Deck 16: Perfusion

Question 1

The nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled to receive metoprolol (Lopressor). What should the nurse teach the client about this medication?

A)Expect a rapid heart rate.
B)Change positions slowly.
C)Reduce protein intake.
D)Increase fluids.

Answer 1

Change positions slowly.

Question 2

A client states to the nurse, "I know I have high blood pressure, but I don't want to take medication." Based on this data, which health problem is the client at risk for developing?

A)Gastritis
B)Diabetes
C)Cardiomyopathy
D)Metabolic syndrome

Answer 2

Cardiomyopathy

Question 3

The nurse identifies the diagnosis of Excess Fluid Volume as appropriate for a client with cardiomyopathy. Which interventions should the nurse emphasize when planning this client's care? Select all that apply.

A)Monitor B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)level.
B)Provide oxygen as prescribed.
C)Assess respiratory status and lung sounds every 4 hours and as needed.
D)Provide information about activity upon discharge.
E)Monitor intake and output.

Answer 3

Assess respiratory status and lung sounds every 4 hours and as needed.
Monitor intake and output.

Question 4

A client with cardiomyopathy receiving diuretic therapy has a urine output of 200 mL in 8 hours. Which action by the nurse is correct?

A)Assist the client to ambulate.
B)Document a normal urine output.
C)Notify the healthcare provider.
D)Measure abdominal girth.

Question 5

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. Which clinical manifestations does the nurse anticipate during the physical assessment? Select all that apply.

A)Fatigue
B)Lower extremity edema
C)Syncope
D)Dyspnea
E)Angina

Question 6

The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the hospital with lower extremity edema and shortness of breath. Which electrocardiogram finding indicates the client is at risk for an alteration in perfusion?

A)P wave smooth and round
B)Absent U wave
C)PR interval 0.30 seconds
D)ST segment isoelectric

Question 7

The nurse is reviewing objective data obtained during the assessment of a pregnant woman in her 34th week of gestation. Which finding would be cause for concern?

A)Pulse 103 bpm
B)Blood pressure 108/70
C)Hematocrit 24%
D)WBC count 10,340/mm³

Question 8

The nurse is caring for a client with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Based on this diagnosis, which class of medications does the nurse anticipate being prescribed?

A)Digoxin
B)Vasodilators
C)Nitrates
D)Beta blockers

Question 9

The nurse is instructing a client on lifestyle changes to promote a healthy cardiovascular system. Which of the following should be included in this teaching session? Select all that apply.

A)Limit exercise to 15 minutes a day
B)Reduce saturated fats in the diet
C)Avoid cigarette smoking
D)Wear elastic hose
E)Limit fluid intake

Question 10

Which nursing intervention related to perfusion can be performed independently?

A)Administration of drug regimens
B)Insertion of device to measure central venous pressure (CVP)
C)Teaching relaxation techniques
D)Thoracentesis

Question 11

A client diagnosed with cardiomyopathy reports having to rest between activities during the day. The client asks the nurse why this is occurring. Which reason should the nurse include in the response to the client?

A)Increased stroke volume
B)Decreased cardiac output
C)An elongated and dilated aorta
D)Increased blood pressure

Question 12

An older adult client is diagnosed with cardiomyopathy and a cardiac dysrhythmia. What would the nurse expect to be prescribed for this client?

A)Beta blocker
B)Digoxin
C)Nitrate medications
D)Fluids

Question 13

A client's stroke volume (SV)is 85mL/beat and the heart rate (HR)is 71 beats per minute (bpm). What is the client's cardiac output (CO)rounded to the nearest liter?

Question 14

The nurse is concerned that a client with an alteration in perfusion is at risk for inadequate oxygenation. What should the nurse consider when planning for this client's potential health problem?

A)Encouraging ambulation every 30 minutes
B)Instructing on deep breathing
C)Administering medications appropriate to increase heart rate
D)Positioning to increase blood return

Question 15

The nurse is preparing to conduct a cardiac assessment for a pediatric client. Which location will the nurse use when auscultating the apical pulse?

A)At the fifth intercostal space
B)At the left nipple
C)At the right nipple
D)At the eighth intercostal space

Question 16

The nurse is providing teaching to a client diagnosed with cardiomyopathy. What statement made by the client indicates the discharge teaching was effective?

A)"I will exercise as much as possible, regardless of feeling weak and short of breath."
B)"My pants getting tight around the waist means I'm eating too much and should cut back on food."
C)"I will eat foods containing sodium only if drinking water with them."
D)"I will see my cardiologist next week to discuss implanting a pacemaker."

Question 17

The nurse is auscultating heart sounds for a pregnant client in the third trimester of pregnancy. The client wants to know why her doctor told her she had an extra heart sound at the last visit. Which response by the nurse is appropriate?

A)"You will need to have an echocardiogram to determine the reason for the extra sound."
B)"You are likely experiencing heart failure due to the extra fluid that accumulates during this time in pregnancy."
C)"You have what is known as a ventricular gallop, and it can be a normal finding during this trimester of pregnancy."
D)"You have what is known as atrial gallop, and this is cause for concern."

Question 18

A client admitted with the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy becomes short of breath with ambulation and eating and fatigued with routine care activities. Which nursing diagnosis does the nurse include in the client's plan of care?

A)Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements
B)Deficient Knowledge
C)Activity Intolerance
D)Self-Care Deficit

Question 19

Which statements are correct regarding the various layers of the heart? Select all that apply.

A)The endocardium covers the entire heart and great vessels.
B)The endocardium is the muscular layer of the heart that contracts during each heartbeat.
C)The outermost layer of the heart is the epicardium.
D)The myocardium consists of myofibril cells.
E)The myocardium has four layers.

Question 20

Blood pressure is influenced by all except which factor?

A)Pumping action of the heart
B)Peripheral vascular resistance
C)Heart rate
D)Blood volume

Question 21

The nurse is caring for a child who has just been diagnosed with an atrial septal defect (ASD). Which manifestations would the nurse expect upon assessment? Select all that apply.

A)Pulmonary artery hypotension
B)Midsystolic murmur at lower right sternal border
C)Mitral valve regurgitation with cleft on mitral valve
D)S₁ heart tone may be split due to forceful left ventricular contraction
E)Congestive heart failure

Question 22

The nurse is analyzing data collected after assessing a child with a congenital heart defect that decreases pulmonary blood flow. Which nursing diagnosis would be applicable for this client?

A)Acute Pain
B)Ineffective Breathing Pattern
C)Decreased Cardiac Output
D)Excess Fluid Volume

Question 23

The mother of a baby born with a congenital heart defect is upset, as no one else in the family has been born with this condition. To determine the cause of the defect, which question is appropriate for the nurse to ask the mother?

A)"Did you consume any alcohol before you knew you were pregnant?"
B)"Is there a history of diabetes in your family?"
C)"Was the baby's father exposed to any toxins in the work environment?"
D)"Do you have a history of hypertension?"

Question 24

A baby will be having surgery to correct a congenital heart defect. On which topic should the parents be instructed regarding the care of the child before surgery?

A)Restricting immunizations until after the surgery
B)Preventing exposure to infection
C)Implementing no particular precautions
D)Restricting fluids for a week before the surgery

Question 25

The nurse is planning care for a pediatric client recovering from surgery to repair a congenital heart defect. Which intervention should the nurse include to support the client's fluid status?

A)Encourage oral intake of fluids when permitted.
B)Limit oral and intravenous intake of fluids.
C)Continue normal saline administration even after oral intake is normal.
D)Convert the intravenous line to a saline lock immediately after surgery.

Question 26

The nurse is caring for an infant diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The client has recently been scheduled for surgery to repair the defect. Which procedure does the nurse anticipate needing to provide client teaching about to the client's family?

A)Norwood procedure
B)Jatene procedure
C)Rastelli procedure
D)Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure

Question 27

A client diagnosed with cardiomyopathy asks the nurse to explain the different types of the disease. Which is inappropriate for the nurse to include in the teaching session?

A)Dilated cardiomyopathy
B)Restrictive cardiomyopathy
C)Hypotrophic cardiomyopathy
D)Arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

Question 28

The nurse provides discharge instructions to the parents of a child recovering from surgery to repair a congenital heart defect. What statement indicates that teaching has been effective?

A)"Our child should be restricted in play and activity for at least 6 months."
B)"Our child will need to take antibiotics prior to having dental surgery."
C)"Fluids should be restricted to maximize lung function."
D)"Our child should not return to normal activities for at least 2 years."

Question 29

A 72-year-old client diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)is speaking to the healthcare team about treatment options. Which treatment option would likely not be recommended for this client, even though it is commonly used to treat younger clients with this condition?

A)Defibrillator implantation
B)Beta-blocker administration
C)Calcium channel blocker administration
D)Physical activity restrictions

Question 30

A 14-year-old child was recently diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. During a follow-up appointment, the mother asks the nurse, "How will this affect my child's ability to play football in the fall?" How should the nurse respond?

A)"This shouldn't affect his ability to play football."
B)"Children with cardiomyopathy should not play football."
C)"He could participate in flag football but not tackle football."
D)"This may actually make him a better, stronger football player."

Question 31

The nurse is caring for an adult client who was diagnosed with a congenital heart defect as a child, which was later repaired with surgery. Which common complication of a heart defect should the nurse monitor that the client may still be at risk for?

A)Deep vein thrombosis
B)Endocarditis
C)Atherosclerosis
D)Shock

Question 32

During what period of gestation do congenital heart defects usually develop?

A)First 8 weeks of gestation
B)Second trimester
C)Third trimester
D)Last 4 weeks of gestation

Question 33

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with cardiomyopathy. The client experiences tachycardia. Which medication does the nurse anticipate being prescribed?

A)ACE Inhibitor
B)Angiotensin II receptor blocker
C)Beta blocker
D)Cardiac glycoside

Question 34

A nurse is educating a client with cardiomyopathy about diet choices that are appropriate for the client's condition. Which statement is inappropriate for the nurse to include in the teaching session?

A)"It is important to monitor your sodium intake."
B)"Increasing your dietary protein helps with cardiac cell repair."
C)"Here is a list of high-fat, high-cholesterol foods to avoid."
D)"I have notified the dietitian regarding your condition in order to provide you with more information."

Question 35

Which best describes how congenital defects are categorized?

A)By the severity of defect
B)By the pathophysiology and hemodynamics of defect
C)By the location of defect
D)By the infant's age when the defect was diagnosed

Question 36

A nurse is caring for a client with cardiomyopathy who is experiencing activity intolerance. Which intervention is inappropriate for this nursing diagnosis?

A)Spacing out nursing activities so client fatigue is lessened
B)Assisting with client activities of daily living (ADLs)as necessary
C)Using passive and active range-of-motion (ROM)exercises as tolerated
D)Consulting with a physical therapist on an activity plan

Question 37

The nurse is assessing a toddler diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Which clinical manifestations does the nurse anticipate during the physical assessment? Select all that apply.

A)Palpable thrill in the pulmonic area
B)Nail clubbing
C)Cough
D)Apneic periods
E)Knee-chest position

Question 38

The nurse is providing teaching to the parents of a child born with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Which statement should the nurse include in her teaching regarding this defect?

A)"Increased pulmonary blood flow causes symptoms with this disease."
B)"This disease consists of pulmonic stenosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect, and an overriding aorta."
C)"Your child has a decreased amount of red blood cells because of this disease."
D)"This disease consists of pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect, and an overriding aorta."

Question 39

The nurse is caring for a pregnant woman with congenital heart disease. The woman asks if she will be able to have a vaginal delivery. Which answer by the nurse is correct?

A)A Cesarean section is preferred because you will lose less blood than with a vaginal birth.
B)A Cesarean section is preferred because there is a lower risk of infection than with a vaginal birth.
C)A vaginal birth is preferred over a Cesarean section for women who have aortic stenosis.
D)A vaginal birth is preferred because there is a lower risk of thrombophlebitis than with a Cesarean section.

Question 40

The nurse is caring for a premature infant diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Which medication should the nurse anticipate administering to this client?

A)Indomethacin
B)Propranolol
C)Antibiotics
D)Prostaglandin E₁

Question 41

A client recovering from an acute myocardial infarction is prescribed aspirin. Which teaching points should the nurse include regarding this prescription? Select all that apply.

A)Report any itching after seven days of taking.
B)Check with your healthcare provider before taking herbal remedies.
C)Take at a different time of day than warfarin.
D)Report bleeding or bruising to the healthcare provider.
E)Do not skip any scheduled appointments to have blood drawn for labs.

Question 42

A client with angina is experiencing acute chest pain. The client rates the pain as a 7 out of 10. The client's vital signs include P 119, R 24, BP 98/63, T 99.1°F, and SpO₂ 89%. Which actions would the nurse implement at this time? Select all that apply.

A)Administer antianxiety medication as prescribed.
B)Coach in nonpharmacologic pain management techniques.
C)Implement bedrest.
D)Administer morphine sulfate 2 mg intravenous push as prescribed.
E)Administer oxygen at 2 liters/minute via nasal cannula as prescribed.

Question 43

A client diagnosed with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT)is receiving intravenous heparin. Which is the priority outcome for this client?

A)The client will not disturb the intravenous infusion.
B)The client will comply with dietary restrictions.
C)The client will not experience bleeding.
D)The client will keep the right leg elevated on two pillows.

Question 44

The nurse is caring for a 76-year-old client with a history of angina. What atypical age-related warning sign of a myocardial infarction should the nurse need to include in client teaching?

A)Cool, clammy skin
B)Chest pain
C)Tachycardia
D)Abdominal pain

Question 45

The nurse is preparing preoperative teaching for a client scheduled for a ventricular assist device (VAD). Which should the nurse include in these instructions?

A)Need to stay on bedrest for a week or more
B)Cardiac pain postoperatively is to be expected
C)Risk for postoperative infection
D)Expect to be ambulating the evening of surgery

Question 46

The nurse is completing an assessment on a newly admitted client. What finding would alert the nurse that the client may be experiencing a deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?

A)Shortness of breath after activity
B)Two-plus palpable pedal pulses
C)Swelling in one leg with edema
D)Sharp pain in both legs

Question 47

The nurse is caring for a client who has had a myocardial infarction. The client states, "I have been smoking for 35 years, what good will quitting do?" Which response is best?

A)"Your risk of continued coronary artery disease will decrease by half when you stop."
B)"Quitting will enhance the effects of your medications."
C)"Your medications will not work if you smoke."
D)"Quitting will ensure you don't develop any complications."

Question 48

What is the most common clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease?

A)Chest pain
B)Dyspnea
C)Irritability
D)Tachycardia

Question 49

The nurse is caring for a breastfeeding client recovering from a cesarean section. The physician diagnoses her with superficial venous thrombosis. Which intervention should the nurse anticipate carrying out first?

A)Encourage to ambulate freely
B)Aspirin 650 mg every 4 hours
C)Apply warm, moist compresses
D)Provide methylergonovine (Methergine)IM

Question 50

A nurse is teaching a client about the different types of angina. Which client statement indicate the need for follow up teaching?

A)"Stable angina is the most common form of angina."
B)"Prinzmetal angina is atypical angina that occurs with strenuous exercise."
C)"Unstable angina occurs with increasing frequency, severity, and duration."
D)"Clients with unstable angina are at risk for a heart attack."

Question 51

For a client with coronary artery disease, what can the nurse recommend to the client to help decrease cardiac workload and sympathetic nervous system stimulation?

A)Physical rest
B)Psychological rest
C)Fluid intake
D)Fluid restriction

Question 52

The nurse is instructing an older adult client about atorvastatin (Lipitor)to treat elevated cholesterol. Which side effects should the nurse advise the client to report to the healthcare provider?

A)Headaches and nausea
B)Muscle pain and weakness
C)Bruising and excessive bleeding
D)Shortness of breath and coughing

Question 53

The nurse is providing care to a female client who is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. The client states to the nurse, "I don't know how this happened." Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate?

A)"Women who take oral contraceptives are more likely to develop this disease."
B)"Women who have children later in life often develop this disease"
C)"Women with a history of sexually transmitted infections are more likely to develop this disease."
D)"Women who conceive through the use of in-vitro fertilization are more likely to develop this disease."

Question 54

The nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client recovering from deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Which instructions are appropriate for the nurse to include in the teaching session? Select all that apply.

A)Avoid crossing the legs
B)Avoid long car trips
C)Avoid prolonged standing or sitting
D)Take frequent walks
E)Take a daily aspirin dose of 650 mg

Question 55

A community health nurse is providing education to a group of adults regarding myocardial infarction (MI). When discussing ways to prevent the number of MI-related deaths, which statement by the nurse is inappropriate?

A)"It is important to learn how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)."
B)"Be sure to take a baby aspirin every day to help prevent an MI."
C)"Increase your knowledge of the manifestations of MI."
D)"Seek immediate medical attention when you suspect an MI."

Question 56

The nurse is planning care for a group of clients. Which client should the nurse identify as having the greatest risk for developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?

A)The client recovering from laparoscopic gallbladder surgery
B)The client admitted with new-onset type II diabetes mellitus
C)The client admitted with community-acquired pneumonia
D)The client recovering from knee replacement surgery

Question 57

The nurse is documenting assessment findings on a client with angina. Which term should the nurse use to describe chest pain that occurs at night and is unrelated to activity?

A)Nonanginal pain
B)Prinzmetal angina
C)Unstable angina
D)Stable angina

Question 58

The nurse is providing care to a client who has experienced several episodes of angina. Which agent does the nurse anticipate being ordered to reduce the intensity and frequency of an angina episode?

A)The client will experience relief of chest pain with therapeutic lifestyle changes.
B)The client will experience relief of chest pain with statin therapy.
C)The client will experience relief of chest pain with nitrate therapy.
D)The client will experience relief of chest pain with anticoagulant therapy.

Question 59

The nurse is teaching a client about the associated health risks of cocaine use. Which statement should the nurse use to describe how cocaine can cause myocardial infarction (MI)?

A)Cocaine significantly increases the serum triglyceride level, leading to the development of an atheroma.
B)Cocaine alters the body's clotting mechanisms, leading to thrombus formation.
C)Cocaine increases sympathetic nervous system stimulation, increasing blood pressure and vasoconstriction.
D)Cocaine alters electrolyte balance, leading to arrhythmias.

Question 60

The nurse is planning care for a client with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Which problem would be a priority for this client?

A)Infection
B)Fluid volume
C)Peripheral perfusion
D)Sleep pattern

Question 61

The nurse is caring for a client with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which should the nurse identify as a priority intervention for this client?

A)Frequent ambulation
B)Maintenance of skin integrity
C)Preparation for radiograph procedures
D)Restricting fluids

Question 62

A client with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)has a nursing diagnosis of Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion. Which actions interventions are appropriate for this diagnosis? Select all that apply.

A)Monitor the client's level of consciousness and mental status.
B)Elevate the client's knees on the bed or with a pillow.
C)Minimize the use of tape on the client's skin.
D)Assess extremity pulses, warmth, and capillary refill.
E)Carefully reposition the client at least every 2 hours.

Question 63

The nurse is evaluating care provided to a client with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which finding indicates care has been successful for this client?

A)Heart rate 110 beats per minute
B)Oxygen saturation level 86%
C)Urine output 20 mL per hour
D)No evidence of bleeding

Question 64

A client with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)is experiencing joint pain. Which nursing intervention is appropriate for this client?

A)Splints
B)Cool compresses
C)Heat
D)Ice

Question 65

A client diagnosed with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)is currently bleeding through the gastrointestinal tract. Which does the nurse anticipate administering to this client as a first line treatment?

A)Aspirin
B)Warfarin (Coumadin)
C)Fresh frozen plasma and platelets
D)Heparin

Question 66

Which pathological change related to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)occurs late in the course of the disease?

A)Hemorrhage
B)Formation of small clots
C)Damage to the endothelium
D)Brain ischemia

Question 67

A client with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)has a nursing diagnosis of Impaired Gas Exchange. Which action is appropriate when providing care based on this nursing diagnosis?

A)Place the client in low-Fowler position to improve gas exchange
B)Monitor the client's oxygen saturation intermittently
C)Encourage frequent amulation
D)Use continuous endotracheal suctioning instead of coughing and deep breathing

Question 68

The three pathological factors that are associated with the formation of a thrombus are known as what?

A)Rastelli syndrome
B)Holter triad
C)Vena cava syndrome
D)Virchow's triad

Question 69

A client with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)is anxious and has decreased oxygen saturation. Which is the priority nursing diagnosis for this client?

A)Acute Pain
B)Impaired Gas Exchange
C)Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion
D)Anxiety

Question 70

A nurse is assessing a client during labor and delivery. Which condition should the nurse recognize as a risk factor for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A)Gestational diabetes
B)Polyhydramnios
C)Placental abruption
D)Placenta previa

Question 71

A client receiving heparin therapy for deep venous thrombosis (DVT)complains of severe chest pain and shortness of breath. Suspecting a pulmonary embolism, which is the priority action by the nurse?

A)Assess pulse, respirations, and blood pressure.
B)Apply oxygen and elevate the head of the bed.
C)Reassure the client and notify family members.
D)Increase the rate of heparin infusion.

Question 72

What is the most accurate tool for assessing and diagnosing venous thrombosis?

A)Ascending contrast venography
B)Duplex venous ultrasonography
C)Magnetic resonance imaging
D)Plethysmography

Question 73

A client is admitted to the intensive care unit with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which clinical manifestations does the nurse anticipate? Select all that apply.

A)Tachycardia
B)Increased blood glucose level
C)Decreased breath sounds
D)Confusion
E)Thick, tenacious bronchial secretions

Question 74

The nurse is caring for a client with congestive heart failure (CHF)who frequently wakes during the night frightened and short of breath. Based on this data, what is the client experiencing?

A)Cardiomyopathy
B)Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
C)High-output failure
D)Multisystem heart failure

Question 75

What characteristic of veins increases the risk for the development of a thrombus?

A)Low blood flow
B)High pressure
C)Retrograde blood flow
D)Presence of plaque

Question 76

The nurse has identified Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion as a nursing diagnosis for a client with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). What intervention would be appropriate for the client?

A)Carefully repositioning the client every 2 hours
B)Administering oxygen
C)Monitoring oxygen saturation
D)Encouraging deep breathing and coughing

Question 77

A client being treated for a deep venous thrombosis (DVT)is experiencing pain. Which interventions should the nurse implement? Select all that apply.

A)Apply an egg-crate mattress on the bed.
B)Maintain bedrest as ordered.
C)Apply warm moist heat to the area four times a day.
D)Encourage position changes every 2 hours.
E)Measure calf and thigh diameter daily.

Question 78

A nurse caring for a client with suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which test result is common in DIC?

A)Decreased prothrombin time
B)Increased platelet count
C)Decreased fibrinogen level
D)Decreased partial thromboplastin time

Question 79

Both a 40-year-old male and a 70-year-old male are placed on anticoagulant therapy after diagnosis of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). When providing teaching to these clients about their medication, how should the nurse individualize care for each?

A)The younger client will need more frequent monitoring than the older client.
B)The older client will need more frequent monitoring than the younger client.
C)The older client will take a lower dose than the younger client.
D)The younger client will take a lower dose than the older client.

Question 80

The nurse is caring for a client who has been admitted to labor and delivery. What should the nurse recognize as risk factors for disseminating intravascular coagulation (DIC)? Select all that apply.

A)Multiparity
B)Placental abruption
C)Preterm labor
D)Fetal death
E)Gestational diabetes