Mercedes is a gracious and welcoming host.

Question 36

Jeremiah has moved around to 10 different states in the United States within five years due to his job.This means that, compared to someone who has not moved around at all before, Jeremiah will

A) see his personality traits as more fluid and dependent on specific relationships.
B) be more open to trying out different local coffee shops.
C) be more unconditionally committed to the local sports team.
D) buy more things from national chain stores.
E) experience less similarity-attraction effect.

Question 37

The belief that attractive people have more desirable qualities than unattractive people is more common in

A) low- versus high-relational-mobility cultures.
B) high- versus low-relational-mobility cultures.
C) low- versus high-residential-mobility cultures.
D) high- versus low-residential-mobility cultures.
E) cultures that encourage rather than discourage equality matching.

Question 38

Arranged marriages

A) are associated with unhappy marriages for both men and women.
B) are increasing in frequency throughout the world.
C) are unusual in preindustrial societies.
D) are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families.
E) prevent love from developing.

Question 39

Which of the following is true about mate selection in small-scale societies?

A) The most common form of marriage is parents, individuals, and other family members collectively discussing and deciding on an acceptable match.
B) The most common form of marriage is parents choosing the partner, with the individuals unable to object.
C) Parents exert more influence over the marriages of daughters than of sons.
D) On average, individuals have more say in whom they marry than their parents or kin do.
E) One type of mate selection process involves parents and kin exerting an equal amount of influence.

Question 40

Romantic love is

A) a recent phenomenon in some human cultures.
B) something that appears to exist in all cultures.
C) a product of individualism and a concern with meeting an individual's unique needs.
D) something that grows with age until the birth of children.
E) a product of collectivism and a concern with accommodating both parties in a relationship.

Question 41

The founder of a new society wants to create a social system in which arranged marriages are the norm, rather than love marriages.In order for this founder to be successful, which of the following must this new society have?

A) strong ties within nuclear families
B) a great deal of relational mobility
C) a strong belief that marriage helps people achieve personal fulfillment
D) large kin groups with strong ties within them
E) a system of relationships characterized by market pricing

Question 42

You are a resident assistant at your university.After reading about the propinquity effect for this class, you decide to plan some activities to help facilitate friendships among the students living on your floor.Describe at least one activity that you believe will increase liking and friendship in your residence.Be sure to explain why you believe it will be effective.

Question 43

Differentiate between how someone from a high-relational-mobility context views his or her social relationships compared to someone from a low-relational-mobility context.

Question 44

Miranda is trying to examine what physical attributes are perceived to be attractive by different cultures around the world.She has a list of four attributes: having facial symmetry, having a thin body, having blemish-free skin, and having a face with extreme facial features.She travels around the world to ask people from different cultures whether they think each attribute is attractive.Based on empirical evidence about culture-perceived attractiveness, draw a graph that shows a pattern of results that portrays the proportion of cultures that would find each attribute attractive.

Question 45

Given the widely different standards of attractiveness around the world, one cannot say that universal standards of attractiveness exist.Is this true or false? Why?

Question 46

Given what is discussed in the textbook, draw a line graph to show what the relationship would look like for the following pairs of variables: (1) relational mobility and independent/interdependent self-construal; and (2) relational mobility and residential mobility.

Question 47

As discussed in the textbook, relationship researchers have identified three different periods of U.S.history that are characterized by three views on the function of marriage.Explain these three different functions of marriage as well as how they correspond to cultural values and lifestyles common during that period.

Question 48

Thalia and Maksim are from a low-relational-mobility culture, and Jamisha and Lavar are from a high-relational-mobility culture.Describe how relational mobility will impact intimacy, passion, and commitment within these two romantic relationships.

Question 49

Empirically, arranged marriages are terrible because no one is ever satisfied with their marriages.Is this true or false? Why?

A) False: They at least start out with more marital satisfaction than people in love marriages.
B) True: Arranged marriages signal a lack of personal agency, leading to unhappiness.
C) False: Only women have marital dissatisfaction in arranged marriages.
D) True: Arranged marriages have always been rare in human history because our ancestors understood that it leads to marital dissatisfaction.
E) False: Arranged marriages that last over 10 years have greater marital satisfaction than love marriages.

Question 50

Based on the textbook, draw a line graph to show the relationship between residential mobility and the likelihood that relationships within the culture are characterized by market pricing.