Deck 5: Language Development, Language Diversity, and Immigrant Education

Question 1

Susana says "my backpack was forgotted," which is example of what problem of learning grammar?

A)She overregularized the word "forget" by applying a rule to every language situation.
B)She has a disability related to pragmatics.
C)She misuses monolingual educational strategies.
D)She shows evidence of being semi-lingual in her second language.

Answer 1

She overregularized the word "forget" by applying a rule to every language situation.

Question 2

According to Whitehurst and Lonigan's model (1998),phonological and syntactic awareness are part of an emergent reader's

A)outside-in skill set.
B)receptive vocabulary set.
C)fund of knowledge.
D)inside-out skill set.

Answer 2

inside-out skill set.

Question 3

Receptive vocabulary refers to:

A)how open the student is to learning a second language.
B)the words a student can understand in spoken or written words.
C)words that change over time due to culture.
D)words children learn as a result of scaffolding.

Answer 3

the words a student can understand in spoken or written words.

Question 4

An adolescent who knows how to keep a conversation going at an informal gathering is demonstrating good

A)inside skills of emergent language development.
B)sheltered language.
C)pragmatics.
D)syntax.

Question 5

The basics of word orders,or syntax,are mastered by children well before they enter the first grade.

Question 6

By what age do most children master the sounds of their native language?

A)5
B)9 months
C)7
D)2

Question 7

The area of language that specifically deals with the ordering of words is called

A)awareness.
B)scaffolding.
C)semantics.
D)syntax.

Question 8

Children have a larger ________ vocabulary than expressive vocabulary.

Question 9

Educational practices in American schools during the twentieth century have tended to be based on

A)a cultural deficit model.
B)lower-class,non-sectarian,rationalistic values.
C)middle-class,sectarian values.
D)the melting pot philosophy.

Question 10

When a student understands language and how it works,the student is said to have ________.

Question 11

When a student understands language and how it works,the student is said to have ________.

Question 12

The period considered to be the most sensitive for language development occurs

A)after puberty.
B)about the time of puberty.
C)during the first year of life.
D)during the preschool years.

Question 13

Which one of the following statements is TRUE about milestones in early childhood language development?

A)Woolfolk recommends avoiding the use of milestones because they can label and stereotype young children.
B)There are no established milestones for bi-lingual children.
C)One of the milestones frequently used in the number of words a child uses in a sentence.
D)Milestones are not accurate until children are at least four years of age.

Question 14

Early childhood is the best time for a child to learn a second language on his/her own.

Question 15

Darnel,an African-American second grader who uses nonstandard English,complained about his partner in spelling practice."Fred not say nothin' today." Which of the following would be the most relevant reply that the teacher could make?

A)"If he's not saying anything today,do you think something is bothering him?"
B)"In school language we should say 'Fred is not saying anything today.'"
C)"Darnel,please remember: 'not' goes with 'anything.' We don't use it with 'nothing.'"
D)"Why don't you ask Fred what the matter is? Maybe something is wrong."

Question 16

The area of language that deals specifically with word order is called ________.

Question 17

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Preschool children's oral language skills play an important role in predicting reading in the transition to school.
B)Preschool teachers are encouraged to teach code skills before oral language skills in order to promotes reaching achievement.
C)Oral language has been found to interfere with preschool children's reading fluency.
D)There has been no research on understanding the relations between oral language,code skills,and reading achievement.

Question 18

Generally,students are not ready to study the rules of a language formally until about age five.This is when most students have started to gain

A)literacy.
B)metalinguistic awareness.
C)semantic speech.
D)syntax.

Question 19

Carol Hammer's research suggests:

A)teachers should encourage children to read in their native language until the age of 7.
B)children's receptive language can harm their expressive language.
C)children need to read in English at school.
D)children should spend more time reading in their native language at school until they have perfected their reading skills.

Question 20

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A)According to Woolfolk and other researchers,emerging readers use both decoding skills and oral language skills.
B)By age 3,most children should be able to create sentences with an average of 5 words.
C)Teachers should encourage students not to use their Heritage language during school hours.
D)Pragmatics refers to overusing a grammatical rule in appropriate situations..

Question 21

In order to reduce the possible negative stereotypes about students who speak a different dialect,teachers should

A)accept students' dialects as a valid and correct language system,but teach standard English as well.
B)expect to find more homonyms in the students' language than usual.
C)focus on teaching "standard" or "formal" English to all students.
D)promote "heritage" English rather than "formal" English for all students.

Question 22

It is difficult for most students whose original language is a dialect to learn the standard speech of their country.

Question 23

Most young children prefer to use the words they can easily pronounce.

Question 24

It is normal and healthy for an emergent young reader to pretend to read.

Question 25

According to Woolfolk,the most desirable approach to the "language problem" in today's bilingual schools is to

A)divide students into separate language classes according to the primary language that they speak.
B)try to make students fluent in both languages.
C)employ monolingual educational strategies.
D)try to make students at least semi-lingual in their second language.

Question 26

Between the ages of 2 to 3,most children's expressive vocabulary consists of approximately 2,000 words.

Question 27

Research on bilingualism suggests that

A)the division of students into separate English classes according to the primary language is desirable.
B)learning a second language interferes with use of the first language.
C)the more skilled the individual is in the first language,the faster he/she will learn a second language.
D)the more skilled the individual is in the first language,the slower he/she will learn a second language.

Question 28

Most likely,biological and cultural factors both play a role in language development.

Question 29

Emergent writing is an example of an inside-out literacy skill.

Question 30

Describe the steps or stages that children go through in the process of developing language.Include reference to the different ways that children use words and sentences in these stages.

Question 31

Children can begin to explicitly state how language works as early as age 5.

Question 32

Discuss the most important skills that help literacy develop.

Question 33

Researchers have found the best time for a child to learn a second language on his/her own is

A)during early or middle childhood
B)no one time is better than another
C)early childhood
D)adulthood,when cognitive skills are developed

Question 34

What is the primary reason why bilingualism has generated such heated debates in recent years?

A)Changing demographics
B)Failure of many students to use standard English
C)Increased numbers of students who must take summer school
D)Rising numbers of college freshmen with poor reading skills

Question 35

Metalinguistic awareness begins to develop at about the age of puberty.

Question 36

Emergent reading is an example of an inside-out literacy skill.

Question 37

At home in Window Rock,Arizona,Shawn only speaks Navajo with his grandmother who has lived her entire life on the Navajo Reservation.When speaking with his grandmother in Navajo,Shawn is using his

A)inside-out skills of emergent language development.
B)sheltered language.
C)Heritage language.
D)second dialect.

Question 38

According to Woolfolk,the most desirable approach to the "language problem" in today's bilingual schools is to

A)divide students into separate language classes according to the primary language that they speak.
B)try to make students fluent in both languages.
C)employ monolingual educational strategies.
D)try to make students at least semi-lingual in their second language.

Question 39

The average amount of time it will take a student to learn academic language,such as "What is a derivative" in the discipline of finance,is about

A)1 year.
B)2-3 years
C)5-10 years.
D)more than 10 years.

Question 40

Nikolas is an eleventh grader who came to America from Russia with his parents one year ago.He has gradually developed his fluency in the English language,but he continues to have some difficulty using English during classroom activities.What should Nikolas' teacher do to help him with his English language acquisition?

A)Encourage Nikolas to use English in the classroom and save his Russian for use at home.
B)Promote Nikolas' bilingualism in both Russian and English.
C)Refer Nikolas to the English-as-a-Second-Language program in the local magnet school.
D)Respond positively to Nikolas only when he makes accurate attempts with English.

Question 41

A student who has mastered phoneme-grapheme correspondence has good _____________skills.

Question 42

Proponents of the native language maintenance approach for bilingual education believe that valuable learning time is lost when students are taught in their native language.

Question 43

Signed languages differ from spoken languages in that they have much smaller vocabularies and less complex grammar structure.

Question 44

People who are inadequate speakers of both their native language and their second language are called ________.

Question 45

People who are inadequate speakers of both their native language and their second language are called ________.

Question 46

Most bilingual programs in the United States use the ________ approach for learning standard English.

Question 47

Moving between two speech forms is called __________________.

Question 48

It is difficult for most students whose original language is a dialect to learn the standard speech of their country.

Question 49

A _________ bilingual education approach refers to adding a second language without losing one's Heritage language.

Question 50

The two types of bilingualism are additive and subtractive.

Question 51

Many researchers believe in the notion of ________ or the idea that if children do not learn certain language or literacy skills by specific ages,they never will.

Question 52

Teachers must also pay attention to _____________,which are the different ways of talking for males and females.

A)genderlects
B)sheltered language
C)heritage language
D)code-switches

Question 53

A person who is capable of communicating both in a spoken language and a signed language are considered to be _____________.

Question 54

Individuals who speak two languages are said to be ________.

Question 55

Researchers have recently found that later (after age 5)bilingual exposure does change the typical pattern of the brain's neural organization for language processing,but early bilingual exposure does not.

Question 56

Monika has a dialect that differs in pronunciation from her cousin who lives in another country.The concern about dialects is that they can lead to

A)humiliation by peers.
B)a delay in the development of the child's receptive vocabulary set.
C)decreased fund of knowledge.
D)spelling problems for the child.

Question 57

Recent studies show that speaking two languages is detrimental to cognitive development.

Question 58

Individuals who speak two languages are said to be ________.

Question 59

Individuals who speak only one language are referred to as ________.

Question 60

Children who are raised bilingual from birth can be expected to:

A)reach the language milestones in both languages at about the same time.
B)to learn the pragmatics of one language before the other language.
C)develop a receptive vocabulary set in only one language.
D)to develop inside-out skills in one language before their second language.

Question 61

Critical periods and sensitive periods are synonymous terms that mean the same thing.

Question 62

Two Cambodian students who speak very little English move to your school district three weeks after school begins and are assigned to your sixth-grade class.Because a small Cambodian community has been established in the area,you already have five bilingual students in class who speak both Cambodian and English.You are having difficulty communicating with the new students and suspect that they are following very little of what is being taught in your class.
In your opinion,whose responsibility is it to teach the children to communicate fluently in English (the school's,the families',or both)? Explain.

Question 63

Define culture and discuss the issues that prompted belief in the cultural deficit model.What are the prevailing beliefs of educational researchers and theorists today about this issue?

Question 64

The cultural-deficit model suggests that immigrant students

A)achieve higher than American students because of their greater motivation.
B)are just as prepared for school as students who are born in this country.
C)come from an inferior culture that leaves them at a disadvantage.
D)deserve special treatment given the obstacles they have overcome.

Question 65

While immigrants leave their home country voluntarily,______________ leave their country voluntarily,but leave because they believe their home country is not safe.

Question 66

According to Luis Moll,medicine,agriculture,economics,and religion are funds of knowledge which should not be used in classroom instruction or serve as the basis of teaching.

Question 67

Teachers today can expect to have many students in a large group referred to as _____________,which refers to members of a group of students who were not born in the United States but have lived in the United States for a long time,and their characteristics and educational experiences are different from recent immigrants.

Question 68

The assumption underlying the cultural deficit model was that many ethnic groups did not want to assimilate completely into mainstream American society.

Question 69

Two Cambodian students who speak very little English move to your school district three weeks after school begins and are assigned to your sixth-grade class.Because a small Cambodian community has been established in the area,you already have five bilingual students in class who speak both Cambodian and English.You are having difficulty communicating with the new students and suspect that they are following very little of what is being taught in your class.
What strategy or strategies might you use to help the new students succeed in your class?

Question 70

One of the characteristics underlying the "melting pot" metaphor is that immigrants' ethnic differences are diminished or disappear.

Question 71

Compare alternative approaches to teaching bilingual children.Should a child's use of his/her non-English language in classroom learning be discouraged or directly integrated with learning in Standard English?

Question 72

Two Cambodian students who speak very little English move to your school district three weeks after school begins and are assigned to your sixth-grade class.Because a small Cambodian community has been established in the area,you already have five bilingual students in class who speak both Cambodian and English.You are having difficulty communicating with the new students and suspect that they are following very little of what is being taught in your class.
What are the likely outcomes (academic,social,personal)for the new students if no additional interventions or strategies are employed?

Question 73

The assumption that students' home culture is inferior because it has not prepared them to fit well into schools is called the ________ model.

Question 74

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Contemporary educational psychologists reject the cultural deficit model.
B)Researchers have just started to investigate the cultural deficit model in the United States during the past five years.
C)The cultural deficit model is useful for designing bilingual education programs.
D)Educational psychologists today rely upon the cultural deficit model to understand student achievement.