Deck 11: Subsistence and Exchange

Question 1

​What is seen as a unique quality of the human adaptation process?

A)​It has an impact on the environment in which we live.
B)​It leads to biological change.
C)​It is dynamic and constantly changing.
D)​It involves the ability to produce and reproduce culture.

Answer 1

​It involves the ability to produce and reproduce culture.

Question 2

​What is the altiplano?

A)​a high plateau in the Andes
B)​a form of agriculture
C)​a type of economic exchange found in Finland
D)​a herd of llamas

Answer 2

​a high plateau in the Andes

Question 3

​An agricultural way of life involves:

A)​draft animals, traders, political centralization
B)​traders, pastoralism, simple hand tools
C)​a plow, draft animals, no surplus
D)​a plow, political centralization, no craft specialization

Answer 3

​draft animals, traders, political centralization

Question 4

​The notion of progress is best described as:

A)​ethnocentric
B)​culturally relative
C)​adaptive
D)​evolution

Question 5

​Which of the following is not considered an attribute of food foraging?

A)​fishing
B)​collecting
C)​planting
D)​hunting

Question 6

​Which of the following best describes the concept of cultural evolution?

A)​Cultures may change over the course of time.
B)​Cultures advance over the course of time.
C)​Cultures break into new cultures over the course of time.
D)​All cultures emerge from a primitive nonanimated state.

Question 7

​All of the following changes occurred as humans settled Easter Island except:

A)​deforestation
B)​invasion of rats
C)​endemic warfare
D)​enslavement

Question 8

​Subsistence, or the means of acquiring resources, is a part of the cultural:

A)​social structure
B)​substructure
C)​superstructure
D)​infrastructure

Question 9

​The Neolithic revolution had many consequences, but it is marked as being the time period in which people began:

A)​domesticating plants and animals
B)​forming state societies
C)​engaging in economic exchange
D)​developing electronic technology

Question 10

​A horticultural way of life involves:

A)​a plow, but no irrigation, and a small amount of surplus
B)​a plow and irrigation, and a large amount of surplus production
C)​simple hand tools, and a fair amount of surplus production
D)​simple hand tools and little surplus production

Question 11

​Today, approximately what percentage of the world's population subsists through foraging as a primary mode of subsistence?

A)​4
B)​0.4
C)​0.04
D)​0.004

Question 12

​Which of the following statements is not true?

A)​Foragers are less likely to experience famine than agriculturalists.
B)​Foraging represents a rational and adaptive mode of subsistence.
C)​Contemporary foragers are all part of larger socioeconomic systems.
D)​Foragers have very little leisure time for family and spiritual development.

Question 13

​Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A)​Andean people have historically been adapted to high altitude, but today they are losing these attributes.
B)​Andean people have adapted culturally to high altitude, but biological adaptation is not possible.
C)​Andean people have adapted biologically to high altitude, but cultural adaptation has been extremely difficult.
D)​Andean people are both culturally and biologically adapted to high altitude.

Question 14

​The complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive is called:

A)​parallel adaptation
B)​sociobiological adaptation
C)​cultural adaptation
D)​social adaptation

Question 15

​The units of adaptation include both:

A)​technology and commerce
B)​organisms and their environment
C)​people and animals
D)​environment and climatic conditions

Question 16

​The inhabitants of Easter Island were originally Polynesian seafarers and came to be known as:

A)​Rapanui
B)​Maori
C)​Samoans
D)​Dutch

Question 17

​People adapted to high altitude tend to have bodies that are:

A)​long-legged and barrel-chested
B)​short-legged and slender
C)​long-legged and slender
D)​short-legged and barrel-chested

Question 18

​Cultural evolution is best defined as:

A)​cultural change over time
B)​a process of cultural progress over time
C)​a mode of production that becomes more complex over time
D)​adaption to biological and cultural change

Question 19

​A functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it, is called:

A)​culture
B)​cultural adaptation
C)​cultural ecology
D)​ecosystem

Question 20

​Which of the following is not an example of a food-producing society?

A)​horticultural
B)​foraging
C)​pastoralist
D)​agricultural

Question 21

​Approximately how many people worldwide practice pastoralism as a mode of subsistence?

A)about 8 million
B)about 11 million
C)about 17 million
D)​more than 20 million

Question 22

​The average weight of an individual's belongings among the Ju/'hoansi is:

A)​less than 25 pounds
B)​between 25 and 40 pounds
C)​less than 15 pounds
D)​more than 50 pounds

Question 23

​Mixed subsistence strategy (crop growing and animal breeding) was primarily found associated with which geographical region?

A)​North America
B)​South America
C)​Australia
D)​Africa

Question 24

​Of the following, which is the greatest drawback of industrial food production?

A)​wasteful production of surplus
B)​enormous amount of land consumed
C)​higher prices for meat and vegetable products
D)​destruction of family farms and rural life

Question 25

​Among the Ju/'hoansi, the owner of game is:

A)​the individual who hunts the game
B)​the individual whose arrow killed it
C)​all adult members of the band
D)​all adult male members of the band

Question 26

​Which of the following produces a surplus to sell on the market?

A)​foragers
B)​swidden farmers
C)​horticulturalists
D)​agriculturalists

Question 27

​Among the Ju/'hoansi, land is defined in terms of:

A)​national boundaries
B)​water holes
C)​mongongo fruit trees
D)​ethnic boundaries

Question 28

​Societies in which human labor, hand tools, and animal power are largely replaced by machines and with an economy primarily based on big factories are usually which type?

A)​horticultural
B)​agricultural
C)​industrial
D)​pastoral

Question 29

​Postindustrial societies face many changes in the division of labor by gender. With which system are they most commonly associated today?

A)​dual sex configuration
B)​segregated pattern
C)​flexible/integrated pattern
D)​rebounding pattern

Question 30

Why does capitalist market theory have limited applicability to nonstate societies?

A)​Nonstate societies do not understand capitalist market theory.
B)​Nonstate societies do not have an economic system.
C)​The economic sphere is not developed among nonstate societies.
D)​The economic sphere is intertwined in other spheres of life in nonstate societies.

Question 31

​A dual sex configuration pattern is most often found in:

A)​American Indian societies where each sex has its own significant tasks
B)​foraging societies such as the Ju/'hoansi
C)​Maya peasant societies
D)​nomadic and pastoral societies

Question 32

​Which of the following statements is not true in traditional societies?

A)​Women's work tends to be work that can be more easily interrupted.
B)​Men's work tends to be work that is more physically demanding.
C)​Women frequently perform tasks that tend to require rapid mobilization of energy.
D)​Men frequently perform tasks that tend to require travel from home.

Question 33

​Which of the following is not commonly associated with peasants?

A)​They are found in societies of intensive agriculture.
B)​They are often exploited by more dominant classes.
C)​They either own their own land or rent it.
D)​They usually own more land than they can use.

Question 34

​Small-scale producers of crops or livestock living on rented lands in exchange for labor and exploited by a more dominant class are called:

A)​slaves
B)​serfs
C)​peons
D)​peasants

Question 35

​Ju/'hoansi land ownership is determined by:

A)​titled property rights that are inherited
B)​individual influence within the band
C)​kinship ties within the band
D)​residence seniority in an area or band

Question 36

​Pastoralism is associated with each of the following except:

A)​breeding and management of migratory herds
B)​establishment of permanent settlements
C)​trade with farmers or merchants
D)​sexual and age division of labor

Question 37

​An economic system is:

A)​an organizational arrangement for producing and distributing goods
B)​an organizational arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods
C)​a social model for trade of produced goods within agricultural and industrial societies
D)​a social process of distributing products within an industrial society

Question 38

​Seasonal movement with animals from one to another predetermined location is known as:

A)​transhumance
B)​nomadism
C)​semi-sedentism
D)​fixed settlement

Question 39

​What was the primary invention that prompted the emergence of the Industrial Revolution?

A)​diesel engine
B)​steam engine
C)​steel plow
D)​mechanized pulley

Question 40

​When almost all work in a society is divided along gender lines, it is called:

A)​a segregated pattern
B)​a flexible/integrated pattern
C)​a cooperative pattern
D)​a sex configuration pattern

Question 41

​Low-impact commercial trade within indigenous communities who live surrounded by a natural habitat and a wealth of animal and plant life is called:

A)​ecotourism
B)​habitat tourism
C)​tour environmentalism
D)​cultural trade

Question 42

​The North American potlatch is an example of:

A)​generalized reciprocity
B)​balanced reciprocity
C)​redistribution
D)​market economy

Question 43

​In redistributing income, leadership normally has all of the following motives except:

A)​gain or maintain a position of power through show of generosity
B)​provide supporters with an adequate standard of living through providing goods
C)​establish leadership and alliance with others by hosting and providing them with gifts and goods
D)​creating the basis for ever-growing monetary profit for the leadership

Question 44

​Taxes are a form of:

A)​generalized reciprocity
B)​balanced reciprocity
C)​negative reciprocity
D)​redistribution

Question 45

​When there is no money involved in the transaction and the parties negotiate a direct exchange of one trade good for another by arguing, it is called:

A)​trade
B)​silent trade
C)​hostile trade
D)​barter

Question 46

​A showy display of wealth for social prestige is called:

A)​conspicuous consumption
B)​sumptuary reciprocity
C)​trickle-down redistribution
D)​potlatch reciprocity

Question 47

​In most human societies, the basic unit within which cooperative work takes place is the:

A)​nuclear family
B)​household
C)​village
D)​geographic area

Question 48

​In what kind of society would you most expect to find the greatest amount of exploitative child labor?

A)​foraging society
B)​traditional farming society
C)​capitalist society
D)​horticultural society

Question 49

​In Bolivia, the Chalalán Ecolodge and surrounding areas are part of a commercial venture classified as:

A)​ecotourism
B)​industrial market exchange
C)​generalized reciprocity
D)​redistribution

Question 50

​Which of the following growing industries is most likely to be associated with the emergence of new forms of task specialization in an international division of labor?

A)​tourism
B)​agriculture
C)​car manufacture
D)​satellite development

Question 51

​Guido Mamani, the general manager of Bolivia's Chalalán, characterized the success of their lodges in all of the following ways except:

A)​social
B)​economic
C)​environmental
D)​religious

Question 52

​In many traditional farming societies, young boys commonly begin to make a substantial contribution to the household around age:

A)​7
B)​12
C)​15
D)​18

Question 53

​A form of sharp trading in which items from one group are exchanged for goods from another group is called:

A)​generalized reciprocity
B)​trade
C)​balanced reciprocity
D)​barter

Question 54

​Most generalized reciprocity occurs among:

A)​strangers
B)​close kin
C)​entrepreneurs
D)​traders

Question 55

​In North American society, typically a birthday party is an example of:

A)​generalized reciprocity
B)​balanced reciprocity
C)​negative reciprocity
D)​redistribution

Question 56

​A process for the exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups so as to avoid direct personal contact is called:

A)​silent trade
B)​negative reciprocity
C)​speculation
D)​barter trade

Question 57

​The cargo system found in Maya Indian villages and towns in highland Guatemala is an example of a:

A)​leveling mechanism
B)​prestige economy
C)​conspicuous consumption
D)​informal economy

Question 58

​Regarding task specialization, which of the following statements is false?

A)​Although task specialization increases in postindustrial societies, gender divisions of labor are increasingly irrelevant.
B)​Modern technologies make labor divisions by gender increasingly unimportant.
C)​In contemporary postindustrial societies, there is a decrease in task specialization over time.
D)​In small-scale foraging societies, all people have general knowledge and competence in their appropriate work tasks.

Question 59

​"Hard bargaining" is an example of:

A)​balanced reciprocity
B)​ negative reciprocity
C)​generalized reciprocity
D)​retributive reciprocity

Question 60

​Reciprocity is associated with each of the following except:

A)​fulfilling social obligations
B)​reinforcing relationships
C)​gaining some prestige
D)​making profits

Question 61

​Today, foragers are found only in the world's most marginal geographical areas.

Question 62

​Which of the following statements about potlatch is not correct?

A)​It is a form of conspicuous consumption.
B)​It was hosted by chiefs who had built up huge displays of surplus.
C)​It was ecologically adaptive in an area of alternating scarcity and abundance.
D)​It was a form of extreme religious economics.

Question 63

​Chocolate was originally domesticated in what country?

A)​Indonesia
B)​India
C)​Mexico
D)​Costa Rica

Question 64

​Cultural adaptation leads to an improvement in the lives of every individual.

Question 65

​The traditional market is:

A)​regional
B)​national
C)​local
D)​transnational

Question 66

​Cacao is a bean used to make:

A)​cocaine
B)​chewing gum
C)​chocolate
D)​wheat flour

Question 67

​When did a worldwide shift toward the commercial use of coins and money began?

A)​about 10,000 years ago
B)​about 100,000 years ago
C)​about 20,000 years ago
D)​about 2,000 years ago

Question 68

​Markets require each of the following except:

A)​complex division of labor
B)​centralized political organization
C)​valuable goods and/or services
D)​the use of money

Question 69

​Large-scale production can have many consequences including each of the following except:

A)​It takes away resources from smaller producers or family farms.
B)​It causes a rise in pollution and environmental destruction.
C)​It brings lower wages and more local impoverishment.
D)​It brings less dependence on the market economy.

Question 70

​All individuals within a population have the same capacity for adaptation.

Question 71

​Prestige economies are based on:

A)​creating monetary profit
B)​raising social status
C)​encouraging productivity
D)​building alliances

Question 72

​Money is historically associated with all of the following except:

A)​durability
B)​transportability
C)​divisibility
D)​scarcity

Question 73

​Chocolate contains various chemicals whose primary effects are:

A)​mood-enhancing
B)​sleep-inhibiting
C)​sleep-inducing
D)​growth-promoting

Question 74

​What does it mean to be an informal economy?

A)​The transactions avoid bureaucratic regulators.
B)​The transactions occur digitally or outside of marketplaces.
C)​The transactions are paid only in cash.
D)​The transactions are onetime and do not involve a social network.

Question 75

​The marketplace is specifically associated with:

A)​agricultural societies
B)​family and kinship networks
C)​specific localities
D)​the use of multipurpose money

Question 76

​Merchant capitalism is associated with:

A)​the worldwide commercial use of money
B)​global companies operating in two or more countries
C)​trade and exchange carried on through the merchant marines
D)​seafaring trade during the colonial period

Question 77

​A network of people producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services that for various reasons escape government control is called a(n):

A)​black market
B)​informal economy
C)​prestige economy
D)​inconspicuous marketplace

Question 78

​Aymara Indians have a 70 percent greater pulmonary function than do lowlanders.

Question 79

​Leveling mechanisms emphasize and underscore what ultimate goal?

A)​collective well-being
B)​individual political status
C)​family social prominence
D)​group military power

Question 80

​For humans, culture is the primary means of adapting to environmental limitations.