Deck 7: A: Human Memory

Question 1

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included "dog,pail,and hate." Later,she recalled these words as "dig,paint,and hard." Based on Kiana's errors in recall,how did she encode the original word list

A) implicitly 
B) semantically 
C) phonemically 
D) structurally

Answer 1

 structurally

Question 2

Which process is important for memory and involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events

A) elaboration 
B) clustering 
C) attention 
D) encoding

Answer 2

 attention 

Question 3

Frances is daydreaming during her botany class and has not been listening to the lecture at all.She is suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name and is waiting for her to respond to a question that has been asked.Which type of model is supported by this example

A) early-selection model of attention 
B) late-selection model of attention 
C) retroactive model of attention 
D) acoustic-blocking model of attention

Answer 3

 late-selection model of attention 

Question 4

Zachariah was nervous about his midterm exams,but once he started he found that he was able to accurately recall the necessary information.Which memory process accounts for Zachariah's access and utilization of the information in his memory

A) encoding 
B) storage 
C) retrieval 
D) rehearsal

Question 5

What must occur for a memory to be stored

A) encoding 
B) retrieval 
C) modelling 
D) chunking

Question 6

What is the order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later

A) encoding, storage, retrieval 
B) acquisition, encoding, retrieval 
C) encoding, retrieval, storage 
D) storage, retrieval, acquisition

Question 7

Which of the following is a component of most theories of attention

A) the assumption that the vast majority of stimuli reach conscious awareness 
B) recognition that our attention is distributed equally among all sensory inputs 
C) the concept of attention as a selective filter that screens out most stimuli 
D) emphasis on the nonselective nature of attention

Question 8

In which level of processing is emphasis placed on the sounds of words

A) morphemic 
B) phonemic 
C) platonic 
D) mnemonic

Question 9

What was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart

A) functional 
B) phonemic 
C) structural 
D) semantic

Question 10

Which of the following is proposed by early-selection theories of attention

A) Stimuli are screened out before they reach the sense organs. 
B) Stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input. 
C) Stimuli are screened out immediately after the brain processes the meaning of sensory input. 
D) Attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs that are above threshold.

Question 11

Thalia studied for her midterm and when her roommate quizzed her,she gave correct answers to all sorts of questions.The day of the midterm,however,Thalia was unable to provide answers to questions that she had answered the night before.What can you conclude from this memory failure

A) Thalia stored the information appropriately, but her encoding was faulty. 
B) Thalia encoded and stored the wrong information. 
C) Thalia did not actually encode the information. 
D) Thalia encoded the information and stored it, but she was unable to retrieve it.

Question 12

When a driver of a vehicle is having a conversation,what is most likely to lead to problems with driving

A) conflicting recommendations from backseat drivers 
B) changes in emotional reactivity 
C) divided attention 
D) inability to detect other auditory stimuli

Question 13

Which memory process would you be using if you were attempting to remember where you left your keys

A) encoding 
B) storage 
C) retrieval 
D) acquisition

Question 14

What has been demonstrated to be the least dangerous method of conversation while driving

A) using text messaging 
B) talking on a hands-free cellular phone 
C) talking to passengers in the vehicle 
D) talking on a hand-held cellular phone

Question 15

Even if you are not attending to a particular conversation between two people,you may notice if one of the people says your name.What is the term for this type of occurrence

A) Posner effect 
B) Craik effect 
C) cocktail party phenomenon 
D) self-referent phenomenon

Question 16

Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn't hear the phone ringing in the background.Later,he is surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him,because he was totally unaware that the phone had even rung.Which model is supported by this example

A) late selection 
B) early selection 
C) retroactive interference 
D) proactive interference

Question 17

Cherie is trying to do two things at once.She is completing a time-limited online quiz for a very important course (so she has to pay attention to the questions),and she is trying to monitor a conversation going on behind her,involving some juicy gossip.What would you expect if you asked Cherie to recall as much as possible about the conversation

A) She would not remember as much as she would have if she had focused on the conversation. 
B) She would have excellent memory for the conversation, because parallel-distributed processing would temporarily allow her to monitor two streams of content. 
C) She would have poor memory for components of the conversation that were similar in content to the quiz. 
D) She would remember more than usual about the conversation, because the topic was personally relevant.

Question 18

What is the term for the process of remembering

A) encoding 
B) information registry 
C) retrieval 
D) storage

Question 19

Jorge listens attentively to the premier's speech and converts the information from the speech into new memories.What process allows Jorge to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time

A) encoding 
B) storage 
C) retrieval 
D) priming

Question 20

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first-semester Spanish class after the class has ended.What memory process accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time

A) encoding 
B) retrieval 
C) chunking 
D) storage

Question 21

Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included "dog,pail,and hate." Later,she recalled these words as "pup,bucket,and dislike." Based on Taryn's errors in recall,how did she encode the original word list

A) semantically 
B) structurally 
C) proactively 
D) phonemically

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of phonemic encoding

A) memorizing lines from a poem 
B) remembering a grocery list by visualizing the cake you will make with the ingredients 
C) thinking of definitions for each word you must remember 
D) thinking of rhyming words for each item on your shopping list

Question 23

Two students took a memory test where they had to remember 20 words that were flashed on a screen.Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor.Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence.What would you predict based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory

A) Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding. 
B) Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding. 
C) Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding. 
D) Both students should have equivalent recall of the words.

Question 24

Hugh is studying for his geography test.He is in a hurry,so he focuses on memorizing the main points of the text and skips the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point.Which statement best summarizes this situation

A) Hugh is using an efficient study strategy, because examples often cause students to become confused about key issues. 
B) Hugh's strategy is ineffective, and he will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads. 
C) Hugh is chunking to create fewer storage units, and this should aid his later recall of the information. 
D) Hugh is using deep processing, which should produce a very durable memory for the material.

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of structural encoding

A) remembering a series of symbols by noting the angle of each of the lines 
B) remembering a grocery list by visualizing the cake you will make with the ingredients 
C) thinking of definitions for each word you must remember 
D) thinking of rhyming words for each item on your shopping list

Question 26

What is involved in self-referent encoding

A) forming two kinds of memory codes for each word 
B) linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding 
C) the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered 
D) making the material to be remembered personally meaningful

Question 27

Whitney's neighbours are surprised that she never forgets their anniversary,but their wedding anniversary falls on the same day as Whitney's birthday,so she finds it an easy date to remember.What is illustrated by Whitney's easy recall of the anniversary date

A) spreading activation in a semantic network 
B) prospective memory processes 
C) semantic encoding 
D) self-referent encoding

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of semantic encoding

A) memorizing lines from a poem 
B) remembering a grocery list by visualizing the cake you will make with the ingredients 
C) thinking of definitions for each word you must remember 
D) thinking of rhyming words for each item on your shopping list

Question 29

Dr.Boissoneau is a well-liked professor,and students always say that it is very easy to remember his lectures.Dr.Boissoneau uses a lot of funny pictures to illustrate his points (such as a picture of Napoleon being soaked by a bucket of water,when discussing the battle of Waterloo),and he creates all kinds of examples and metaphors when explaining theories or concepts (such as comparing Marie Antoinette to Miley Cyrus).What is it about Dr.Boissoneau that is most effective for helping students to remember his lectures so easily

A) Students don't necessarily remember more of the lectures, but they find the lectures entertaining so they feel like they're learning more. 
B) He uses examples to enhance elaborative coding, which is more complex than visual imagery and results in better recall. 
C) According to dual-coding theory, memory is enhanced by both visual and semantic codes, since either can lead to recall. 
D) He uses visual imagery, which is more salient than semantic elements like metaphors.

Question 30

Which statement about memory is proposed by dual-coding theory

A) It is composed of episodic and semantic codes. 
B) It is composed of declarative and procedural elements. 
C) It is enhanced by schematic and nonschematic elements. 
D) It is enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes.

Question 31

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes

A) semantic 
B) phonemic 
C) structural 
D) mnemonic

Question 32

Which sequence represents progressively deeper levels of processing

A) phonemic, semantic, structural 
B) structural, phonemic, semantic 
C) semantic, phonemic, structural 
D) structural, semantic, phonemic

Question 33

Which list of words should be easiest to remember,based on Paivio's dual-coding theory

A) a list of nonsense words, such as filt and borm 
B) a list of rhyming words, such as boy and destroy 
C) a list of words for concepts or ideas, such as honesty and democracy 
D) a list of words that you can visualize, such as dog and beer

Question 34

What types of memory stores are described in the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model

A) sensory, short-term, and long-term stores 
B) short-, medium-, and long-term stores 
C) four different memory stores 
D) sensory, short-term, medium-term, and long-term stores

Question 35

What is the deepest level of processing of information in memory

A) triarchic level of encoding 
B) attentional encoding 
C) semantic level of encoding 
D) dyadic encoding

Question 36

What does the process of elaboration involve

A) linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding 
B) decreasing the complexity of the material to be remembered 
C) forming two kinds of memory code for each word 
D) the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered

Question 37

Several friends are arguing over the actual date of Will and Kate's royal wedding.Some of them think it was in May,several think it was in early April,and one thinks it may have been in June.Seth confidently tells them it was on April 29,because it was the same day that his daughter was born.What is illustrated by the example of Seth's accurate recall

A) prospective memory processes 
B) semantic encoding 
C) self-referent encoding 
D) spreading activation in a semantic network

Question 38

Which type of memory code emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

A) phonemic 
B) semantic 
C) episodic 
D) structural

Question 39

Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included "dog,pail,and hate." Later,he recalled these words as "log,whale,and late." Based on Xavier's errors in recall,how did he encode the original word list

A) semantically 
B) phonemically 
C) retroactively 
D) structurally

Question 40

Naomi is studying for her physics exam.While she is studying,she thinks about each lab demonstration that was used to illustrate key ideas.Which statement best summarizes this situation

A) Naomi uses shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading. 
B) Naomi is using an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas. 
C) Naomi employs the linking method to create a more complete semantic network. 
D) Naomi's strategy is an ineffective study strategy because it will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas.

Question 41

Which type of memory is stored for the shortest period of time

A) working 
B) sensory 
C) short-term 
D) long-term

Question 42

Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her car.She mentally manipulated the position of the box,trying to figure out a way to make it fit.Which component of memory was Mia utilizing,based on Baddeley's model of working memory

A) executive control system 
B) visuospatial sketchpad 
C) prospective memory 
D) phonological loop

Question 43

Without rehearsal,what is the duration of short-term memory

A) no longer than 1 second 
B) about 20 seconds 
C) 5 to 10 minutes 
D) no more than 3 hours

Question 44

Which component of working memory handles the ability of people to "juggle" information in working memory in order to reason and make decisions

A) executive control 
B) phonological loop 
C) visual imagery 
D) schematic

Question 45

Why have earlier studies of short-term memory capacity overestimated its capacity,according to Cowan

A) The studies failed to control for prior exposure to familiar test items. 
B) Researchers used university students with above-average memory abilities. 
C) Researchers used nonsense syllables, which are unnatural stimuli. 
D) The studies failed to control for participants' tendency to chunk information.

Question 46

Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope.As long as the rope is turning,all Cindy can see is a blur of colour.She can make out only the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping.What accounts for the "blurred" image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving

A) function of sensory memory 
B) rehearsal of short-term memory 
C) formation of flashbulb memory 
D) encoding of episodic memory

Question 47

According to Cowan,the capacity of short-term memory has been overestimated in previous research.What is the capacity suggested by Cowan

A) 4 items, plus or minus 1 
B) 5 items, plus or minus 2 
C) 7 items, plus or minus 2 
D) 8 items, plus or minus 1

Question 48

Which type of memory would you have to rely on if you try to recall the exact sound that you heard about 15 seconds ago

A) long-term 
B) short-term 
C) sensory 
D) prospective

Question 49

Who is known for identifying the "magical number" for the capacity of short-term memory

A) George Sperling 
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus 
C) Richard Atkinson 
D) George Miller

Question 50

Alice was listening to the radio as she was driving,and she heard an announcement that her favourite band was coming to town next month.When she pulled into her driveway,she grabbed her notebook and wrote down the date of the concert.Where was the information stored until Alice wrote it down

A) sensory memory 
B) short-term memory 
C) long-term memory 
D) trace memory

Question 51

Which component is NOT included in Baddeley's model of short-term or working memory

A) executive control system 
B) rehearsal loop 
C) visuospatial sketchpad 
D) sensory memory

Question 52

As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship,she silently repeated all the names to herself,in order.What was Kayla using,and why

A) chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory 
B) filtering to temporarily block other information out of short-term memory 
C) acoustic encoding to process the names semantically 
D) rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory

Question 53

A 1-800 number for a product Ronald was interested in flashed on the television screen.Unfortunately,the number disappeared before Ronald was able to write down the last three digits.However,Ronald found he had a momentary mental image of the phone number,and he was able to complete it,even though the number had disappeared.What is illustrated by Ronald's experience

A) procedural memory 
B) flashbulb memory 
C) cued recall 
D) sensory memory

Question 54

Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into "hit red bat" in order to remember them more easily.Which technique is this an example of

A) rehearsal 
B) elaboration 
C) clustering 
D) chunking

Question 55

What is a characteristic of a sensory memory

A) It usually lasts for about 30 seconds. 
B) It can be maintained indefinitely by rehearsal. 
C) It gives you more time to recognize a stimulus. 
D) It is usually stored acoustically.

Question 56

Which component of working memory are you relying on when you mentally picture the road between your house and school

A) visuospatial sketchpad 
B) rehearsal loop 
C) conceptual hierarchy 
D) executive control system

Question 57

You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings.After talking on the phone,you can't remember the last thing you read.What happened

A) The information was lost from short-term memory because the phone distracted you from rehearsing the information. 
B) The information was lost from long-term memory because the phone distracted you from retrieving the information. 
C) The information was lost from sensory memory because the phone distracted you from perceiving the information. 
D) The information was lost from long-term memory because the phone distracted you from rehearsing the information.

Question 58

As Art was walking out the door of his apartment,he was quickly running through a mental list of all the things he was supposed to take with him.He went through the complete list of items four or five times,just to make sure he hadn't forgotten anything.Which memory component was Art using,based on Baddeley's model of working memory

A) visuospatial sketchpad 
B) prospective memory 
C) executive control system 
D) phonological loop

Question 59

Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week.Based on George Miller's research into short-term memory capacity,how many items is Mark likely to remember if he doesn't write the items down as he hears them

A) fewer than 5 items 
B) between 5 and 9 items 
C) approximately 10 to 12 items 
D) all 14 items

Question 60

Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"

A) sensory memory 
B) prospective memory 
C) short-term memory 
D) long-term memory

Question 61

What type of memories are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

A) flashbulb memories 
B) nondeclarative memories 
C) episodic memories 
D) sensory memories

Question 62

What is the term that describes a student's organized set of expectations about how a professor is supposed to act

A) script 
B) semantic network 
C) schema 
D) chunk

Question 63

What is the memory process known as clustering

A) recall of information based on the use of related schemata or scripts 
B) recall of similar or related items in groups 
C) use of a semantic network to encode new information 
D) association of any stimuli in order to maintain a greater quantity of information in short-term memory

Question 64

If you needed to hire someone with really strong complex reasoning skills,what should that person have

A) durable sensory memory 
B) large working memory capacity 
C) rigid executive control system 
D) reliable phonological rehearsal loop

Question 65

What is associated with cognitive abilities like reading comprehension or complex reasoning

A) sensory memory capacity 
B) working memory capacity 
C) trace memory capacity 
D) long-term memory capacity

Question 66

What was achieved by Baddeley's concept of working memory

A) It recognizes the complexity of short-term memory. 
B) It expands the functions and processes of long-term memory. 
C) It integrates sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory into a single, complex system. 
D) It takes the place of the old concept of sensory memory.

Question 67

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago.When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident,he feels as if he can recall every detail of it,right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars.What is this type of memory called

A) procedural memory 
B) sensory memory 
C) implicit memory 
D) flashbulb memory

Question 68

Maria is trying to recall the names of all of the provinces and territories.She begins by naming the Maritime provinces,followed by the Central provinces,the Western provinces,and finally the territories.Which concept does Maria's pattern of recall illustrate

A) clustering 
B) serial-position effect 
C) primacy effect 
D) levels-of-processing

Question 69

Which memory system has an almost unlimited storage capacity

A) sensory 
B) long-term 
C) working 
D) phonological

Question 70

Which pair of words should be linked most closely,according to the notion of semantic networks

A) feel-feed 
B) tree-bird 
C) car-elbow 
D) boat-goat

Question 71

What is the term for a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

A) script 
B) schema 
C) mnemonic device 
D) conceptual hierarchy

Question 72

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends.In his description,he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall,even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall.What is illustrated by Brock's error

A) the role of semantic networks in long-term memory 
B) the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory 
C) the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory 
D) the role of schemas in long-term memory

Question 73

What does it mean when information in long-term memory (LTM)is organized according to a clustering principle

A) Words that look alike are grouped together in LTM. 
B) Items that occurred close together in time are grouped together in LTM. 
C) People create a network of nodes in LTM, with links to related concepts. 
D) Related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories.

Question 74

In Serena's philosophy class,they are discussing cases of terrorism,and when they get to the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City,Serena suddenly has a vivid memory of watching the footage of the plane crash.She feels like she can recall every detail of that morning,right down to the breakfast that she and her family were eating.What type of memory is illustrated in this example

A) flashbulb memory 
B) implicit memory 
C) sensory memory 
D) procedural memory

Question 75

What is the term for a system where nodes representing concepts are joined together by pathways that link related concepts

A) organizational schema 
B) semantic network 
C) lexical ordering 
D) clustering hierarchy

Question 76

What is suggested by results from the research study that investigated the accuracy of flashbulb memories following the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001

A) Flashbulb memories fade gradually over time, just like other memories. 
B) Flashbulb memories have special characteristics that make them less vulnerable to forgetting. 
C) Flashbulb memories are created only when the triggering events elicit strong emotions. 
D) Flashbulb memories remain extremely accurate, even years after the initial event.

Question 77

Graham has selected four different universities that he might like to attend,and now he is trying to decide which of the four he should apply to.He has all the material spread out in front of him,and he is carefully considering all the advantages and disadvantages associated with each campus.Which component of memory is Graham utilizing,based on Baddeley's model of working memory

A) visuospatial sketchpad 
B) rehearsal loop 
C) executive control system 
D) prospective memory

Question 78

What has been demonstrated by researchers who investigated the accuracy of flashbulb memories following the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001

A) Flashbulb memories are more vivid because they contain hallucinatory (and therefore inaccurate) details. 
B) Flashbulb memories are more vivid and more accurate than typical memories. 
C) Flashbulb memories contain more visual information than typical memories, which makes them less accurate for semantic encoding. 
D) Flashbulb memories may be more vivid and detailed, but they are otherwise similar to other types of long-term memory.

Question 79

What is a schema

A) specific type of availability heuristic 
B) peculiar form of amnesia 
C) organized general knowledge structure 
D) specific type of representative heuristic

Question 80

Meredith is trying to learn the various species of canines.She begins by grouping them by wolves,dogs,and foxes,then memorizing the species within each group.Which concept does Meredith's method of organizing the material illustrate

A) source monitoring 
B) the serial-position effect 
C) conceptual hierarchies 
D) levels of processing