Deck 1: History, Theories, and Methods

Question 1

How has the concept of "family life" changed over time?

A) It has remained constant throughout history.
B) It decreased in size during the Industrial Revolution, allowing only one child per family.
C) It was narrowed to include just the nuclear family during the Industrial Revolution.
D) It has grown to include a broader range of family members, such as cousins, aunts, and uncles.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which developmental theorist suggested that a child is born with unlimited possibilities but can develop in unimaginable ways as a result of direction, guidance, and teaching?

A) John Watson
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Jean Piaget
D) John Locke

Answer 2

A

Question 3

How has the idea that childhood is a special time of life developed over time?

A) This idea declined throughout the 20th century.
B) This idea became evident during the Industrial Revolution.
C) This idea occurred at a time of ease and play for children during the Industrial Revolution.
D) This idea corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family during this time.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following does NOT describe how children have been viewed historically?

A) as innately evil and in need of harsh discipline
B) as miniature adults after age 7, or the "age of reason"
C) as clean slates changed by experience
D) as cunning and capable of any deed required to meet their own selfish needs

Question 5

Mary is holding her newborn daughter and comments on her gentle temperament.If Freud were in the room, what might he state is the only part of the child's personality that is present?

A) her id
B) her ego
C) her superego
D) her subliminal ego

Question 6

According to psychoanalytic perspectives, what is a child's conflict during early development?

A) the child's id
B) the child's sexual and aggressive tendencies
C) parental expectations, social rules, and moral codes
D) the child's external limits, which have been internalized

Question 7

According to the textbook, how have children been viewed throughout history?

A) Children have always been viewed in the same manner throughout history.
B) In the past, children were typically given more privileges than they have today.
C) In terms of their roles and privileges, children have been viewed differently throughout history.
D) Children today are considered to be young developing adults, whereas they were considered more childlike during the Middle Ages.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the experience of most children during the 20th century?

A) They received less education than during previous centuries.
B) They tended to marry at a younger age than during previous centuries.
C) They had greater legal protections compared with earlier periods of history.
D) They were considered the property of their parents and therefore the law did NOT protect them from physical and sexual abuse.

Question 9

Who is considered to be the "father" of psychoanalytic theory?

A) Erikson
B) Jung
C) Freud
D) Locke

Question 10

If you believe that every person is born innately good, which thinker do you most likely agree with?

A) John Locke
B) Alfred Binet
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 11

What is a similarity between John Watson's behaviourism and John Locke's concept of "tabula rasa"?

A) Both rigorously studied human development; however, Locke emphasized the adult experience.
B) Both suggest that genetic endowment determines a person's ideas, preferences, and skills.
C) Both suggest that experience determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
D) Both emphasize the importance of maturational processes.

Question 12

What was the primary focus of Arnold Gesell's maturational perspective?

A) the effects of behaviour patterns
B) the effects of physical aspects of growth and development
C) the effects of heredity
D) the effects of biology

Question 13

How has the study of adult development changed over time?

A) After the population shift of the 1990s, developmental theorists focused their studies more on adult development, leading to a diminished interest in child and adolescent development.
B) It was extensively studied during the social justice conscience efforts of the 1960s, but interest faded out by the 1980s.
C) Today, researchers have expanded their work and are beginning to study it more and more.
D) Developmental theorists overlooked this field of study because adulthood developmental changes are primary physical, and NOT social and cognitive.

Question 14

What was the primary focus of John Watson's behaviourism theory?

A) the effects of nature
B) the effects of nurture
C) the effects of biology
D) the effects of environment

Question 15

How were children viewed in ancient times and in the Middle Ages?

A) as essentially good
B) as innately evil
C) as a tabula rasa
D) as capable of reasoning

Question 16

What was Gesell's view of child development?

A) Children are inherently evil.
B) Children are inherently good.
C) Environment is the main principle of development.
D) Biological maturation is the main principle of development.

Question 17

What theorist from the 1700s would most likely have said: Every child I meet is an empty canvas waiting to be beautifully created?

A) John Locke
B) Alfred Binet
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 18

Who suggested that children could become generous and ethical people if they were left to their natural tendencies or impulses?

A) John Locke
B) Alfred Binet
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 19

Philosophers once believed children to be a "tabula rasa." What is meant by this belief?

A) Children are born with fears that must be overcome.
B) Children are born inherently selfish in order to survive.
C) Children can be influenced by their experiences.
D) Children are born with all that they need for survival.

Question 20

What was the rationale for the first intelligence test?

A) to identify children at risk of falling behind in school
B) to compare children of different racial and ethnic backgrounds
C) to measure IQ scores to determine genius-level abilities in children
D) to create separate classrooms for high- and low-intelligence children

Question 21

John has a 6-month-old son and is telling his friend Tom about his son's activities.Tom has just read a book by Sigmund Freud describing child development stages.According to Tom, which stage is John's son in?

A) the oral stage
B) the anal stage
C) the fixated stage
D) the latency stage

Question 22

Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age.What is the next step of development?

A) They generally stay there until puberty.
B) They stay there until the anal stage at age 8.
C) They usually do NOT progress to any further stage.
D) They then enter the phallic stage at adolescence.

Question 23

How does Erikson's psychosocial theory differ from Freud's psychosexual theory?

A) Erikson's psychosocial theory places greater emphasis on the id.
B) Erikson's psychosocial theory increases the emphasis on intrapsychic conflict.
C) Erikson's psychosocial theory focuses extensively on genetic explanations of early child behaviour.
D) Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes social relationships more than sexual ones.

Question 24

Which theories are common to both Freud and Erikson?

A) stage theories
B) continuous theories
C) behavioural theories
D) exclusively nature theories

Question 25

According to Freud, during what stage can boys develop strong attachments to their mothers while girls form strong attachments to their fathers?

A) the oral stage
B) the anal stage
C) the genital stage
D) the phallic stage

Question 26

What term did Freud use to describe his theory of child development?

A) psychometric
B) epigenetic
C) psychosexual
D) emergent

Question 27

According to the textbook, what is Freud's legacy for future thinkers?

A) Freud's focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying human development.
B) Freud's focus on children's sexuality has encouraged many to continue researching his thesis.
C) Freud's emphasis on children's emotional reality and needs has helped guide educators in their understanding of children's behaviour.
D) Freud's focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers understanding of how genetics and environment intersect.

Question 28

Which of the following is a characteristic of the superego?

A) It is present at birth.
B) It is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.
C) It represents the moral standards and values of parents.
D) It develops to help the child find rational ways of satisfying urges.

Question 29

According to Freud, what word describes the id?

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) preconscious
D) subliminal

Question 30

According to Freud, which of the following would NOT cause a child to become "fixated" in a stage of development?

A) insufficient gratification
B) excessive gratification
C) conflicts in gratification
D) intrapsychic conflict

Question 31

Jason is a 15-year-old, but in many ways he seems much younger.He is impatient and egocentric. If you are listening to your MP3 player and Jason wants to hear the song, he might take the player from you. He does NOT seem to appreciate the difference between "yours" and "mine." According to Freudian theory, what level is Jason operating at?

A) the preconscious mind
B) the superego
C) the id
D) the ego

Question 32

Martha is an 8-year-old girl whose sexual impulses are buried.She spends her time focusing on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends.According to Freud, what psychosexual stage is Martha in?

A) the oral stage
B) the genital stage
C) the phallic stage
D) the latency stage

Question 33

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child may become fixated in the oral stage of development.In Freud's view, what experience can lead to this type of fixation?

A) a stringent potty training schedule
B) concentrating on school work too long
C) playing with opposite-gender children too often
D) being denied appropriate amount of breast milk or nursed too long

Question 34

According to Freud, what controls much of our behaviour?

A) our unconscious desires
B) our mental associations
C) our environmental stimuli
D) our tabula rasa

Question 35

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a nail-biting adult is "fixated" during which stage of development?

A) the oral stage
B) the anal stage
C) the genital stage
D) the phallic stage

Question 36

According to one theory, when external limits, such as parental demands, are internalized, they conflict with inner forces.A child's observable behaviour, thoughts, and feelings reflect the outcomes of this conflict.What is the name of this theory?

A) learning theory
B) behavioural theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) cognitive-developmental theory

Question 37

According to Freud's theory, what behaviour can result from becoming fixated during the anal stage of development?

A) being overly dependent
B) being untidy and careless
C) being shy and overcautious
D) being very gullible (easily fooled)

Question 38

What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital
B) anal, oral ,latency, phallic, genital
C) phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital
D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 39

After Mathew had worked at his job for only three weeks and was still on probation, his friend suggested he should skip work and go cycling.Although Mathew wanted to go cycling with his friend, he decided work was the better choice.According to Freud's theory, what was at work?

A) superego
B) id
C) preconscious mind
D) ego

Question 40

What is the focus of Freudian psychoanalytic theory?

A) observable behaviours
B) learning and education
C) emotional and social development
D) quantitative change in development

Question 41

According to the textbook, when does extinction of learning occur?

A) when classically conditioned stimuli are discontinued
B) never; once something is learned it NOT possible to unlearn
C) with the passage of time, even if reinforcement continues
D) after repetitive performance of operant behaviour are without reinforcement

Question 42

Chris's mother offers him a cookie, but only if he doesn't throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store.Which concept of operant conditioning is Chris's mother applying?

A) extinction
B) positive reinforcement
C) alternative reinforcement
D) conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Question 43

Who conceptualized and introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviourism?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Watson
D) Piaget

Question 44

Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?

A) making the punishment consistent
B) making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule
C) having the punishment immediately follow the behaviour it is meant to punish
D) pairing punishment of the wrong behaviour with reinforcement of the correct behaviour

Question 45

Which of the following is considered to be a positive influence of Erikson's theory?

A) It emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice.
B) It reinforces the importance of unconscious forces in human development.
C) It reminds us that humans are selfish therefore, ultimately able to meet their own needs, and achieve goals.
D) It suggests that childhood experiences can easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.

Question 46

Punishment is sometimes used as a child-rearing technique to suppress the frequency of an unwanted behaviour.Why is punishment NOT the most effective strategy?

A) It may lead to feelings of anger and hostility.
B) It works even when delivery is NOT guaranteed.
C) It provides clear alternatives to unacceptable behaviour.
D) It suppresses the behaviour for both parents or for all teachers.

Question 47

Which statement is characteristic of social cognitive theorists, such as Albert Bandura?

A) Children learn through doing hands-on activities that are age appropriate.
B) Children learn much of what they learn through the observation of others.
C) Children do NOT learn by the use of such principles as reinforcement and punishment.
D) Children learn through activities that emphasis physical movement.

Question 48

How is negative reinforcement enacted?

A) by decreasing an unwanted behaviour by administering a punishment
B) by eliminating an unwanted behaviour by administering something bad
C) by increasing a desired behaviour by taking away something unpleasant
D) by decreasing an unwanted behaviour by withholding something desired

Question 49

After six-year-old Mary is punished, she temporarily stops her well-established bad behaviour.However, Mary soon goes back to her bad behaviours.Why did her undesired behaviour resurface?

A) The conditional emotional response to the punishment has generalized to another behaviour.
B) The undesired behaviour has been recovered.
C) The effects of punishment have become a habit.
D) Punishment is known to only temporarily suppress or inhibit a behaviour.

Question 50

Zack has been wetting the bed.A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping.If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring.After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad.Over time, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether.What theory is this behavioural technique an example of?

A) learning theory
B) cognitive theory
C) psychosocial theory
D) psychodynamic theory

Question 51

What is a defining characteristic of punishment?

A) It is physical, such as a spanking.
B) It decreases the frequency of a behaviour.
C) It works equally as well as reinforcements.
D) It is considered the best method of childrearing.

Question 52

Which of the following scenarios is an example of observational learning?

A) Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder.
B) Nicholas isn't given any dessert because he didn't eat his green vegetables.
C) Frank stops having temper tantrums in public after his father begins ignoring them.
D) Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn.

Question 53

What does Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasize?

A) the role of the id
B) psychological traits
C) lifespan development
D) the importance of early experiences

Question 54

Which statement best represents the thinking of Bandura?

A) Children can learn only by doing.
B) Children are passive recipients of knowledge.
C) Children choose whether they will show new behaviours they have learned.
D) Children will NOT imitate the behaviour of others unless they are rewarded for doing so.

Question 55

According to operant conditioning, what leads to a changed behaviour?

A) innate processes
B) reinforcements or punishments
C) mental evaluation of a situation
D) pairing two stimuli to produce a response

Question 56

What is the general view of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development?

A) It assists in our understanding of childhood behaviour, but ignores the aging process.
B) It is more positive and hopeful than Freudian theory.
C) It is in conflict with all contemporary empirical evidence.
D) It is less appealing than Freud's theory because Erikson's theory portrays people as prisoners of their psyche.

Question 57

Each of Erikson stages of development was assigned a specific name.What were his labels based on?

A) life crises
B) chronological age
C) psychosexual conflicts
D) unhealthy patterns of parenting

Question 58

What action might a teacher take when a child needs "time out from positive reinforcement"?

A) placing the child in a "time-out seat" at the front of the classroom
B) having the child write sentences on the board
C) having the child sit and read a book in the corner of the classroom
D) placing the child away from peers and classroom activities for a short time period

Question 59

Which of the following is characteristic of punishment?

A) It is usually more effective than reinforcement.
B) It is a good way to teach children how to deal with stress.
C) It does NOT suggest an alternative to unacceptable behaviour.
D) It is methodically planned and executed

Question 60

According to Erikson, what is the effect of our early experiences?

A) They are easy to conquer under the right circumstances.
B) They wield a continued influence on our future development.
C) They exert very little influence on the person we become.
D) They forecast future development only after we reach 6 to 8 years of age.

Question 61

What did Piaget conclude from his work at the Binet Institute in Paris?

A) Children's incorrect answers resulted from inconsistent cognitive processing.
B) Only children's correct answers demonstrated what they were thinking.
C) Children's incorrect answers followed consistent cognitive processes.
D) A child's comprehension precedes verbal production, which explains inaccuracies in testing.

Question 62

What topic is a cognitive theorist most likely to study?

A) how children perceive and mentally represent the world
B) how patterns of reinforcement and punishment promote learning
C) how children confront and resolve developmental crises in their lives
D) how the id, ego, and superego work together to form a healthy personality

Question 63

According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a stage of cognitive development?

A) the hypothetical stage
B) the sensorimotor stage
C) the preoperational stage
D) the concrete operational stage

Question 64

As a supporter of Piaget's theory, you will talk about his work whenever the opportunity presents itself.Which of the following terms will you most likely NEVER discuss?

A) schemes
B) superego
C) adaptation
D) equilibration

Question 65

What term describes what Piaget noted as a biological tendency of organisms to act together with and respond to their surroundings?

A) adaptation
B) referencing
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

Question 66

Which of the following statements best represents Piaget's thinking?

A) Children are born with all of the schemes they will ever need.
B) Intelligence is genetic and unfolds through maturation with the passage of time.
C) Cognitive developments are based on children's interactions with the environment.
D) Cognition is a simple process that is innate and becomes stronger with experience and time.

Question 67

What is the function of schemes?

A) They are action patterns.
B) They restrict our understanding of the world.
C) They limit our ability to learn about and to represent our world mentally.
D) They guarantee that information processing will be unique and individualized.

Question 68

According to Piaget, what is a scheme?

A) something babies suck
B) the interaction between the environment and the organism
C) an innate knowledge structure that does NOT change with development
D) a pattern of action or cognitive structures used in acquiring or organizing knowledge

Question 69

What is the focus of the information-processing view of cognition?

A) how people encode, store, and retrieve information
B) how people integrated sensory information into meaningful schemes
C) how people assimilate and accommodate information into their schemes
D) how people develop their native intelligence

Question 70

According to Piaget, how are schemes changed?

A) only through assimilation
B) by combining previously acquired physical schemes with new knowledge
C) as a result of the more complex genetic structures that children acquire as they get older
D) by comparing new information with old schemes that do NOT fit the new information

Question 71

In cognitive-developmental theory, what is involved in accommodation?

A) the elimination of an old scheme
B) a linkage between cognition and language
C) a process of restricting knowledge to avoid confusion
D) the alteration of an existing scheme or the making of a new scheme

Question 72

A child attempts to assimilate new information but cannot.How will the child cope with this inability?

A) The child will ignore the contradiction.
B) The child may accommodate to restore equilibrium.
C) The child will accept the incongruity.
D) The child will give up and engage in another activity.

Question 73

What observation caused Piaget to see children as "natural physicists"?

A) Children were at the mercy of their ids.
B) Children liked to experiment with their physical environments.
C) Children learned only through reinforcements and punishments.
D) Children had innate knowledge of their worlds, which was unaffected by experience.

Question 74

Which of the following statements best describes infants?

A) They do NOT have schemes.
B) They are incapable of cognition.
C) They are entirely dependent on reflexes for survival.
D) They have schemes that involve simply what they can and cannot do with objects.

Question 75

A teacher wants to apply Piaget's theory to the classroom setting.Which action is the teacher most likely to take?

A) provide instructional activities aimed at the children's developmental levels
B) to first foster group discussion, then assist children in completing problems in their workbooks
C) recognize that children of all ages process information similarly
D) examine children's abilities to repress their aggressive tendencies

Question 76

Which theorist was most interested in how children perceive and mentally represent the world?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Erikson
D) Piaget

Question 77

Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been widely studied.Which of the following statements is most likely to be an evaluation of his theory?

A) Piaget completely misunderstood children's ability to think logically.
B) Piaget was correct that cognitive development occurs in distinct stages.
C) Piaget overrated the ages at which children are capable of doing certain things.
D) Piaget underestimated the ages at which children are capable of doing certain things.

Question 78

Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are "fruit." One day, Cynthia's mother gives her an orange.She tells Cynthia the orange is also "fruit." How does Cynthia process this new information and her scheme of "fruit"?

A) She ignores the new information about oranges.
B) She assimilates the new information about oranges into the existing scheme.
C) She incorporates the information so that her scheme now includes apples and oranges.
D) She eliminates the concept of apple so that her scheme of fruit now contains only oranges.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is characteristic of Piaget's work?

A) Cognitive developments are stage-based and universal.
B) Development is haphazard, random, and based on experience.
C) Perception is too directly linked to sensation to separate the two.
D) Children learn in different sequences that are based on their environments.

Question 80

Baby Thomas has an understanding of "things he can reach," such as a toy in his crib, and "things he can't reach," such as the mobile hanging above his crib.According to Piaget, what term refers to these cognitive structures?

A) theories
B) schemes
C) assimilation categories
D) accommodation categories