Deck 9: Circulatory Systems

Question 1

What differentiates a closed circulatory system from an open circulatory system?

A)the presence of a heart
B)the presence of a circulating fluid
C)the presence of vessels
D)dcirect contact of circulating fluid with tissues

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Arthropod hearts share some common features.Which of the following is NOT a feature of all arthropod hearts?

A)Hemolymph is pumped out of the heart via arteries.
B)Hemolymph returns to the heart via holes called ostia.
C)The heart fills through forces of suction.
D)Myogenic action potentials lead to contraction.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Tetrapods have two circuits within their circulatory system.The one that pushes blood through the lungs is called the

A)pulmonary circuit.
B)systemic circuit.
C)capillary circuit.
D)aortic circuit.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What type of capillary is normally found in the kidney?

A)continuous
B)fenestrated
C)sinusoidal
D)paracellular

Question 5

In mammals,heart size tends to be proportional to body weight while heart rate is inversely proportional to body weight.What is the most probable explanation for pygmy shrews having unusually large hearts but an unusually slow heart rate?

A)Pygmy shrews are very active so they need large hearts.
B)It is possible that the heart rate of shrews has reached its absolute limitation,so a large heart can pump more blood with each beat.
C)Since pygmy shrews are tiny,their heart size differs from other mammals,and their heart rate is slow when they are at rest.
D)The heart size of pygmy shrews varies,depending on latitude.

Question 6

How many hearts does an octopus have?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 7

What is believed to be the major evolutionary pressure in the development of closed circulatory systems?

A)transport of oxygen
B)transport of immune factors
C)transport of hormones
D)transport of glucose

Question 8

How do veins prevent the backflow of blood?

A)gravity
B)pressure
C)valves
D)bulk flow

Question 9

In most non-crocodilian reptiles,the ventricle is divided into three chambers.Which of the following is NOT one of the chambers?

A)cavum venosum
B)cavum pulmonale
C)cavum cardiacum
D)cavum arteriosum

Question 10

The general term for blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart is

A)aorta.
B)artery.
C)vein.
D)atrium.

Question 11

What is NOT one of the functional distinctions between arteries and veins?

A)Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.
B)Veins usually have a thinner vessel wall.
C)Veins are easily stretched.
D)Veins often contain one-way valves.

Question 12

Vasoconstriction is the result of the contraction of smooth muscle of the

A)tunica intima.
B)tunica media.
C)tunica externa.
D)tunica lumena.

Question 13

Which of the following fluids is NOT circulated by the cardiovascular system?

A)plasma
B)blood
C)hemolymph
D)lymph

Question 14

How does the dorsal blood vessel of the earthworm pump blood?

A)contractile skeletal muscle surrounding the vessel
B)peristalsis
C)contractile chamber
D)It doesn't pump blood.Blood flow is passive.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential components of a circulatory system?

A)a pump
B)a system of tubes
C)a fluid
D)oxygen

Question 16

The vertebrate heart muscle is known as

A)pericardium.
B)epicardium.
C)myocardium.
D)endocardium.

Question 17

Fish hearts consist of __________ chambers arranged in a series.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 18

In the bony fish,all heart chambers are contractile except the

A)sinus venosus.
B)atrium.
C)ventricle.
D)bulbus arteriosus.

Question 19

In fishes and amphibians,spongy myocardium receives oxygen from

A)blood in the heart chambers.
B)coronary arteries.
C)trachea.
D)pericardial fluid.

Question 20

Excluding capillaries in the central nervous system,the least permeable type of capillary is the

A)continuous capillary.
B)fenestrated capillary.
C)sinusoidal capillary.
D)occluding capillary.

Question 21

Based on the law of bulk flow,what is the unit for "flow"?

A)volume
B)volume/time
C)time
D)force/area

Question 22

Electrical signals move through the mammalian heart in a particular order.Which order is correct?

A)SA node;internodal pathway;AV node;bundle of His;Purkinje fibers
B)AV node;SA node;internodal pathway;bundle of His;Purkinje fibers
C)SA node;AV node;internodal pathway;Purkinje fibers;bundle of His
D)bundle of His;Purkinje fibers;internodal pathway;AV node;SA node

Question 23

Tachycardia is a term that refers to

A)lower than normal heart rate.
B)abnormal rhythm.
C)uncoordinated contraction of the heart.
D)higher than normal heart rate.

Question 24

How do cardiomyocytes communicate with one another?

A)neurotransmitters
B)gap junctions
C)synapses
D)tight junctions

Question 25

Angiogenesis refers to

A)damage to blood vessels.
B)synthesis of blood vessels.
C)genetic analysis of blood vessels.
D)the ontogeny of the vascular system.

Question 26

The rising phase of a cardiac pacemaker action potential is caused by a __________ current.

A)potassium
B)sodium
C)chloride
D)calcium

Question 27

Cardiac pacemaker cells have an unstable resting membrane potential as the result of an unusual __________ current.

A)magnesium
B)sodium
C)chloride
D)calcium

Question 28

Which of the following possibilities is incorrect? During the mammalian cardiac cycle,the right ventricle contracts less forcefully than the left because

A)the distance the blood must travel is shorter.
B)of the low total resistance of the pulmonary circuit.
C)the blood vessels of the lungs are delicate.
D)the capillary bed offers high resistance.

Question 29

How do substances move across capillaries?

A)diffusion
B)through pores
C)transcytosis
D)all of the above

Question 30

The end-diastolic volume is

A)the maximum volume of blood in the ventricle.
B)the maximum volume of blood in the atrium.
C)the minimum volume of blood in the ventricle.
D)the minimum volume of blood in the atrium.

Question 31

Norepinephrine has the following effect on pacemaker cells:

A)increased sodium influx.
B)increased potassium influx.
C)increased ATPase activity.
D)decreased calcium influx.

Question 32

Cardiac output is a function of heart rate and

A)blood pressure.
B)vasoconstriction.
C)heart size.
D)stroke volume.

Question 33

Small increases in blood vessel __________ can lead to big decreases in vessel resistance.

A)length
B)radius
C)pressure
D)force

Question 34

In the cardiac cycle of mammals and birds,the ventricles fill mostly as a result of

A)passive blood flow from the atrium.
B)forces of suction from ventricular expansion.
C)atrial contraction.
D)high ventricular pressure.

Question 35

What is hypoxia?

A)absence of oxygen
B)low levels of oxygen
C)normal levels of oxygen
D)high levels of oxygen

Question 36

When there is an immediate requirement for increased oxygen to a particular body tissue in the systemic circuit,

A)arterioles will dilate in that area.
B)capillaries will increase in number.
C)capillaries will decrease in size.
D)arterioles will constrict in that area.

Question 37

During periods of activity,when the heart rate is rapid,the mean arterial pressure in humans is

A)2/3 diastolic pressure and 1/3 systolic pressure.
B)1/3 diastolic pressure and 2/3 systolic pressure.
C)1/2 diastolic pressure and 1/2 systolic pressure.
D)approximately equal to systolic pressure.

Question 38

The rising phase of the action potential of a cardiac cardiomyocyte is caused by a __________ current.

A)potassium
B)sodium
C)chloride
D)calcium

Question 39

Which of the following does NOT cause vasodilation?

A)increased carbon dioxide
B)increased nitrogen
C)increased hydrogen
D)increased nitric oxide

Question 40

In the mammalian heart,the valves open and close because

A)they are under neural control.
B)they are under myogenic control.
C)changes in chamber pressure cause them to open and close.
D)all of the above

Question 41

Hematopoiesis is the production of

A)blood cells.
B)blood vessels.
C)blood plasma.
D)bone marrow.

Question 42

Cardiac contraction is called __________.

Question 43

Total flow in the vertebrate circulatory system can be expressed as the total pressure change divided by

A)total peripheral resistance.
B)total volume.
C)total length.
D)total time.

Question 44

Vertebrate blood vessels have complex walls.The smooth muscle of the __________ layer of the blood vessel causes vasoconstriction.

Question 45

What is edema?

A)accumulation of interstitial fluid in any tissue
B)accumulation of interstitial fluid in the blood
C)overactivity of the lymphatic system
D)a condition of the lungs

Question 46

Sponges do not have a true circulatory system,but they can propel water through their bodies using flagellated __________.

Question 47

The primary pump in chambered hearts is called the __________.

Question 48

Capillaries empty into __________.

Question 49

In the tetrapod circulatory system,the right side of the heart is responsible for the __________ circuit,and the left side is responsible for the __________ circuit.

Question 50

Which of the following is FALSE? Mammalian hemocytes are involved in

A)nutrient transport.
B)phagocytosis.
C)immune defense.
D)hormone secretion.

Question 51

In the decapod crustacean,blood returns to the heart through small holes called __________.

Question 52

What types of blood cells are involved in immunity?

A)thrombocytes
B)platelets
C)leukocytes
D)erythrocytes

Question 53

Unicellular organisms rely on the process of __________ to transport substances throughout the body.

Question 54

What physiological or morphological characteristics prevent a giraffe from developing cerebral edema while drinking?

A)one way valves in the artery leading to the head
B)low blood pressure
C)highly elastic blood vessels near the brain
D)low heart rate

Question 55

In open circulatory systems,the circulating fluid comes into direct contact with tissues in open spaces called __________.

Question 56

In jawed vertebrates,the large artery leading from the heart to the body is called the __________.

Question 57

The direct connection between two arteries in the circulatory system is called an __________.

Question 58

During aerobic exercise in vertebrates

A)sympathetic stimulation of heart decreases.
B)blood pressure changes only slightly.
C)higher brain centers are not involved.
D)the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system increases.

Question 59

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A)pressure exerted by a fluid at rest
B)pressure exerted by a fluid in motion
C)resistive forces generated by fluid viscosity
D)high blood pressure

Question 60

Blood volume is maintained by the

A)kidney.
B)liver.
C)gallbladder.
D)spleen.

Question 61

In mammals,the __________ is the main blood vessel leading from the lungs to the heart.

Question 62

In vertebrates other than fish,the cardiac pacemaker cells are located in an area of the right atrium called the __________.

Question 63

In mammals,the __________ is the main blood vessel leading from the heart to the lungs.

Question 64

In tetrapods,the __________ side of the heart pushes blood through the pulmonary circuit.

Question 65

An osmotic pressure that is due to proteins is termed __________.

Question 66

Beginning with all chambers of the heart in the "relaxed" phase,describe the cardiac cycle in mammals,with systole and diastole of the atria and ventricles.For each time point in the cycle you select,state the following:
∙Whether the atria and ventricles are contracting or relaxing
∙Whether the AV valves and semilunar valves are closed or open
∙Whether the pressure in the atria and ventricles is high or low

Question 67

Doctors use electrocardiograms to diagnose heart conditions.What information does an EKG provide?

Question 68

_____________ capillaries are the most porous of all capillaries,and are found in very specialized organs,such as the liver.

Question 69

When there is more blood in the ventricle of the heart,the heart will contract more forcefully and increase stroke volume.This phenomenon is known as the __________.

Question 70

In an EKG of a normal cardiac rhythm,the P wave and T wave (respectively)indicate __________________ and ___________________.

Question 71

The contractility of the heart can be modified through the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons.A cAMP-mediated signal transduction cascade is activated that activates a protein kinase.List and describe the four ways that a protein kinase can affect the contractility of the heart.

Question 72

__________ are positioned at points along vasculature to prevent blood from flowing backwards.

Question 73

Poiseuille's equation makes a variety of assumptions regarding the physics of blood flow through the circulatory system.Give Poiseuille's equation,and list the violations for each of its four variable parameters.

Question 74

Baroreceptors are important for the regulation of __________.

Question 75

The term for a decrease in heart rate is __________.

Question 76

There are different types of pumping structures in animal circulatory systems.Describe the three different types.How is one-way flow ensured?

Question 77

The main function of vertebrate erythrocytes is the storage and transport of __________.

Question 78

The ridge that separates the two ventricles in the mammalian heart is called the intraventricular __________.

Question 79

The law of bulk flow quantifies the relationship between flow,pressure,and __________.

Question 80

In birds and mammals,blood pressures are different between the pulmonary and systemic circuits.Which one is greater? Why is the difference advantageous?