Deck 4: Infancy: Physical Development

Question 1

When does a child have the most dramatic gains in height and weight?

A) during prenatal development
B) during the first year following birth
C) during adolescence, when primary growth takes place
D) growth is always steady, levelling out after adolescence

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What term refers to the tendency of behaviour to become more precise and less random?

A) integration
B) globalization
C) differentiation
D) conceptualization

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What was the finding of the study that involved 23 sets of parents who kept daily sleep records of their newborns?

A) Growth spurts tended to follow decreased sleeping and nap time.
B) Growth spurts tended to follow increased sleeping and nap time.
C) The growth of taller-than-average infants tended to continue to speed up.
D) The growth of shorter-than-average infants tended to slow down.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the relationship between a newborn's arms and its legs?

A) The arms are longer than the legs.
B) The arms are shorter than the legs.
C) The arms are about equal in length to the legs.
D) The arms develop more slowly than the legs after the first birthday due to the cephalocaudal trend.

Question 5

Which sequence of development means "from the centre outward"?

A) integration
B) differentiation
C) proximodistal development
D) cephalocaudal development

Question 6

At the beginning of the fetal stage, what is the relationship between the size of the head and the length of the body?

A) The head is about 20% the length of the body.
B) The head is about 40% the length of the body.
C) The head is about 50% the length of the body.
D) The head is about 70% the length of the body.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a sequence in physical development?

A) integration
B) differentiation
C) proximodistal development
D) cephalocaudal development

Question 8

Martha said, "I can't believe it is possible.I swear my child grew overnight." How is her doctor most likely to respond?

A) No, growing overnight is NOT possible.
B) Yes, growing overnight is possible but only during the teen years.
C) Yes, research seems to confirm it is possible to grow overnight.
D) Yes, but in childhood growing overnight usually affects only girls.

Question 9

Previously malnourished children have now received nourishment and are experiencing good health.What term refers to the tendency of their growth rates to return to their normal patterns?

A) differentiation
B) habituation
C) canalization
D) myelination

Question 10

Which sequence of development means "from head to tail"?

A) integration
B) differentiation
C) proximodistal development
D) cephalocaudal development

Question 11

Marie-Lynn's finger is hurt.She cries and withdraws her finger, but makes no other move.What is her reaction an example of?

A) general distress syndrome
B) proximodistal development
C) cephalocaudal development
D) differentiation in development

Question 12

An infant's arms grow longer than its legs.What term refers to this type of growth?

A) minimalistic development
B) proximodistal development
C) cephalocaudal development
D) differentiation in development

Question 13

How does the brain regulate development of the infant's body?

A) by secreting hormones
B) by regulating the somatic nervous system
C) by a predetermined sequence that is initiated at birth
D) by sending of electrical signals to the muscles and bones

Question 14

Jessica is excited to watch the development of her newborn nephew, Ian.Which physical activity is Ian most likely to do first?

A) hold objects
B) control his fingers
C) lift his head off his crib's mattress
D) make coordinated movements with his feet

Question 15

Why is the head disproportionately large during infancy and childhood?

A) Bones grow very slowly.
B) No scientific reason has been found; it just is.
C) The brain is essential for all other growth.
D) Muscle grows more slowly than brain tissue.

Question 16

After an infant's second birthday, the legs begin to grow rapidly and are soon longer than the arms.What type of development is this growth an example of?

A) minimalistic development
B) proximodistal development
C) cephalocaudal development
D) differentiation in development

Question 17

What is failure to thrive syndrome?

A) It is an organic illness.
B) It is a nonorganic condition.
C) It is likely the result of prenatal problems.
D) It is likely the result of a combination of organic and nonorganic causes.

Question 18

Max weighed 3 kg at birth.After a recent doctor's appointment, his parents were told that Max is developing normally; he now weighs 6 kg.How old is Max?

A) about 3 months old
B) about 5 months old
C) about 8 months old
D) about 12 months old

Question 19

Kiley, a 5-month-old infant, refuses to eat and has NOT gained any weight in 2 months.What is the most likely conclusion about Kiley?

A) He may have colic.
B) He is a typical infant.
C) He may have a protein deficiency.
D) He may have failure to thrive syndrome.

Question 20

Sarah weighed 3.5 kg at birth.After today's doctor's visit, her mother informs her father that she now weighs almost 11 kg.How old is Sarah?

A) about 6 months
B) about 9 months
C) about 12 months
D) about 18 months

Question 21

Mary is 4 months old.What is the priority for her nutritional needs and feeding routine?

A) proper introduction of foods, ideally one new food at a time
B) more simple sugars than adults because infants are rapidly growing
C) restriction of fat intake to avoid childhood obesity
D) the same nutritional needs as adults and older children: high in high-fibre, low in fats.

Question 22

Jamie just finished her first bowl of iron-enriched cereal.Her parents have read all the government-recommended feeding schedules and now watch with excitement as she experiences this new taste sensation.How old is Jamie?

A) She is 3 to 4 months old.
B) She is 5 to 6 months old.
C) She is 7 to 8 months old.
D) It is her first birthday.

Question 23

According to the Canadian Paediatrics Society, how long should children be breast-fed?

A) only for the first 2 weeks
B) only for the first 6 months
C) for at least 1 year
D) it does NOT matter, as formulas are just as nutritious

Question 24

According to the textbook, breast feeding has some downsides.Which of the following is NOT a negative aspect of breast feeding?

A) Breast feeding can lead to the physical pain of sore nipples.
B) The breast milk of undernourished mothers is low in nutrients.
C) The mother has the sole responsibility for all feedings.
D) A working mother needs to provide half breast milk and half formula, which leads to diarrhea in the infant.

Question 25

What is the recommended method for introducing new foods to an infant?

A) Meat should be introduced before vegetables.
B) Foods should be introduced one at a time to assess for allergies or preferences.
C) Strained meat should be introduced after age 2.
D) It does NOT matter because infants will NOT show taste preferences.

Question 26

How much iron does an infant need?

A) Infants do NOT need iron.
B) Infants need significantly less iron than adults.
C) Infants need significantly more iron than adults.
D) An infant's iron needs depend on the gender of the infant, just as for adults.

Question 27

According to a 2010 report, approximately what percentage of Canadian mothers who breast-fed indicated they exclusively breast-fed their children for 6 months?

A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 45%

Question 28

How do formulas compare with breast milk?

A) Formulas are more easily digested than breast milk.
B) Formulas are higher in nutritive value than breast milk.
C) Formulas do NOT offer the immune system benefits of breast milk.
D) Formulas are associated with fewer cases of childhood lymphoma than breast milk.

Question 29

Breast feeding has many benefits for the mother.Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breast feeding for the mother's physical health?

A) It builds bone strength.
B) It shrinks the uterus after delivery.
C) It reduces risk of early breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
D) It reduces the risk of osteoporosis.

Question 30

Sidney is 20 months old and has been diagnosed as having nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) syndrome.What is the most likely cause of his NOFTT?

A) difficulty accessing food; he won't breast-feed
B) an underlying physical health problem
C) a psychological or social cause
D) failure to make use of adequate nutrition

Question 31

You are a nursing student on a clinical placement in a hospital.An expectant mother is concerned about breast feeding and asks you to name one benefit.Which of the following are you most likely to say?

A) Breast feeding will cause a premature infant to grow quicker.
B) Breast feeding reduces the risk of certain childhood illnesses, such as asthma, ear infections, and cancer.
C) Because of the new drugs available today, HIV CANNOT be transmitted to the infant via breast feeding.
D) Regardless of the mother's weight and nutritional factor, as long as the mother eats a variety of foods, her body will produce quality and limitless breast milk for her infant.

Question 32

How does the nutrition of Canadian children compare with the nutrition of children in other countries?

A) Canadian children's nutrition is worse than that of children in many other countries.
B) Canadian children's nutrition is on an equal basis with that of children in most other countries.
C) Canadian children's nutrition is better than that of children in many countries, with few Canadian children experiencing poor nutrition.
D) Canadian children's nutrition is better than that of children in many other countries, although Canadian children living in poverty tend to have poor nutrition.

Question 33

You are a new parent, and you want to ensure you provide proper nutrition to your child.What is an appropriate guideline to follow concerning your infant's diet?

A) Provide as much fibre as possible.
B) Do NOT overly restrict infant fat and cholesterol intake.
C) Infants will show a preference for those foods they need the most.
D) Sugar and salt do NOT need to be minimized as the child's body is deficient in these.

Question 34

Lynn believes that she and her son will enjoy better health later in life because she breast-fed him as an infant.Which of the following is NOT related to having been breast-fed as an infant?

A) a decreased likelihood of asthma later in life
B) a decreased likelihood of breast cancer for the mother later in life
C) a decreased likelihood of obesity for the child later in life
D) a decreased likelihood of diabetes

Question 35

The Smiths and their daughter, Samantha, have been treated for failure to thrive syndrome.Samantha is now returning to her normal growth rate.What does her renewed activity represent?

A) canalization
B) phenalization
C) differentiation
D) proximodistal development

Question 36

What term refers to the tendency to return to one's predetermined growth after a problem has been resolved?

A) canalization
B) phenalization
C) proximodistal development
D) cephalocaudal development

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a physical part of the neuron?

A) a cell body
B) an axon
C) dendrites
D) neurotransmitters

Question 38

What is a central feature of failure to thrive syndrome?

A) irritability
B) poor REM sleep
C) feeding problems
D) excessive eye contact with adults

Question 39

In a 2010 report, what percentage of Canadian mothers indicated they had initiated breast feeding??

A) 27%
B) 47%
C) 67%
D) 87%

Question 40

Which of the following describes the neurons in a newborn's brain?

A) At birth, the brain contains more than 40 million neurons.
B) The brain contains more neurons than the rest of the body.
C) The newborn's neurons develop in the first 6 weeks after birth.
D) At birth, the brain contains no neurons because they develop as a result of experience.

Question 41

Which part of the neuron receives messages?

A) the axon
B) the soma
C) the synapse
D) the dendrites

Question 42

How quickly does the infant brain grow?

A) It develops slowly over the first 10 years of childhood.
B) It grows more slowly than the rest of the body.
C) It triples in weight by the child's first birthday.
D) It reaches 70% of its adult weight in adolescence.

Question 43

Where is the medulla located?

A) in the midbrain
B) in the forebrain
C) in the hindbrain
D) in the brain stem

Question 44

A baseball game has a pitcher and a catcher.One part of a neuron pitches something and another part catches something.What is the "something" that is exchanged?

A) the enzymes
B) the hormones
C) the prolactins
D) the neurotransmitters

Question 45

Voluntary motor movements require the myelination of which neurons?

A) the neurons in the medulla
B) the neurons in the cerebrum
C) the neurons in the cerebral cortex
D) the neurons of the motor pathways

Question 46

What is the fatty substance that neurons are wrapped in?

A) alduin
B) myelin
C) globulin
D) profferin

Question 47

What is the function of the myelin?

A) It creates neurotransmitters.
B) Its exact function is unknown.
C) It prevents electrical messages from travelling down the axon.
D) It allows for electrical messages in the neuron to be conducted more efficiently.

Question 48

How big is the newborn's brain?

A) about half a kilogram
B) about one-third of its adult size
C) about half of its adult size
D) about 95% of its adult size

Question 49

Which part of the brain allows for learning, thought, and memory?

A) the medulla
B) the cerebrum
C) the amygdala
D) the cerebellum

Question 50

Jason's son, Yves, has developed intellectual challenges due to a disorder called PKU.What role does myelin play in Yves's disorder?

A) He has excessive myelination.
B) His body did NOT form myelin in his brain.
C) His myelin travelled into his soma and destroyed the neuron.
D) His myelin covered the dendrites and stopped the communication process.

Question 51

You have noticed changes in your ability to walk.The doctor informs you that your myelin is being replaced with a hard fibrous tissue.What disorder does the doctor suspect you may have?

A) PKU
B) SIDS
C) multiple sclerosis
D) failure to thrive syndrome

Question 52

According to the textbook, what has research found regarding myelination?

A) It may continue into adolescence.
B) It is enhanced by vitamin B intake.
C) It is complete by the time the child is 3 years old.
D) It enhances cognitive functioning, but NOT motor functioning.

Question 53

How does the myelination of motor pathways affect an infant's development?

A) It has very little influence over infant motor skill development.
B) It results in finely coordinated motor movements.
C) It enhances the child's ability to engage in stereotyped reflexes.
D) It increases the speed at which the infant can process cognitive information.

Question 54

A baseball game has a pitcher and a catcher.Which part of the neuron sends something and might be compared to being a pitcher?

A) the axon
B) the cell body
C) the synapse
D) the dendrites

Question 55

When does the second growth spurt of the brain occur?

A) during the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development
B) between the 25th week of prenatal development and the end of the second year after birth
C) during the second and third weeks of life
D) starting in the third year of life and ending by age 5

Question 56

When does the brain's first growth spurt occur?

A) during the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development
B) during the second and third weeks of life
C) at approximately the first month after birth
D) toward the end of the first year

Question 57

Bethany is a newborn whose brain CANNOT control heartbeat and respiration.Which part of Bethany's brain is mostly likely damaged?

A) the medulla
B) the pituitary
C) the cerebellum
D) the hypothalamus

Question 58

A baby has begun to crawl.What conclusion can you draw regarding the baby's myelin?

A) Myelination of neurons has already begun.
B) Myelination is completed once physical movement has begun.
C) Myelin will soon form to coat the infant's motor neurons.
D) A maturation process will soon be activated and will result in myelination of neurons by the end of the infant's first year.

Question 59

What causes the second growth spurt of the brain?

A) neuron development
B) a proliferation of dendrites and axons
C) an enlargement of the brain ventricles
D) an increase in hormone production

Question 60

What is the effect of the rapid formation of the brain's neural development?

A) It is automatic and unrelated to learning.
B) It may cause the brain's first growth spurt.
C) It increases the density of the brain, but NOT the size or weight.
D) It does NOT occur until the child enters school and begins learning rapidly.

Question 61

What term refers to the use of the thumb to assist in picking up small objects?

A) the ulnar grasp
B) the pincer grasp
C) the palmar reflex
D) the grasping reflex

Question 62

Why are walking infants known as "toddlers"?

A) They are typically aged 18 to 24 months.
B) It is an affectionate term with no real significance.
C) They tend to walk or run in a bowlegged fashion.
D) It is a Latin term used to describe awkward movement.

Question 63

Hannah is 5 months old.What do you expect about Hannah's ability to take hold of an object?

A) She has NOT yet become successful at grasping objects.
B) She may be able to grasp the object, but does NOT know how to let go of it.
C) She has NOT yet learned to use her ulnar grasp.
D) She has mastered the skill of grabbing and releasing an object.

Question 64

Why do infants move in a bowlegged fashion when they first start to walk?

A) They need to support the heavy weight of the head and torso.
B) Their legs are NOT fully developed enough to allow regular walking.
C) Being bowlegged is normal and we all learn NOT to walk this way.
D) Their myelination is NOT completed, therefore neural connections are interrupted.

Question 65

Which of the following best characterizes locomotor development?

A) a great deal of consistency in the order of skill development
B) a great deal of consistency in the age at which these skills are acquired
C) significant gender differences in the age at which these skills are demonstrated
D) consistency when children receive similar stimulation; otherwise locomotor discrepancies

Question 66

How do infant brains compare with adult brains?

A) Infant brains have more neural connections.
B) Infant brains have only about half the structures of adult brains.
C) Infant brains have connections that are NOT activated by experience.
D) Infant brains comprise a significantly smaller percentage of body size.

Question 67

Brandon is a newborn.What head movements can Brandon do?

A) He can lift his head for short periods of time.
B) He can lift his head after about the first week after birth.
C) He can move his head from side to side but nothing else.
D) When lying on his stomach, he can lift his head and torso for short periods of time.

Question 68

Which of the following statements best describes myelination of the visual cortex?

A) Myelination is NOT needed for the visual cortex to develop.
B) Myelination of the visual cortex is completed before birth.
C) Myelination of the visual cortex is NOT completed until adolescence.
D) Myelination of the visual cortex begins after birth and ends within 5 to 6 months after birth.

Question 69

Miriam is excited to watch the development of her newborn baby, Max.Which body parts will Max gain control over first?

A) his legs
B) his arms
C) his head
D) his fingers

Question 70

When do children start using their thumbs to aid them in grasping objects?

A) virtually at birth
B) at 2 to 3 months
C) at 4 to 6 months
D) at 9 to 12 months

Question 71

Which of the following is most likely linked to the development of hearing in the fetus?

A) the degree of external stimulation
B) the development of the cerebellum
C) myelination of the neurons involved in hearing
D) the quality of prenatal nutrition

Question 72

What is meant by the phrase "brain adaptability is a double-edged sword"?

A) Once we learn something, we CANNOT unlearn it.
B) Our brains are NOT good at adapting to changing environments.
C) Excessive stimulation can be as damaging as too little stimulation.
D) Our brains can adjust to changing demands, but lack of stimulation can impair this ability.

Question 73

Ben is 7 months old.Which of the following activities is he probably NOT yet able to do?

A) crawl
B) roll over
C) sit up assisted
D) sit up unassisted

Question 74

How does motor development progress?

A) It is much more predictable than cognitive development.
B) It does NOT follow the same patterns as cognitive development.
C) It follows cephalocaudal, proximodistal, and differentiation patterns.
D) It occurs independently from other factors such as environment or nutrition.

Question 75

At what age can infants usually sit up by themselves without assistance?

A) by about 3 months
B) usually around 5 months
C) usually around 7 months
D) usually around 9 to 10 months

Question 76

In what order does an infant display movement abilities?

A) sitting up, rolling over, crawling
B) running, walking, crawling, creeping
C) crawling, sitting up, creeping, running
D) rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping

Question 77

Which statement explains why voluntary reaching and grasping are NOT present at birth?

A) These actions require visual-motor coordination.
B) The infant's depth perception is NOT yet present.
C) The newborn CANNOT see the objects.
D) Newborns do NOT yet have enough motivation to perform these actions.

Question 78

According to the textbook, what result was shown by rats placed in "enriched" environments?

A) They showed an increased level of brain activity in the visual cortex.
B) They developed comparably to all other rats.
C) They showed significant development of the medulla.
D) They developed heavier brains than the rats NOT placed in enriched environments.

Question 79

What type of development is demonstrated by coordinated hand skills?

A) linear development
B) proximodistal development
C) cephalocaudal development
D) differentiation in development

Question 80

A child holds a toy awkwardly, using only his fingers and palm.What term describes this action?

A) the ulnar grasp
B) the pincer grasp
C) the palmar reflex
D) reflexive grasping