Deck 3: C: The Biological Basis of Behaviour

Question 1

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
Ever since the accident Malcolm can no longer concentrate and his smoking habit has increased.This is could be because the nicotine in the cigarettes is an agonist for_____ and causes _____.

A) acetylcholine; PSPs
B) acetylcholine ;IPSPs
C) serotonin; PSPs
D) serotonin; IPSPs

Answer 1

acetylcholine; PSPs

Question 2

Mirna is walking home from school and decides to take a shortcut across a small park. As she is walking, a large dog comes running towards her, barking loudly. Mirna is terrified and feels her heart beating hard in her chest and her breathing becomes more erratic. The dog's owner comes over quickly and takes the dog away. Luckily, Mirna is not injured. She then goes home and tells the story to her roommate.
Which part of Mirna's nervous system was activated when she saw the dog

A) Her sympathetic nervous system
B) Her parasympathetic nervous system
C) Her afferent nervous system
D) Her efferent nervous system

Answer 2

Her sympathetic nervous system

Question 3

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
Malcolm is diagnosed with Broca's aphasia.When asked why he is in the hospital,how is he likely to respond

A) "I don't know I don't remember anything since I woke up the day of the game."
B) "Head…no good…speech can't say talk you know?"
C) "…" Malcolm will react as if he heard nothing.
D) "I'm happy are you pretty? You look tomato!"

Answer 3

"Head…no good…speech can't say talk you know?"

Question 4

Brian is a 70-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. Because Alzheimer's Disease has a genetic component, Brian is worried that his family is also at risk of developing the neurological disorder. As the disorder progresses Brian has a difficult time remembering details about his personal life or even recognizing his own son.
Brian's doctor wants to examine Brian's brain structure and needs a three-dimensional,high-resolution image to determine the physical progression of the disorder.Which of the following tests is the doctor most likely going to request that Brian take

A) CT scan
B) MRI scan
C) fMRI scan
D) EEG

Question 5

Mirna is walking home from school and decides to take a shortcut across a small park. As she is walking, a large dog comes running towards her, barking loudly. Mirna is terrified and feels her heart beating hard in her chest and her breathing becomes more erratic. The dog's owner comes over quickly and takes the dog away. Luckily, Mirna is not injured. She then goes home and tells the story to her roommate.
Which neurotransmitter is most likely to have been released in Mirna's nervous system when she saw the dog

A) Epinephrine
B) Dopamine
C) Norepinephrine
D) Adrenaline

Question 6

Brian is a 70-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. Because Alzheimer's Disease has a genetic component, Brian is worried that his family is also at risk of developing the neurological disorder. As the disorder progresses Brian has a difficult time remembering details about his personal life or even recognizing his own son.
In response to his disorder,Brian develops depression and his doctor prescribes an SSRI for him.Apart from serotonin,low levels of _________ are also implicated in the development of depression.

A) GABA
B) acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine
D) dopamine

Question 7

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
John is trying to impress Malcolm with his neuroscience knowledge,but fails to remember many of the details he studied.Quite accurately,he blames this on his ______________.

A) hippocampus
B) frontal lobe
C) hypothalamus
D) reticular formation

Question 8

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
Malcolm relies on his ______ lobe to be aware of his and his teammates' position in space.

A) frontal
B) temporal
C) occipital
D) parietal

Question 9

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
Malcolm relies on his ______ to help him balance on his skates.

A) cerebellum
B) corpus callosum
C) cerebrum
D) spinal cord

Question 10

Brian is a 70-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. Because Alzheimer's Disease has a genetic component, Brian is worried that his family is also at risk of developing the neurological disorder. As the disorder progresses Brian has a difficult time remembering details about his personal life or even recognizing his own son.
Brian's doctor wants to examine his brain activity while he is performing simple mental operations to determine how widespread the effect of the disorder has progressed.Which of the following tests is the doctor most likely going to request Brian to take

A) CT scan
B) MRI scan
C) fMRI scan
D) EEG

Question 11

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
John is trying to make Malcolm feel better.John tells Malcolm that he will soon be back to normal because brains are plastic and neurogenesis will eventually take place.Is John correct

A) No, neurogenesis never happens to adult humans.
B) No, plasticity is not unlimited and the brain's plasticity declines with age.
C) Yes, neural wiring in the brain is flexible and constantly evolving.
D) Yes, stem cells exist in the adult brain, so neurogenesis is unlimited.

Question 12

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
When John visits Malcolm in the hospital he jokes and says "At least your medulla was not damaged." This is because if the medulla was damaged,Malcolm ____________________.

A) would not be able to experience sexual interest ever again
B) would lose his ability for voluntary motor movement and develop Parkinson's
C) would die because he wouldn't be able to breathe anymore
D) would no longer experience fear

Question 13

Mirna is walking home from school and decides to take a shortcut across a small park. As she is walking, a large dog comes running towards her, barking loudly. Mirna is terrified and feels her heart beating hard in her chest and her breathing becomes more erratic. The dog's owner comes over quickly and takes the dog away. Luckily, Mirna is not injured. She then goes home and tells the story to her roommate.
If Mirna was in an fMRI machine during her encounter with the dog,which of the following brain areas would show the biggest activation

A) Her hippocampus
B) Her amygdala
C) Her frontal lobe
D) Her thalamus

Question 14

Mirna is walking home from school and decides to take a shortcut across a small park. As she is walking, a large dog comes running towards her, barking loudly. Mirna is terrified and feels her heart beating hard in her chest and her breathing becomes more erratic. The dog's owner comes over quickly and takes the dog away. Luckily, Mirna is not injured. She then goes home and tells the story to her roommate.
Which part of Mirna's nervous system was activated while she was sitting on the couch and telling the story to her roommate

A) Her sympathetic nervous system
B) Her parasympathetic nervous system
C) Her afferent nervous system
D) Her efferent nervous system

Question 15

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
In order to assess the brain damage,Malcolm's doctor needs to view an image from the left side of his brain,so he orders a _______ PET scan.

A) transaxial
B) coronal
C) sagittal
D) tomographic

Question 16

Brian is a 70-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. Because Alzheimer's Disease has a genetic component, Brian is worried that his family is also at risk of developing the neurological disorder. As the disorder progresses Brian has a difficult time remembering details about his personal life or even recognizing his own son.
Which of the following is most likely implicated with the emergence of Brian's Alzheimer's Disease

A) Deterioration of his glial tissue
B) Deterioration of his neuronal dendrites
C) Deterioration of his neuronal axons
D) Deterioration of his neuronal synapses

Question 17

Malcolm had been a professional hockey player with a great sense of his position in space. Even after retiring from professional hockey Malcom continued to play in seniors' hockey leagues. During one of those seniors games, John (a player on the opposite team) knocked Malcolm to the ice and Malcolm hit his head hard enough to acquire brain damage. After the accident, John developed an enormous amount of guilt, which prompted him to enrol in Introduction to Psychology to learn more about brain function and neuroscience.
Malcolm is diagnosed with Broca's aphasia.Which part of his brain is likely to be damaged

A) Left side of the frontal lobe
B) Right side of the frontal lobe
C) Left side of the temporal lobe
D) Right side of the temporal lobe

Question 18

Mirna is walking home from school and decides to take a shortcut across a small park. As she is walking, a large dog comes running towards her, barking loudly. Mirna is terrified and feels her heart beating hard in her chest and her breathing becomes more erratic. The dog's owner comes over quickly and takes the dog away. Luckily, Mirna is not injured. She then goes home and tells the story to her roommate.
Which part of Mirna's endocrine system was activated during the incident

A) Her ovaries
B) Her pancreas
C) Her adrenal glands
D) Her thyroid gland

Question 19

Brian is a 70-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. Because Alzheimer's Disease has a genetic component, Brian is worried that his family is also at risk of developing the neurological disorder. As the disorder progresses Brian has a difficult time remembering details about his personal life or even recognizing his own son.
In response to his disorder,Brian develops depression and his doctor prescribes an SSRI for him.This medication works by ________________.

A) increasing the overall production of serotonin
B) increasing the release of serotonin from the dendrites
C) blocking serotonin from leaving the synaptic cleft
D) blocking serotonin from being released by the pre-synaptic neurons

Question 20

Mirna is walking home from school and decides to take a shortcut across a small park. As she is walking, a large dog comes running towards her, barking loudly. Mirna is terrified and feels her heart beating hard in her chest and her breathing becomes more erratic. The dog's owner comes over quickly and takes the dog away. Luckily, Mirna is not injured. She then goes home and tells the story to her roommate.
If Mirna was in an fMRI machine while she was telling the story with the dog incident to her roommate,which of the following brain areas would show the biggest activation

A) Her hippocampus
B) Her amygdala
C) Her hypothalamus
D) Her thalamus

Question 21

Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes usually does all the talking and Cam the listening.
Wes and Cam are ____ twins who share ____ of their DNA.

A) monozygotic; 100%
B) monozygotic; 50%
C) dizygotic; 100%
D) dizygotic; 50%

Question 22

Mitch is an optometrist and his niece has asked him to come to school to talk about his profession at a job fair. Mitch is trying to impress his niece's classmates by telling them cool things about ocular health and the way the visual system works.
One of the students asks Mitch why our brains want to recognize faces.Mitch tells him that it is likely an evolutionary advantage because it helped our ancestors ________________.

A) recognize males from females in order to find a mate
B) recognize friend from foe
C) recognize members of a different clan
D) recognize emotional facial expressions

Question 23

Diana (aka Wonder Woman) wakes up one morning to discover that her life will never be the same. Diana realizes that she possesses superhuman abilities-her senses and perceptions now surpass those of ordinary people! Though she does not want to show off or become the subject of government or military scientific experiments, Diana cannot help but explore her newfound powers and abilities. At first it overwhelms her, but with practice, she is able to control her superpowers.
While waiting in line at the bank,Diana hears a quiet ticking sound that no one else seems to hear.Diana follows the sound and finds a bomb in the washroom.Diana's ____________.

A) subliminal perception is above average
B) subliminal perception is below average
C) conscious perception is above average
D) conscious perception is below average

Question 24

Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes usually does all the talking and Cam the listening.
To trigger contractions during birth,Diem's _________________.

A) pituitary gland released endorphins
B) hypothalamus released endorphins
C) pituitary gland released oxytocin
D) hypothalamus released oxytocin

Question 25

Diana (aka Wonder Woman) wakes up one morning to discover that her life will never be the same. Diana realizes that she possesses superhuman abilities-her senses and perceptions now surpass those of ordinary people! Though she does not want to show off or become the subject of government or military scientific experiments, Diana cannot help but explore her newfound powers and abilities. At first it overwhelms her, but with practice, she is able to control her superpowers.
Diana has discovered that the rods of her eyes work much better,too.What does this mean for her ability to see

A) She can easily walk through a dark forest.
B) The colours she sees are so much more vibrant.
C) She can see through objects and people, like having x-ray vision.
D) She can read a book from one kilometre away.

Question 26

Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes usually does all the talking and Cam the listening.
What is a possible explanation for why only Wes was diagnosed with schizophrenia

A) Medical error. Since they are identical twins they should both be diagnosed with the disorder or not diagnosed with the disorder.
B) Wes experienced some type of traumatic brain injury and Cam did not.
C) Wes was closer to his mother and used her as a model in behavioural learning.
D) Wes experienced epigenetic changes that altered his phenotype.

Question 27

Diana (aka Wonder Woman) wakes up one morning to discover that her life will never be the same. Diana realizes that she possesses superhuman abilities-her senses and perceptions now surpass those of ordinary people! Though she does not want to show off or become the subject of government or military scientific experiments, Diana cannot help but explore her newfound powers and abilities. At first it overwhelms her, but with practice, she is able to control her superpowers.
Diana can still feel pain.However,her powers allow her to close the __________ in the spinal cord to impede any pain she does not want to experience.

A) "bridge"
B) "door"
C) "gate"
D) "portal"

Question 28

Mitch is an optometrist and his niece has asked him to come to school to talk about his profession at a job fair. Mitch is trying to impress his niece's classmates by telling them cool things about ocular health and the way the visual system works.
Mitch tells the children how their eyes are constantly moving and tells them that if their eyes ever stopped moving (even for a second)while watching Mitch,then ___________________.

A) Mitch would appear to be much larger than he actually is
B) Mitch would "fade from view" and they would not see him anymore
C) Mitch would look a lot less clear, like a low definition video
D) Mitch would appear to be much further away than he actually is

Question 29

Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes usually does all the talking and Cam the listening.
Wes jokes that Cam has overactive pleasure centres.Which brain structure is Wes referring to

A) The medial forebrain bundle
B) The reticular formation
C) The prefrontal cortex
D) The pituitary gland

Question 30

Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes usually does all the talking and Cam the listening.
Diem researched online and saw that one possible etiology of schizophrenia is excessive ___________.

A) acetylcholine and impaired neural-glial communication
B) acetylcholine and excessive neural pruning in the frontal lobe
C) dopamine and impaired neural-glial communication
D) dopamine and excessive neural pruning in the frontal lobe

Question 31

Diana (aka Wonder Woman) wakes up one morning to discover that her life will never be the same. Diana realizes that she possesses superhuman abilities-her senses and perceptions now surpass those of ordinary people! Though she does not want to show off or become the subject of government or military scientific experiments, Diana cannot help but explore her newfound powers and abilities. At first it overwhelms her, but with practice, she is able to control her superpowers.
Walking down the street,Diana hears beautiful music playing clearly.Strangely enough,it seems like no one else around her can hear it.Diana can hear the music because she can detect stimuli that are ____________ of the average human.

A) above the absolute threshold
B) below the absolute threshold
C) below the just noticeable difference threshold
D) above the just noticeable difference threshold

Question 32

Diana (aka Wonder Woman) wakes up one morning to discover that her life will never be the same. Diana realizes that she possesses superhuman abilities-her senses and perceptions now surpass those of ordinary people! Though she does not want to show off or become the subject of government or military scientific experiments, Diana cannot help but explore her newfound powers and abilities. At first it overwhelms her, but with practice, she is able to control her superpowers.
Diana's perceptual reality allows her to see the full spectrum of light frequencies.This means she can see not only the colours average humans can perceive,but also the ________ and the __________ spectrums.

A) monochromatic; trichromatic
B) electromagnetic; X-ray
C) ultraviolet; infrared
D) light; dark

Question 33

Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes usually does all the talking and Cam the listening.
What is one possible reason for Wes' impulsive and indulgent personality at age 19

A) His neurons are not fully myelinated yet.
B) His frontal lobe has not fully developed yet.
C) His cerebrum has not fully developed yet.
D) He is experiencing major synaptic pruning.

Question 34

Diana (aka Wonder Woman) wakes up one morning to discover that her life will never be the same. Diana realizes that she possesses superhuman abilities-her senses and perceptions now surpass those of ordinary people! Though she does not want to show off or become the subject of government or military scientific experiments, Diana cannot help but explore her newfound powers and abilities. At first it overwhelms her, but with practice, she is able to control her superpowers.
Even though she has superhuman skills,Diana is still human.It is a fortunate thing that she still feels pain because _____________________.

A) it helps her to cultivate more compassion for her fellow human beings
B) it is vital and a cautionary system that notifies us when something is wrong
C) without pain, she would become heartless and cruel to humankind
D) she is a masochist and loves pain more than the average human should

Question 35

Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes usually does all the talking and Cam the listening.
While Diem is pregnant,she worries that her children are also going to suffer from schizophrenia.Trying to calm her down you present her with research that suggests that _______________.

A) because they are twins at least one of them will not have the disorder
B) if they diagnose the disorder early they can completely cure it
C) schizophrenia has a very weak genetic link
D) they will not inherit the disorder, but only a vulnerability to it

Question 36

Mitch is an optometrist and his niece has asked him to come to school to talk about his profession at a job fair. Mitch is trying to impress his niece's classmates by telling them cool things about ocular health and the way the visual system works.
Mitch tells the children that hawks who hunt during the day have more ______ and great ________.

A) cones; visual acuity
B) cones; peripheral vision
C) rods; visual acuity
D) rods; peripheral vision

Question 37

Mitch is an optometrist and his niece has asked him to come to school to talk about his profession at a job fair. Mitch is trying to impress his niece's classmates by telling them cool things about ocular health and the way the visual system works.
Mitch starts explaining how we are able to see and begins by explaining the way light works.He explains that humans are able to see variation in the saturation of colours due to differences in the ______ of light.

A) speed
B) amplitude
C) wavelength
D) purity

Question 38

Diem is pregnant with identical twins. She also suffers from schizophrenia. When her sons Wes and Cam are 19 years old, Wes is diagnosed with schizophrenia, but Cam is not. The twins are also different in personality: Wes is very impulsive, indulgent, and not very good at planning, while Cam is more reserved. When they have a conversation, Wes usually does all the talking and Cam the listening.
Based on their communication patterns,fill in the following analogy.Wes is to Cam as ______ are to _______.

A) glial cells; terminal buttons
B) synaptic vesicles; synapses
C) somas; myelin sheaths
D) axons; dendrites

Question 39

Diana (aka Wonder Woman) wakes up one morning to discover that her life will never be the same. Diana realizes that she possesses superhuman abilities-her senses and perceptions now surpass those of ordinary people! Though she does not want to show off or become the subject of government or military scientific experiments, Diana cannot help but explore her newfound powers and abilities. At first it overwhelms her, but with practice, she is able to control her superpowers.
Have you ever waved at someone you thought was your friend,but it turned out to be a total stranger Diana never embarrasses herself like that anymore.According to signal detection theory,she now has a 100% _____ rate when it comes to recognizing faces at a distance,whereas in the past,she had an embarrassing number of _________ without her glasses on.

A) hit; false alarms
B) hit; misses
C) success; false alarms
D) success; misses

Question 40

Mitch is an optometrist and his niece has asked him to come to school to talk about his profession at a job fair. Mitch is trying to impress his niece's classmates by telling them cool things about ocular health and the way the visual system works.
Mitch explains to the children how there are some creatures that can see certain shades of ultraviolet light that humans cannot.This is because those creatures can detect light with a ______ than the light humans can detect.

A) higher amplitude
B) higher wavelength
C) lower amplitude
D) lower wavelength

Question 41

Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster.
After their meal and having had a few glasses of wine,Todd no longer has great balance.This means his ____ sense is compromised.

A) somatosensory
B) kinesthetic
C) vestibular
D) analgesic

Question 42

Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster.
On their date,Todd orders a fish dish with a very tangy scent.Todd complains about the smell of the fish and says "the scent went straight from my nose to my brain!" Which part of the brain will receive the incoming information from receptor cells first

A) Thalamus
B) Prefrontal cortex
C) Olfactory bulb
D) Spinal cord

Question 43

Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster.
On their date,Todd orders a fish dish with a very tangy scent.Once the dish is served in front of him,he proclaims that his nose is now dead and will never be able to smell anything again.Viola laughs and tells him not to be so dramatic because____ are replaced every couple of _____.

A) olfactory cilia; months
B) olfactory axons; weeks
C) olfactory cilia; weeks
D) olfactory axons; months

Question 44

Peter is a retired neuroscientist who has painted as a hobby his whole life. He likes to think that he has implemented his science in his art and that he scientifically produces the best paintings possible. He also firmly believes that colours can drastically influence one's mood and behaviour. Now that he has retired, he hosts wine and painting nights at his house and he invites friends over to teach them a bit about painting.
Peter also has grapheme-colour synesthesia.This means that _________________.

A) when he sees a specific colour, he also can hear a pleasant melody
B) when he tastes something sweet and closes his eyes, he sees pretty colour
C) when he sees the number 8, he perceives it to be yellow even when it's not
D) when he paints with blue colours, he experiences sad emotions

Question 45

Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster.
After Todd and Viola finish their main course,their server brings them dessert menus.Based on their taste preferences,which of the following is more likely to happen

A) Viola's dessert order will be sweeter than Todd's.
B) Todd's dessert order will be sweeter than Viola's.
C) Both Todd and Viola will order very sweet desserts.
D) Neither Todd nor Viola will order desserts that are very sweet.

Question 46

Sandra has wanted to be famous ever since she was a little girl, and she will do anything to be on TV. Her latest obsession is the X-Factor. Sandra is determined to be on the show despite not being the best singer. Her audition does not go as well as she would have hoped and Simon Cowell, one of the judges on the show, makes some nasty comments towards her. Those comments do not deter Sandra, and she even talks back to Simon Cowell.
Simon Cowell tells Sandra that he wishes the part of his brain that is the first point of entry for sound was dead so he would not have to perceive her singing.Simon is referring to his ________________.

A) thalamus
B) primary auditory cortex
C) temporal lobes
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 47

Peter is a retired neuroscientist who has painted as a hobby his whole life. He likes to think that he has implemented his science in his art and that he scientifically produces the best paintings possible. He also firmly believes that colours can drastically influence one's mood and behaviour. Now that he has retired, he hosts wine and painting nights at his house and he invites friends over to teach them a bit about painting.
During one of their gatherings,Peter teaches his friends all about subtractive and additive mixing.In subtracting mixing,you mix ________ some wavelengths of light.

A) paint and remove
B) paint and superimpose
C) light and remove
D) light and superimpose

Question 48

Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster.
While on their date,Viola is nervous and accidentally cuts herself with her knife.Half an hour later,Viola still feels pain in her finger,but it feels more like an aching or burning.This pain was modulated by the ____ pathway which uses ____ fibres.

A) slow-acting; C
B) slow-acting; A-delta
C) fast-acting; C
D) fast-acting; A-delta

Question 49

Sandra has wanted to be famous ever since she was a little girl, and she will do anything to be on TV. Her latest obsession is the X-Factor. Sandra is determined to be on the show despite not being the best singer. Her audition does not go as well as she would have hoped and Simon Cowell, one of the judges on the show, makes some nasty comments towards her. Those comments do not deter Sandra, and she even talks back to Simon Cowell.
Sandra responds to Simon's criticism by saying that she is confident in her singing ability and claims that she has the brain of a musician.If Sandra's statement is true,then we would expect Sandra to have a larger _____ than non-musicians.

A) right hemisphere
B) cerebellum
C) cerebral cortex
D) hypothalamus

Question 50

Sandra has wanted to be famous ever since she was a little girl, and she will do anything to be on TV. Her latest obsession is the X-Factor. Sandra is determined to be on the show despite not being the best singer. Her audition does not go as well as she would have hoped and Simon Cowell, one of the judges on the show, makes some nasty comments towards her. Those comments do not deter Sandra, and she even talks back to Simon Cowell.
Simon complains that his inner ear hurts after her performance.Simon is referring to his ___________.

A) pinna
B) auditory canal
C) eardrum
D) cochlea

Question 51

Ben and Lauren decide to go to a magic show for date night. The magician is supposed to be an expert in hypnosis who has previously taken complete control over the people he hypnotizes. The hypnotist can make people do crazy things like lift a car or even re-live some of their childhood memories. Ben is very excited about the magic show and believes that this type of hypnosis is real, but Lauren is more skeptical.
The magician approaches the couple and asks Lauren to join him on the stage.The magician warns Lauren that he can make her reveal some of her deepest,darkest secrets.This statement __________.

A) would be true only if Lauren believed in hypnosis
B) is true and Lauren should not go on stage
C) does not have any scientific research supporting it
D) might be true depending on how suggestible Lauren is

Question 52

Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster.
While on their date,Viola is nervous and accidentally cuts herself with her knife.The moment she cuts her finger,Viola feels a sharp pain and lets out a yelp.This pain was modulated by the ______ pathway which uses ______ fibres.

A) slow-acting; C
B) slow-acting; A-delta
C) fast-acting; C
D) fast-acting; A-delta

Question 53

Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster.
During their meal,Viola starts reminiscing about her childhood.Which of the following most likely triggered Viola's memories

A) The smell of her food.
B) The taste of her food.
C) The appearance of her food.
D) A combination of the smell, taste, and appearance of her food.

Question 54

Peter is a retired neuroscientist who has painted as a hobby his whole life. He likes to think that he has implemented his science in his art and that he scientifically produces the best paintings possible. He also firmly believes that colours can drastically influence one's mood and behaviour. Now that he has retired, he hosts wine and painting nights at his house and he invites friends over to teach them a bit about painting.
Peter's friend Paula tells him that she knows more about the trichromatic theory of colour vision than he does.She gives him four arguments supporting the trichromatic theory.Peter tells her that one of her arguments is wrong.Which of the following is NOT correct

A) The trichromatic theory explains the afterimage phenomenon very well.
B) The trichromatic theory accounts for colour blindness.
C) Colour TVs and screen monitors operate on principles of the trichromatic theory.
D) Trichromatic theory demonstrates that any colour is a mix of three primary colours.

Question 55

Sandra has wanted to be famous ever since she was a little girl, and she will do anything to be on TV. Her latest obsession is the X-Factor. Sandra is determined to be on the show despite not being the best singer. Her audition does not go as well as she would have hoped and Simon Cowell, one of the judges on the show, makes some nasty comments towards her. Those comments do not deter Sandra, and she even talks back to Simon Cowell.
Simon Cowell tells Sandra to sing in lower decibels.Therefore,he is telling Sandra to alter the ______ of her voice.

A) wavelength
B) intensity
C) loudness
D) amplitude

Question 56

Peter is a retired neuroscientist who has painted as a hobby his whole life. He likes to think that he has implemented his science in his art and that he scientifically produces the best paintings possible. He also firmly believes that colours can drastically influence one's mood and behaviour. Now that he has retired, he hosts wine and painting nights at his house and he invites friends over to teach them a bit about painting.
In one of their gatherings,Peter teaches his friends all about subtractive and additive mixing.In additive mixing you mix _______ some wavelengths of light.

A) paint and remove
B) paint and superimpose
C) light and remove
D) light and superimpose

Question 57

Sandra has wanted to be famous ever since she was a little girl, and she will do anything to be on TV. Her latest obsession is the X-Factor. Sandra is determined to be on the show despite not being the best singer. Her audition does not go as well as she would have hoped and Simon Cowell, one of the judges on the show, makes some nasty comments towards her. Those comments do not deter Sandra, and she even talks back to Simon Cowell.
Simon Cowell tells Sandra her voice is so high,human ears can no longer detect it.If that was true,then Sandra's voice would be higher than _____ Hz!

A) 10,000
B) 20,000
C) 30,000
D) 40,000

Question 58

Todd and Viola are out on their first date at a nice restaurant. Viola is proud of having a very sensitive palette and is actually a supertaster. Todd, on the other hand, does not know much about cooking, or eating for that matter, and is a medium taster.
Halfway through the date,Todd wants to head outside for a quick cigarette and asks Viola if she wants join him for a smoke,too.

A) Viola is likely to only smoke occasionally and savour the taste of tobacco.
B) Viola is likely not to smoke and to react negatively to nicotine.
C) Viola is likely to be a chain smoker and very addicted to nicotine.
D) Viola is likely not to smoke because she's afraid it will ruin her taste buds.

Question 59

Mitch is an optometrist and his niece has asked him to come to school to talk about his profession at a job fair. Mitch is trying to impress his niece's classmates by telling them cool things about ocular health and the way the visual system works.
Mitch tries to explain the visual pathway in the brain to the children.Which type of cell would fire in response to a straight line of a specific width and orientation in the right hand corner of the receptive field

A) Simple cells in the primary visual cortex.
B) Complex cells in the primary visual cortex.
C) Simple cells in the occipital lobe.
D) Complex cells in the occipital lobe.

Question 60

Peter is a retired neuroscientist who has painted as a hobby his whole life. He likes to think that he has implemented his science in his art and that he scientifically produces the best paintings possible. He also firmly believes that colours can drastically influence one's mood and behaviour. Now that he has retired, he hosts wine and painting nights at his house and he invites friends over to teach them a bit about painting.
Unfortunately Peter pokes himself in the eye and has to wear an eye patch while his eye recovers.What will be missing from Peter's paintings while his eye heals

A) pictorial depth cues
B) motion parallax
C) linear perspective
D) retinal disparity

Question 61

Pam has suffered from insomnia for the last few years and it really affects her everyday life. However, Pam's husband Jim claims that Pam is exaggerating and that she sleeps every night and often even snores! To prove he's right (and to help his wife), Jim asks Pam to go to a sleep clinic to test her insomnia. Jim, on the other hand, is a sleeper who routinely gets at least nine hours of sleep at night.
What health issue is Pam likely to face due to her insomnia and the extended sleep loss she experiences

A) Physical pain
B) Asthma
C) Ulcers
D) Hypertension

Question 62

Ben and Lauren decide to go to a magic show for date night. The magician is supposed to be an expert in hypnosis who has previously taken complete control over the people he hypnotizes. The hypnotist can make people do crazy things like lift a car or even re-live some of their childhood memories. Ben is very excited about the magic show and believes that this type of hypnosis is real, but Lauren is more skeptical.
Lauren is still not impressed after the show and invites Ben to a class of open monitoring meditation she regularly attends.In this class,Ben is instructed to _________________________.

A) completely empty his mind and not think of anything at all
B) close his eyes and think of a happy childhood memory
C) focus his complete attention on his breathing
D) act as a detached observer of his own thoughts

Question 63

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
Many students argue that marijuana does not have negative long term effects.Zoe should point out that studies conducted over the last decade have found that heavy,chronic marijuana use can lead to ______________.

A) impotence and sterility in men
B) impairments in memory, attention, and learning
C) increased susceptibility to infectious diseases
D) increased susceptibility to certain types of cancer

Question 64

Pam has suffered from insomnia for the last few years and it really affects her everyday life. However, Pam's husband Jim claims that Pam is exaggerating and that she sleeps every night and often even snores! To prove he's right (and to help his wife), Jim asks Pam to go to a sleep clinic to test her insomnia. Jim, on the other hand, is a sleeper who routinely gets at least nine hours of sleep at night.
Which of the following symptoms would you expect Pam to have

A) Pam will stay up all night and wake up really late.
B) Pam will wake up at 4:30 in the morning every day without the help of her alarm.
C) Pam will only be able to go to sleep at night if she performs a specific routine.
D) Pam will not be able to sleep at night and to compensate will often nap in the evening.

Question 65

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
To scare the students away from using drugs,Zoe uses the example of ____,a drug that leads to rapid tolerance,so the user needs larger and larger doses to get the same effect even after using the drug only a couple of times.

A) alcohol
B) morphine
C) LSD
D) MDMA

Question 66

Ben and Lauren decide to go to a magic show for date night. The magician is supposed to be an expert in hypnosis who has previously taken complete control over the people he hypnotizes. The hypnotist can make people do crazy things like lift a car or even re-live some of their childhood memories. Ben is very excited about the magic show and believes that this type of hypnosis is real, but Lauren is more skeptical.
Ben is excited to go to the show because he is a smoker who is trying to quit,and he hopes hypnosis will be able to help him quit.Since Ben is a tobacco smoker you would assume he has ____ physical dependence and _____ psychological dependence.

A) high; high
B) moderate; high
C) high; moderate
D) moderate; moderate

Question 67

Pam has suffered from insomnia for the last few years and it really affects her everyday life. However, Pam's husband Jim claims that Pam is exaggerating and that she sleeps every night and often even snores! To prove he's right (and to help his wife), Jim asks Pam to go to a sleep clinic to test her insomnia. Jim, on the other hand, is a sleeper who routinely gets at least nine hours of sleep at night.
Which of the following is most likely

A) Pam's symptoms will spontaneously clear up.
B) Pam is suffering from "pseudo-insomnia."
C) Pam has a lower than average body temperature.
D) Pam's symptoms will improve as she ages.

Question 68

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
Zoe provides an in-depth explanation about how drugs of abuse affect the brain.She explains that cocaine increases the levels of dopamine in the brain by _____________________.

A) stimulating the release of more dopamine in the synapse
B) increasing the production of dopamine
C) blocking the reuptake of dopamine
D) inhibiting enzymes that would normally destroy dopamine

Question 69

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
Zoe also talks to the students about overdose and the possibility of dying by using drugs.Which of the following has the highest potential for a fatal overdose

A) Cocaine
B) Cannabis
C) LSD
D) Heroin

Question 70

Ben and Lauren decide to go to a magic show for date night. The magician is supposed to be an expert in hypnosis who has previously taken complete control over the people he hypnotizes. The hypnotist can make people do crazy things like lift a car or even re-live some of their childhood memories. Ben is very excited about the magic show and believes that this type of hypnosis is real, but Lauren is more skeptical.
After the show,Ben is in awe about the things that the magician made people do on stage.A man was even coaxed into taking off his clothes! Lauren is still not impressed and claims the reason why people were so disinhibited was because they ________________.

A) were just playing along for the sake of the show
B) knew they would experience posthypnotic amnesia, so they would not feel embarrassed
C) feel like they cannot be held responsible for their actions
D) were paid actors and it was their job to do so

Question 71

Ben and Lauren decide to go to a magic show for date night. The magician is supposed to be an expert in hypnosis who has previously taken complete control over the people he hypnotizes. The hypnotist can make people do crazy things like lift a car or even re-live some of their childhood memories. Ben is very excited about the magic show and believes that this type of hypnosis is real, but Lauren is more skeptical.
Lauren is still not impressed after the show and invites Ben to a class of open monitoring meditation she regularly attends.The instructor leading the meditation class has been doing this for several years.During the meditation session you would expect the instructor has ______ oxygen consumption and _____ carbon dioxide elimination.

A) increased; increased
B) increased; decreased
C) decreased; increased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 72

Pam has suffered from insomnia for the last few years and it really affects her everyday life. However, Pam's husband Jim claims that Pam is exaggerating and that she sleeps every night and often even snores! To prove he's right (and to help his wife), Jim asks Pam to go to a sleep clinic to test her insomnia. Jim, on the other hand, is a sleeper who routinely gets at least nine hours of sleep at night.
Which of the following is true

A) Jim has a greater mortality risk than Pam.
B) Jim has a lower mortality risk than Pam.
C) Jim has an equal mortality risk as Pam.
D) Pam has a greater mortality risk, but only if she is also depressed.

Question 73

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
Why does Zoe's presentation target high school and university students specifically (i.e.,the 15-24 year old age group)

A) This age group uses significantly more drugs than those older than 25.
B) The effects of drugs are significantly more prominent in this age group.
C) People in this age group go from occasional users to regular users more quickly.
D) Rehabilitation efforts are less successful in this age group.

Question 74

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
Zoe talks a lot about drug dependence and the effects of withdrawal to the students.A person going through cocaine withdrawal would be expected to show symptoms such as _______________.

A) diarrhea and convulsions
B) irritability and depression
C) irritability and diarrhea
D) convulsions and depression

Question 75

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
Some of the students are shocked to learn that some abused drugs are prescribed by doctors in medical settings.Zoe gives them the example of cocaine that can also be used as a(n)___________.

A) anticonvulsant
B) treatment for glaucoma
C) sleeping pill
D) local anesthetic

Question 76

Ben and Lauren decide to go to a magic show for date night. The magician is supposed to be an expert in hypnosis who has previously taken complete control over the people he hypnotizes. The hypnotist can make people do crazy things like lift a car or even re-live some of their childhood memories. Ben is very excited about the magic show and believes that this type of hypnosis is real, but Lauren is more skeptical.
Ben is excited to go to the show because he is a smoker who is trying to quit,and he hopes hypnosis will be able to help him quit.Which of the following is true

A) Hypnosis could help Ben quit smoking, but only in the short-term.
B) Hypnosis could help Ben quit smoking, but only if it is performed by a medical professional.
C) Hypnosis could help Ben quit smoking, but only if he is highly susceptible.
D) Hypnosis cannot help Ben quit smoking.

Question 77

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
Zoe explains the many negative effects of alcohol,including the increased likelihood of some people to engage in aggressive acts when they are intoxicated.This is a(n)__________ effect of alcohol.

A) indirect
B) direct
C) behavioural
D) cognitive

Question 78

Ben and Lauren decide to go to a magic show for date night. The magician is supposed to be an expert in hypnosis who has previously taken complete control over the people he hypnotizes. The hypnotist can make people do crazy things like lift a car or even re-live some of their childhood memories. Ben is very excited about the magic show and believes that this type of hypnosis is real, but Lauren is more skeptical.
Lauren is still not impressed after the show and invites Ben to a class of open monitoring meditation she regularly attends.The open monitoring kind of meditation shares similarities with techniques of ______________.

A) cognitive behavioural therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) person-centered therapy
D) biodynamic psychotherapy

Question 79

Zoe is a psychologist who studies addiction. Zoe is asked to create a presentation for high school and university students that will inform them about the dangers of using drugs and hopefully deter them from doing so. Zoe places particular emphasis on opioids, due to the current opioid epidemic. However, she will also make sure that she covers marijuana and alcohol in sufficient detail.
Zoe shocks the students by telling them ____ is the most widely used recreational drug in our society.

A) marijuana
B) nicotine
C) alcohol
D) caffeine

Question 80

Pam has suffered from insomnia for the last few years and it really affects her everyday life. However, Pam's husband Jim claims that Pam is exaggerating and that she sleeps every night and often even snores! To prove he's right (and to help his wife), Jim asks Pam to go to a sleep clinic to test her insomnia. Jim, on the other hand, is a sleeper who routinely gets at least nine hours of sleep at night.
According to the sleep state misperception,what is most likely to happen when Pam goes to a sleep clinic

A) Pam will have more trouble falling asleep due to the novelty of the situation.
B) Pam will not be able to sleep and will show the same symptoms she claims to have at home.
C) Pam will sleep the whole night, but she will claim she did not sleep at all.
D) Pam will not be able to sleep initially, but eventually will show sleep patterns.