Deck 6: Structure

Question 1

You work in a large organization as a manager of a staff of six people.What kinds of role conflicts might you and your staff experience,and what steps could you take to avoid these conflicts?

Answer 1

Answers Will Vary

Question 2

What is the impact of network centralization on member satisfaction,leadership,and group performance?

Answer 2

Answers Will Vary

Question 3

Use SYMLOG theory to describe the structure of the characters in the book The Wizard of Oz (Dorothy,Toto,The Scarecrow,the Tin Man,etc. ).

Answer 3

Answers Will Vary

Question 4

Identify a group you know well with a clear attraction structure.Explain why some individuals rise to the top of the group's sociometric structure and why others are rejected.

Question 5

Compare an interactionist theory of roles in groups to a psychological,dynamic theory of roles.

Question 6

Describe your own role tendencies in groups in terms of preference for task roles or relationship roles.

Question 7

Compare the roles typically seen in a small family (mother,father,son,daughter)to the roles often seen in small groups.

Question 8

Describe the methods used and results obtained by Sherif in his studies of the development of norms.

Question 9

What are some of the common causes of role conflict for college students?

Question 10

Explain how self-presentational processes influence role processes in groups.

Question 11

How would you go about creating a pro-achievement norm in a group of school children who are not currently interested in their studies?

Question 12

Compare and contrast descriptive and injunctive norms,and give an example of each.

Question 13

Under what conditions are centralized and decentralized communication networks most efficient?

Question 14

Apply balance theory to the analysis of a group with the following interpersonal structure: A likes B,B likes A but dislikes C,C likes D and E,D likes E and E likes D but dislikes A

Question 15

How could you use your knowledge of norms to reduce the amount of alcohol students consume on your campus?

Question 16

How is a role in a group like a role in a play? How do they differ?

Question 17

Why do task roles and relationship roles emerge so regularly in groups?

Question 18

Describe the structure of the status relations in a group of the characters in the popular television program,such as Modern Family or Big Bang Theory.

Question 19

You are talking to a friend who is about to begin a year-long internship program in a company.Use the Moreland and Levine's theory of socialization to give advice to your friend about the upcoming experience.

Question 20

In a group of five,A is linked to B,B to C,B to D,B to E,C to E,and D to E.Apply social network analysis to this group by preparing a graph of the group and describing both group-level (e.g. ,density)and individual-level (distances,degree centrality,betweenness)indices.

Question 21

The participants in Sherif's study reverted to their original positions once they were free of the pressure of the group.

Question 22

Pluralistic ignorance occurs when group members assume their reaction is unique and out-of-step with the group and so keep their opinions private.

Question 23

In Benne and Sheat's typology, opinion giver,elaborator,and energizer are all examples of task roles.

Question 24

According to balance theory,an unbalanced group is one that is experiencing mental turmoil,and so is cognitive unbalanced.

Question 25

The relationships among users of the social network Facebook are required to be symmetrical relationships.

Question 26

Sociometric differentiation occurs when varying degrees of liking develop among group members.

Question 27

SYMLOG offers a comprehensive analysis of group structure based on variations in roles,status,and attraction.

Question 28

Social network analysis offers researchers the means to "map" the interpersonal relations among the group members.

Question 29

"It is wrong to plagiarize" is an example of an injunctive norm.

Question 30

Intrarole conflict occurs when behaviors that makes up a single role are incongruous.

Question 31

Group status structures tend to gravitate toward equality rather than inequality.

Question 32

The two possible outcomes to resocialization are that the individual reconciles with the group (convergence)or the individual may further stray from the group eventually exit.

Question 33

Most individuals are capable of simultaneously fulfilling both the task and the relationship role within their groups.

Question 34

Within all groups,communication networks vary in number but not in structure: each member communicates with other members.

Question 35

A group member who communicates with only two of the 25 members within a group is said to have a high degree of centrality since he is the center of his small clique.

Question 36

Members of the Facebook social network generally act in unusual and unpredictable ways because norms do not regulate behavior in online groups.

Question 37

According to Moreland and Levine's theory,commitment to the group is highest among prospective members and begins to decline once acceptance occurs.

Question 38

Role ambiguity is a state of tension,distress,or uncertainty caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one's role within the group.

Question 39

A relationship role helps maintain harmony within the group by creating and sustaining interpersonal relations.

Question 40

"Most of the students at the school use material in their papers that they copy from Wikipedia" is an example of a descriptive norm.

Question 41

Many college students drink unhealthy amounts of alcohol,because they mistakenly assume that (a)everyone drinks alcohol and (b)everyone drinks more than they really do.This bias is known as

A)the fundamental attribution error.
B)pluralistic ignorance.
C)group attribution error.
D)normative drift.
E)the autokinetic effect.

Question 42

Most roles fit into one of two broad categories: ___ roles and ___ roles.

A)leader;follower
B)open;closed
C)sex;gender
D)relationship;task
E)centralized;decentralized

Question 43

Crandall,in his study of binge eating in women's groups,found that

A)most of the groups he studied considered binge eating to be an unhealthy.
B)the more popular women in the group forced less popular women to binge.
C)women who did not binge tended to start binging when they joined these groups.
D)the groups' norms were not internalized.

Question 44

Which statement is the LEAST consistent with the concept of roles?

A)How we behave in groups depends on our role in that group.
B)Sociologically,roles have an existence independent of individuals.
C)People generally act based on their personal values.
D)Roles are a part of the structure of a group.

Question 45

The likelihood that different people will occupy the task and relationship roles in the group increases when the group is

A)cohesive.
B)informally,rather than formally,structured.
C)experiencing conflict.
D)working to achieve group goals.
E)heterogeneously gendered.

Question 46

Sherif's study of the autokinetic effect situation indicated that norms

A)emerge through reciprocal influence.
B)describe how members act,feel,and think.
C)define which behaviors are "bad" or "wrong."
D)emerge from personal,idiosyncratic beliefs.
E)identify behaviors that should not be performed.

Question 47

Sherif found that subjects who had conformed with their group's judgments in the autokinetic situation tended to ___ when later isolated and asked to make judgments.

A)return to their own idiosyncratic estimates
B)continue basing their judgments on the group norm
C)underestimate the distance moved
D)give variable and unpredictable responses

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of an injunctive norm?

A)People should not eat meat because it is morally wrong.
B)Most students on this campus drink four or fewer alcohol-based drinks when they party.
C)Fewer than 10% of the students on this campus participate in food fights when in the cafeteria.
D)Most young faculty members believe that students study between 8-10 hours outside of class.
E)Most people sleep about 8.5 hours out of 24.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Any type of behavior is considered "normal" in Facebook,because it is an online site.
B)Users of Facebook are required to obey the formal rules of use posted on the site (e.g. ,no viruses,etc. ),but few do.
C)"Friend" relationships in Facebook are reciprocal.
D)Most people use Facebook to meet people and make new friends,rather than to sustain ongoing friendship relations.

Question 50

Sherif's study of groups watching a pinpoint of light indicated that

A)norms could be created experimentally.
B)influence is a mystical process.
C)group behavior can be predicted from individual behavior.
D)norms are independent of individual perceptions.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of functional roles identified by Benne and Sheats?

A)Task roles
B)Relationship roles
C)Individual roles
D)Dynamic roles

Question 52

___ norms describe what people typically do;___ norms state what people should do.

A)Descriptive;expectational
B)Descriptive;injunctive
C)Prescriptive;proscriptive
D)Behavioral;preferential
E)Ought;should

Question 53

The encourager,harmonizer,and compromiser are examples of ___ roles.

A)task
B)relationship
C)individual
D)congruent
E)diffuse

Question 54

Which of the following terms does NOT directly refer to group structure?

A)extraversion
B)norms
C)attraction relations
D)role
E)status

Question 55

An interactionist approach to roles argues they are

A)relatively stable since they are planned in advance.
B)based on psychological needs for hierarchy and consistency.
C)negotiated and modified throughout the course of the group's interactions.
D)defined by the personalities of the individuals who are in the group.
E)deep rather than superficial.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of norms?

A)Shared among group members,rather than personal idiosyncratic beliefs.
B)Describe how most members act,feel,and think.
C)Set the standards for expected behaviors.
D)Often taken for granted by members.
E)Flexible and change rapidly over time as new members join the group.

Question 57

Why did Sherif's subjects in the autokinetic effect studies act the way they did?

A)They had abnormal personalities.
B)Roles developed that influenced their choices.
C)They did not believe the cover story.
D)They buckled under the pressure.
E)Norms developed that structured their perceptions.

Question 58

According to the text,___ norms include an evaluative component.

A)descriptive
B)injunctive
C)expectational
D)preferential
E)base-rate

Question 59

Milgram (1992)instructed his students to ask people on a busy New York City subway to give up their seats.Milgram found that

A)most people would turn over their seats when asked.
B)the students were verbally criticized for making the request.
C)response of the subway riders was the most interesting part of the study
D)his students frequently could not carry out the request.

Question 60

Which of the following is a descriptive norm?

A)It is wrong to eat meat.
B)Cheating is immoral and should be punished.
C)Most people enjoy watching sports.
D)The leader should the meeting effectively.
E)Recycling is something everyone should do.

Question 61

Bechky's study of film-production crews suggests that roles

A)are developed by those in positions of leadership,who build them into the structure of the organization.
B)once developed,become stable and resistant to change.
C)usually fit one kind of person,who stays with that role once he or she occupies it.
D)are negotiated and modified as group members interact with one another.
E)generate conflict in groups as members compete for more prestigious roles.

Question 62

Freud's replacement hypothesis suggests that the task leader role in the group symbolizes the ___,and the relational leader role in the group represents the ___.

A)actor;audience
B)boss;worker
C)father;mother
D)warrior;wizard
E)parent;child

Question 63

According to the Moreland and Levine theory of group socialization

A)socialization ends when the individual becomes a full-fledged member.
B)new members sometimes act in ways that slow their acceptance by the group.
C)members' commitment to the group waxes and wanes,but the group's commitment remains high until exit occurs
D)the resocialization stage begins following the entrance transition point.

Question 64

Because a group you belong to is formally organized in a hierarchical structure,

A)the informal structure will also be hierarchical.
B)there will be more high-status persons than low status persons.
C)some individuals in the group have more status than others.
D)the informal structure will probably be egalitarian.
E)status generalization exists.

Question 65

In the Andes survivors,the group's leaders were the Strauchs;Zerbino,Paez,and Algorta were second-in-command;the explorers were next in terms of authority.This group's status structure was

A)democratic.
B)ascribed.
C)hierarchical.
D)achieved.
E)sectional.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a stage of group socialization in Moreland and Levine's model?

A)maintenance
B)resocialization
C)socialization
D)conflict
E)remembrance

Question 67

Alice has just been hired by the Acme Controls Company,but she has not been trained.Therefore,she has little idea what her duties are.She is experiencing

A)role ambiguity.
B)interrole conflict.
C)differentiation conflict.
D)intrarole conflict.
E)role drain.

Question 68

Attraction structures in groups tend to be

A)nonreciprocal.
B)transitive.
C)unbalanced.
D)unorganized.
E)hierarchical.

Question 69

Balance theory,developed by Heider,assumes that groups tend toward a balanced state in that

A)leaders naturally seek out those who wish to be led.
B)unattractive group members tend to like attractive group members.
C)attraction is determined by the person rather than the group.
D)roles are apportioned based on fairness,when possible.
E)liking tends to be reciprocal.

Question 70

Don is a group therapist.When in group therapy,he often feels uncomfortable,because he does not like having to help people with their problems-which is just what a good therapist should do.Don may be experiencing

A)intrarole conflict.
B)interrole conflict.
C)person-role conflict.
D)differentiation ambiguity.

Question 71

I'm confused.As group leader,some people think I should maintain strict control,while others feel that I should say as little as possible.I'm experiencing

A)role ambiguity.
B)interrole conflict.
C)differentiation conflict.
D)intrarole conflict.
E)role drain.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT one of the SYMLOG dimensions?

A)Assertive/Unassertive
B)Friendly/unfriendly
C)Dominance/submission
D)Instrumentally controlled/emotionally expressive

Question 73

I am domineering,unfriendly,tough-minded,negativistic,egocentric,provocative,and a show off.I get high scores on the ___ subscale of SYMLOG.

A)Positive
B)Dominant
C)Task-focused
D)Opposing authority
E)Negative

Question 74

According to the Moreland and Levine theory of group socialization

A)adaptation is unidirectional: members change to match the demands of their groups.
B)once a member is socialized s/he remains in that stage until s/he leaves the group.
C)socialization occurs in three stages: entry,role confusion,and stabilization.
D)commitment increases the longer the individual remains in the group.
E)none of the listed statements are true.

Question 75

Which one is a centralized communication network?

A)Circle
B)Comcon
C)Wheel
D)Flat

Question 76

Kellie is a group therapist.When in group therapy,some members think she should give out advice.Others think she should teach them specific behaviors.Some think she should say as little as possible and let the members guide the group.Kellie may be experiencing

A)intrarole conflict.
B)interrole conflict.
C)performance conflict.
D)differentiation ambiguity.

Question 77

___ theory suggest that individuals negotiate their roles in their groups and engage in self-presentation once they take on a role.

A)SYMLOG
B)Freud's dynamic role
C)Interactional
D)Functional
E)System

Question 78

Ed dislikes Joe,Ed dislikes Sam,and Sam likes Joe.According to balance theory,

A)Ed's attitude toward Joe should change.
B)Ed's attitude toward Sam should change.
C)Sam's attitude toward Joe should change.
D)Ed's attitude toward either Joe or Sam should change.
E)No change should occur.

Question 79

Differences in authority are to differences in attraction as ___ differentiation is to ___ differentiation.

A)status;sociometric
B)social standing;power position
C)structure;feeling
D)power;communication

Question 80

Which of the following does not belong (according the Moreland and Levine model)with the others?

A)remembrance
B)reminiscence
C)resocialization
D)investigation
E)socialization
 
F)maintenance