Deck 7: B: Human Memory

Question 1

Which approach to encoding involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant

A) semantic encoding
B) dual-code encoding 
C) deep processing encoding
D) self-referent encoding

Answer 1

 self-referent encoding

Question 2

What does the semantic level of processing focus attention on

A) the spelling of words
B) the meaning of words 
C) the sounds of spoken words
D) the visual structure of written words

Answer 2

 the meaning of words 

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of the memory process of storage

A) feeling happy when you think about a party you recently attended 
B) remembering to feed the dog 
C) rehearsing lines from a play 
D) maintaining the knowledge of your best friend's phone number for years

Answer 3

 maintaining the knowledge of your best friend's phone number for years

Question 4

Mary is studying in the library and she is very focused on reading over her class notes.She doesn't even notice the various conversations going on around her.As a result,she is becoming better prepared for the exam that is scheduled for tomorrow.Which of the following processes is best illustrated by this example

A) attention
B) retrieval 
C) storage
D) conditioning

Question 5

Which memory process generally requires attention

A) retrieval
B) decay 
C) encoding
D) storage

Question 6

According to levels of processing theory,what type of processing leads to longer-lasting memory codes

A) shallower processing
B) broader processing 
C) deeper processing
D) narrower processing

Question 7

What is the specific term for the memory process that allows you to recite a poem that you have previously memorized

A) retrieval
B) recognition 
C) storage
D) encoding

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of self-referent encoding

A) rehearsing a list of words out loud, over and over again 
B) thinking of examples of the items you are trying to remember 
C) linking new information to things that relate to your own life 
D) generating a visual image of a concept to provide another cue for recall

Question 9

What are sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory the three components of

A) elaboration
B) storage 
C) encoding
D) retrieval

Question 10

Which of the following does NOT describe one of the three main processes involved in memory

A) evaluating information in memory
B) putting information into memory 
C) maintaining information in memory
D) pulling information out of memory

Question 11

If you attempt to improve your memory by focusing on attention,levels of processing,elaboration,and visual imagery,you are focusing on which memory process

A) storage
B) retrieval 
C) encoding
D) memorization

Question 12

Their mom asked Emil and Niklas to help her remember to buy apples.While Emil focused his attention on how apples were his favourite fruit,Niklas thought of seeing a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart.Which methods were the two boys using

A) phonemic encoding and visual imagery 
B) elaboration and structural encoding 
C) elaboration and visual imagery 
D) phonemic encoding and structural encoding

Question 13

You have just been given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the words.As you read through the list,what should you do to have the deepest processing and the best test score

A) Use each word in a sentence. 
B) Think of a word that rhymes with each word. 
C) Count how many letters are in each word. 
D) Concentrate on the first letter of each word.

Question 14

Which of the following is most likely to be encoded as a result of effortful processing

A) the best time to ask your parents for money 
B) taste aversion learning 
C) your impressions of your friends' moods 
D) information needed to pass your midterm exam

Question 15

Which phenomenon provides evidence in support of late-selection models of selective attention

A) habituation to ambient noise in the environment 
B) retrograde amnesia 
C) slower reaction time among people who drive while using cell phones 
D) the cocktail party effect

Question 16

When studying for her psychology exam,Aimee would read each word from the list of key terms at the end of the chapter,read the definition of the term,and then think of an example that illustrated each term.Which process was Aimee using to try to enhance her memory of the terms

A) retrieval
B) generalization 
C) imagery
D) elaboration

Question 17

According to George Miller,the magic number for the capacity of short term memory is seven,plus or minus two bits of information.What does more recent research by Cowan (2010)suggest about the capacity of short-term memory

A) The capacity of short-term memory is higher - up to eleven bits of information. 
B) The capacity is unlimited. 
C) The capacity is seven plus or minus two, but only in Caucasian subjects. 
D) The capacity of short-term memory is only four plus or minus one.

Question 18

Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes

A) enhanced imagery theory
B) encoding-storage theory 
C) information-processing theory
D) dual-coding theory

Question 19

What is the shallowest level of verbal information processing

A) verbal encoding
B) semantic encoding 
C) structural encoding
D) phonemic encoding

Question 20

If you focus your attention on the sounds of the words that you are trying to remember,what type of encoding are you using

A) semantic encoding
B) structural encoding 
C) verbal encoding
D) phonemic encoding

Question 21

In which memory store is rehearsal most beneficial for maintaining information

A) intermediate-term memory
B) short-term memory 
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 22

Which memory system holds information in storage just long enough to give you time to recognize the stimulus

A) working memory
B) long-term memory 
C) short-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 23

While Penny was riding the bus,she was reading her text messages,and also eavesdropping on the conversation behind her.She also paid attention to where she was on the route so that she didn't miss her stop.If Penny is really good at this sort of juggling of information compared to other people,which statement best describes Penny

A) Penny has a high working memory capacity. 
B) Penny's episodic memory is enhanced. 
C) Penny is good at chunking. 
D) Penny can utilize flashbulb memory.

Question 24

If you don't write down a list of all the things you need at the store,how many individual items are you likely to be able to remember

A) no more than 2
B) 4 
C) 10
D) up to 15

Question 25

What is long-term memory

A) permanent changes in behaviour as a consequence of experience 
B) a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds 
C) an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time 
D) unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

Question 26

When a flashlight is waved quickly through the air in a circular pattern,you perceive a circle of light and not just a "single point" of light.Which type of memory functioning is this observation consistent with

A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory 
C) visual memory
D) long-term memory

Question 27

While driving with her two young children,Veronique's car broke down.She called her husband on her cell phone and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call.If the children's behaviour prevents her from repeating the phone number to herself,how long will she have to dial the number before she forgets it

A) 2 seconds
B) 20 seconds 
C) 45 seconds
D) 1 minute

Question 28

Ray was given a long list of food words to memorize,and when he was asked to recall those words he started listing them in a different order than they had originally been listed.He first listed all the words that were names of fruits,then the names of all the dairy products,and so on.What do we call this tendency to group items into logical patterns

A) clustering
B) flashbulb memory 
C) source monitoring
D) spreading activation

Question 29

If you know that someone has a flashbulb memory of an event,which of the following will be true of that memory

A) It will be vivid.
B) It will be delusional. 
C) It will lack detail.
D) It will be very accurate.

Question 30

While at a yard sale,you and your roommate find a great old couch.Which component of working memory are you using as you try to determine whether the couch will fit in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds,dressers,and desks

A) semantic buffer
B) executive control system 
C) phonological rehearsal loop
D) visuospatial sketchpad

Question 31

Which type of memory allows you to briefly retain information about something that ended a quarter of a second ago

A) working memory
B) sensory memory 
C) instantaneous memory
D) short-term memory

Question 32

Which component of working memory are you using when you recite a list of words over and over again

A) phonological loop
B) executive control system 
C) episodic buffer
D) visuospatial sketchpad

Question 33

In Wilder Penfield's brain-mapping studies,stimulation to which area of the brain caused patients to provide vivid descriptions of events

A) amygdala
B) occipital lobes 
C) temporal lobes
D) hypothalamus

Question 34

While Penny was riding the bus,she was reading her text messages,and also eavesdropping on the conversation behind her.She also paid attention to where she was on the route so that she didn't miss her stop.Which component of working memory allows Penny to monitor all these events

A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) executive control system 
C) phonological loop
D) episodic buffer

Question 35

What is sensory memory

A) a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds 
B) the same thing as working memory 
C) a brief type of storage that preserves information in its original form for a fraction of a second 
D) an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

Question 36

What is short-term memory good for

A) maintaining rehearsed information for approximately five minutes 
B) preserving information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second 
C) preserving episodic information long enough for cortical encoding 
D) maintaining unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

Question 37

What do we call the unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

A) flashbulb memories
B) tip-of-the-tongue memories 
C) episodic memories
D) long-term memories

Question 38

Shelly just looked up a phone number for the local pizza place.How long will the number be available in her short-term memory if she doesn't rehearse the phone number

A) less than 1 second
B) approximately 4 seconds 
C) approximately 20 seconds
D) at least 1 minute

Question 39

Which component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory

A) semantic buffer
B) visuospatial sketchpad 
C) executive control system
D) episodic buffer

Question 40

Before going to the grocery store,you think about all the things you need to buy in terms of the meals you will be creating for the next couple of days.For example,instead of trying to remember "milk,bread,eggs,vanilla" you just think of "French toast." What do we call this method of maintaining information in short-term memory

A) phonological loop
B) chunking 
C) categorization
D) grouping

Question 41

Often,individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question (such as "Who was prime minister after Brian Mulroney ")but they can remember the answer (Kim Campbell)when given a hint (such as "Her last name is the same as a brand of soup").What is the hint in this example

A) a tip-of-the-tongue cue
B) a semantic cue 
C) a rehearsal cue
D) a retrieval cue

Question 42

When Allen was trying to remember all of the relatives that he wanted to invite to his wedding,he organized all the names as if they were in a family tree.Which concept is illustrated by this example

A) semantic network
B) conceptual hierarchy 
C) clustering
D) schemas

Question 43

In which memory model is the memory for an item of knowledge represented by a specific pattern of activation

A) semantic network model of memory
B) connectionist model of memory 
C) information-processing model of memory
D) conditioning model of memory

Question 44

Nick was a witness to a robbery in a convenience store where the thief jumped over the counter,grabbed a handful of money and left very quickly.When a police officer interviewed Nick and the cashier,Nick told the police officer that he did not see a weapon of any kind.The cashier said that she saw a gun.Later,when Nick was telling his friends about the robbery,he recalled seeing a gun.According to Loftus,what changed Nick's memory for the event

A) misinformation effect
B) post-context effect 
C) reconstruction effect
D) source-monitoring effect

Question 45

When Kaatja visited her old elementary school for her niece's band concert,she was overwhelmed with long-forgotten memories of her friends,teachers,and events from her childhood.What type of cues did returning to her former school provide Kaatja

A) delayed cues
B) tip-of-the-tongue cues 
C) context cues
D) structural cues

Question 46

If you incorrectly recall your psychology professor saying,"Psychology is a poor choice for a university major," when in reality it was your philosophy professor who made the statement,what type of error did you make

A) source-monitoring error
B) misinformation error 
C) reality-monitoring error
D) retention error

Question 47

What are you engaging in if you are trying to remember whether you told your roommate that you would not be home for dinner tomorrow,or you just thought about telling her

A) source monitoring
B) imagination inflation 
C) reconstruction
D) memory monitoring

Question 48

What is a semantic network

A) patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks 
B) a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit 
C) an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event 
D) nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Question 49

People often find that they can remember events more easily when in the same physical place as they were when they first experienced the event.What does this illustrate

A) the influence of imagery on retrieval
B) the influence of context on encoding 
C) the influence of context on retrieval
D) the influence of imagery on encoding

Question 50

Molly was trying to describe someone that she had just met,who happened to be a librarian.She described this person as quiet and wearing glasses,even though she was chatty and did not wear glasses.What has interfered with Molly's memory of her new acquaintance

A) a semantic network
B) a schema 
C) a retrieval cue
D) an episodic buffer

Question 51

According to research by Loftus on eyewitness testimony,which of the following is true of the recall of an accident or crime scene

A) It is so vivid that it is subject to very little memory error. 
B) It can be influenced by the questions eyewitnesses are asked. 
C) It can be significantly improved using hypnosis. 
D) It is distorted by emotion and is completely inaccurate.

Question 52

Which of the following best describes the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A) partial retrieval
B) partial storage 
C) complete storage failure
D) complete retrieval failure

Question 53

Paige says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: "We played games,had cake and ice cream,and got goodie bags." In reality,the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake.What is likely responsible for Paige's inaccurate memory

A) her birthday party schema
B) repression 
C) the misinformation effect
D) the source-monitoring error

Question 54

According to the concept of semantic networks,which political science class topics would facilitate your remembering John A.Macdonald's name

A) conservatives
B) prime ministers 
C) parliament
D) world leaders

Question 55

Which process explains why,when we think of one word,such as "fruit," it triggers our thinking of other words,such as "apples and oranges"

A) source monitoring 
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 
C) parallel distributed processing 
D) spreading activation within a semantic network

Question 56

Brianne is trying to remember the name of the regular babysitter she had when she was younger.When her dad reminds her that he called the sitter Sarge because she strictly enforced the rules,Brianne correctly remembers her name as Marge.In this example,what did "Sarge" serve as

A) a hint
B) a phonemic cue 
C) a retrieval cue
D) a semantic cue

Question 57

Which pair of terms does NOT belong together

A) retrieval; short-term memory
B) encoding; attention 
C) schema; long-term memory
D) rehearsal; short-term memory

Question 58

What are connectionist models of memory based on

A) connections between encoding, storage, and retrieval 
B) connections between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory 
C) how computer systems process information 
D) how neural networks process information

Question 59

Mandy did very well on her midterm but there was one question that really frustrated her.She could not remember the correct answer during the exam and she left it blank.Once she got home,the answer popped into her mind as soon as she saw her notebook and textbook sitting on the kitchen table.According to Tulving's view of memory retrieval,what is the state of Mandy's memory for the answer to that one question

A) The information was in working memory, but not in long-term memory. 
B) The information was available but not accessible during the exam. 
C) The information was accessible but not available during the exam. 
D) The information was in long-term memory, but not in working memory.

Question 60

Which stage of memory is best characterized as a reconstruction

A) working memory
B) short-term memory 
C) sensory memory
D) long-term memory

Question 61

According to decay theory,why does forgetting occur

A) because of the passage of time 
B) because of the deterioration of the nervous system with increasing age 
C) because of competition from other memories 
D) because of ineffective encoding of information

Question 62

We may forget information because of experiences we have either before or after learning the information.Which of the following is consistent with this statement

A) interference theory
B) retrieval failure 
C) ineffective encoding
D) decay theory

Question 63

Which statements best represents the ideas of Elizabeth Loftus on memory

A) Repressed memories need to be recovered to aid in psychological healing. 
B) People rarely reconstruct memories, although it can happen. 
C) Memory is like a tape-recorder. 
D) Memory is malleable.

Question 64

Joseph can't recall his old phone number now that he has learned his new phone number.What leads to this type of forgetting

A) proactive interference
B) negative interference 
C) retroactive interference
D) positive interference

Question 65

With which method of measuring forgetting are savings scores associated

A) relearning
B) retention 
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 66

Multiple-choice exams such as this one primarily measure retention by using which method

A) recall
B) recitation 
C) relearning
D) recognition

Question 67

Which method of retention assessment is a history teacher using when he asks his students to state from memory the categories defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

A) recitation
B) recall 
C) recognition
D) relearning

Question 68

Intervening material is most likely to cause an increase in forgetting when the intervening material is very similar to the information that is to be remembered.What is this called

A) motivated forgetting
B) retrieval failure 
C) ineffective encoding
D) interference

Question 69

Joshua has been trying unsuccessfully for days to remember the name of a song that was popular when he was in Grade 10.The "oldies" radio station just played the song,and after hearing only the first few seconds,the name of the song "popped into his head." What was provided by the opening seconds of the song

A) retroactive cues
B) proactive cues 
C) context cues
D) retrieval cues

Question 70

According to Ebbinghaus's research,what is the pattern in which memory for meaningless information is forgotten

A) very gradually over several days 
B) each item is forgotten immediately 
C) very gradually for several hours and then at a very rapid rate 
D) very rapidly in the first few hours after learning

Question 71

If,on a midterm exam,you were asked to list all the lobes of the brain,what kind of measure of retention is that question

A) relearning
B) recall 
C) recitation
D) recognition

Question 72

Which theory of forgetting would best explain why Emma was unable to remember her Grade 2 teacher's name yesterday,but can remember it today

A) interference
B) decay 
C) motivated forgetting
D) retrieval failure

Question 73

Poor memory for information often occurs when the information receives only a shallow level of processing.In this case,what leads to memory failure

A) storage failure
B) retrieval failure 
C) interference
D) ineffective encoding

Question 74

As Camilla tries to play a piece of music from memory,she forgets a lot of notes and in some cases lapses into playing another song that she knows better.She finds this frustrating because she has remembered this piece perfectly in the past.In this example,what seems to be the cause of forgetting

A) storage failure
B) interference 
C) ineffective encoding
D) decay

Question 75

Why do most students find recognition tests easier than recall tests

A) Recall tests provide retrieval cues.
B) Recall tests provide relearning cues. 
C) Recognition tests provide retrieval cues.
D) Recognition tests provide relearning cues.

Question 76

Aras took three years of French in high school before switching to studying German in college.He has noticed that he has forgotten a lot of his French vocabulary.What is most likely responsible for his loss of French

A) retroactive interference
B) proactive interference 
C) motivated forgetting
D) decay

Question 77

At the beginning of January every year,people typically write or say the previous year when they are asked to indicate the current date.What explains this type of error

A) negative interference
B) proactive interference 
C) positive interference
D) retroactive interference

Question 78

What method measures retention by requiring an individual to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved

A) recitation
B) relearning 
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 79

On your midterm exam,if you are given a list of brain regions and asked to write those regions into the correct places on a diagram of the brain,what sort of measure of retention is being used

A) recognition
B) relearning 
C) rote
D) recall

Question 80

As you are reading an exam question,you cannot think of the correct term and you say to yourself,"I can't believe I forgot this." In reality,you never knew the answer in the first place.What does this example illustrate

A) pseudoforgetting
B) decay 
C) retrieval failure
D) interference