Deck 10: Central Language Mechanism and Learning

Question 1

__ are neural cells that process information within a specific region.

A)Input fibers
B)Projection neurons
C)Interneurons
D)Both B and C

Answer 1

D
Interneurons,also called intrinsic neurons,process signals within specific regions.The distinction between projection neurons and interneurons is not distinct,as projection neurons can also process information locally.

Question 2

Which of these cognitive functions would not be a concern of speech-language pathologists?

A)reasoning and problem solving
B)metacognition
C)memory
D)attention and information processing
E)All of these are of concern to speech-language pathologists.

Answer 2

E
Cognitive functions are of importance for the speech-language pathologist,as they are integral to communication.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT recognized as a function of the right hemisphere?

A)selective attention
B)comprehending emotion
C)producing emotion in the voice
D)serial processing
E)integration of stimuli

Answer 3

D
The serial processing of individual stimuli is a function of the left hemisphere.

Question 4

Synaptic divergence can be achieved by:

A)multiple axons triggering a synaptic potential on one postsynaptic dendrite
B)an excitatory synaptic potential canceling out an inhibitory potential
C)a single axon triggering multiple postsynaptic potentials simultaneously in various dendritic terminals
D)any mechanism that reduces the activity of a single axon

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a neural network?

A)localized encoding of perceptual processes
B)parallel distributed processing of perceptual processes
C)interconnectivity of neurons between different cortical regions
D)associations between neural activations being stored in input layers
E)patterns of activations being stored in output layers

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of a dendritic spine?

A)Dendritic spines account for most of the presynaptic sites in the brain.
B)Most dendritic spines carry the potential for both inhibitory and excitatory synapses.
C)Most of the excitatory synapses in the cortex are made onto dendritic spines.
D)Dendritic spines are too small to have a role in rapid processing of neural impulses.

Question 7

Microcircuits:

A)are the "building blocks" of behavioral systems
B)are composed of several thousand synapses
C)form connections between the axons of adjacent neurons
D)are built on divergent connectivity only

Question 8

Attention:

A)is a reflexive behavior mediated by the reticular activating system
B)is a prerequisite for perception
C)is a prerequisite for arousal
D)is an active response

Question 9

All of the following are true about the current models of language EXCEPT:

A)Models have not been found to be appropriate for clinical use.
B)Models have been criticized because they tend to map functions onto specific structures.
C)No existing model fully explains the production and comprehension of language.
D)Models of language suffer because components of language have not been specifically describeD.

Question 10

The ability to "fill in gaps" and make sense of a message that is not completely heard is due to a process called:

A)pattern association
B)network processing
C)graceful degradation
D)temporal summation

Question 11

The Geschwind model of language:

A)accounts for all features of aphasic syndromes
B)predicts all types of aphasic syndromes
C)predicts all symptoms coming from specific aphasic syndromes
D)can be used to predict symptoms associated with specific lesions
E)none of the above

Question 12

Cognition can be defined as the ability to:

A)focus on stimuli over time
B)evaluate information to come to a conclusion
C)become aware of or obtain knowledge of an object
D)retain experience-dependent changes over time

Question 13

Which of the following structures are considered to be part of the perisylvian cortex?

A)insula
B)frontal eye fields
C)angular gyrus
D)supplementary motor area

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of synaptic convergence?

A)neural networks in the cerebellum
B)temporal summation
C)sensory afferents in the thalamus
D)collaterals
E)neural networks in the cortex

Question 15

The neocortex:

A)is relatively the same thickness over the entire brain
B)is the thickest at the sensory cortex
C)contains more neuroglia than neurons
D)is composed of five layers

Question 16

Which of the following structures is largely responsible for the sequencing of motor patterns used for speech?

A)the supramarginal gyrus
B)the angular gyrus
C)the primary motor cortex
D)Broca's area
E)Wernicke's area

Question 17

The __ of Broca's area is involved with the motor control of speech.

A)anterior section
B)pars opercularis
C)pars orbitalis
D)pars triangularis

Question 18

___ is the anatomical connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

A)The corpus callosum
B)The arcuate fasciculus
C)The angular gyrus
D)The supramarginal gyrus
E)The primary motor cortex

Question 19

A(n)___ network is a network in which every unit is connected to every other unit within a layer of neurons.

A)association
B)pattern associator
C)serial processing
D)autoassociator

Question 20

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the role of the thalamus in language production?

A)A thalamic lesion will produce language deficits because of the thalamic role in selecting lexical input.
B)Thalamic reticular neurons can either facilitate or block neural transmission to cortical cells.
C)Damage to the connection of cortical-thalamic neurons can result in memory impairment,leading to naming deficits.
E)A less functional thalamus will disrupt cortical function through the thalamic/cortical relay circuits.

Question 21

Which of the following is evidence for plasticity in the adult brain?

A)A blind adult's visual cortex is quiet when he is reading a passage in braille.
B)An adult who has been deaf since birth shows no activity in the auditory cortex.
D)A blind adult's visual cortex is active when he is engaged in a verbal processing task.
E)None of the above statements are true.

Question 22

The area of the brain that is likely involved in making decisions is the:

A)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)pars triangularis
C)prefrontal cortex
D)orbitofrontal cortex
E)hippocampus

Question 23

Attentional control:

A)may be automatic in the case of novel stimuli
B)is the process of guiding or directing attention
C)may be broken into focused,sustained,selective,alternating,and divided
D)is a gating system that brings neural networks either "online" or "offline"
E)all of the above

Question 24

Executive functions are probably mediated by the:

A)hippocampus
B)orbitofrontal cortex
C)prefrontal cortex
D)thalamus

Question 25

The formation of a memory involves all of the following EXCEPT:

A)altering the strength of neural connections between subcortical regions
B)sensory storage
C)extraction of meaning
D)the hippocampus supplying a cholinergic input to a cortical area

Question 26

Hypoperfusion of cortical structures is one reason for diffuse symptoms of patients with subcortical lesions.

Question 27

Cortical neurons have both lateral and vertical connections to other neurons.

Question 28

Neural processing is largely convergent,rather than divergent.For example,sensory impulses from multiple peripheral regions move to more localized cortical structures.

Question 29

Subcortical brain regions likely play a role in language production.

Question 30

Therapeutic stimulation of the right hemisphere's homologous language areas after a stroke may help the patient recover left hemisphere functioning.

Question 31

The strength of processing in neural network theory is in the type of information processed in individual neurons in specific brain regions.

Question 32

___ memory primarily involves motor behaviors.

A)Short-term
B)Procedural
C)Declarative
D)Working

Question 33

__ memory is accessible through recognition and recall tasks.

A)Short-term
B)Procedural
C)Declarative
D)Working

Question 34

Constraint-induced therapy:

A)relies on neural plasticity
B)relies on compensatory communication
C)relies on preventing the patient from compensating
D)both A and C

Question 35

What is the likely role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A)It is involved in the orienting response.
B)It processes visual and other informational cues needed to make decisions.
C)It maintains the engagement of attention to be processed in working memory.
D)It integrates information from unimodal and heteromodal areas.
E)Both A and C are truE.