Deck 1: Introduction to Psychopharmacology

Question 1

A drug is defined as an administered substance that:

A) produces psychological effects.
B) is taken orally.
C) is shaped like a pill or tablet.
D) alters physiological functioning.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

If a 10 kilogram animal were treated with 5 grams of a drug,what dose of drug was given?

A) 5 g/kg
B) 0.5 g/kg
C) 10 g/kg
D) 10 g/5 kg

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following best describes someone using a drug instrumentally?

A) Bob inhaled fumes from the tube of glue in order to feel euphoric.
B) Juan took some aspirin to reduce his headache pain.
C) Jeff injected heroin to feel euphoric and to reduce feelings of heroin withdrawal.
D) Susan consumed cough syrup in order to experience hallucinations.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A drug's ________________ name is a nonproprietary name for a drug that indicates the classification of a drug and distinguishes it from other drugs in the class.

A) street
B) chemical
C) trade
D) generic

Question 5

Which of the following fields are encompassed in psychopharmacology?

A) Psychology and pharmacology
B) Psychology and sociology
C) Biology and sociology
D) Pharmacy and pharmacology

Question 6

A drug used illegally for recreational purposes might be given a ______________ name to convey its effects one experiences when using it.

A) trade
B) street
C) chemical
D) generic

Question 7

Joakim consumed a cup of coffee in order to feel more alert.Which of following describes this type of drug use?

A) Drug misuse
B) Instrumental use
C) Recreational use
D) Drug abuse

Question 8

All of the following are characteristics of instrumental drug use except:

A) voluntarily taking a drug.
B) taking a drug for a reason other than feeling the drug effects.
C) taking a drug for a specific purpose.
D) taking a drug in order to feel high from the drug.

Question 9

Drugs used to treat disorders are referred to as:

A) pharmacotherapeutic drugs.
B) psychoactive drugs.
C) alternative medicines.
D) recreational drugs.

Question 10

What type of use is defined as using a drug entirely to experience its effects?

A) Recreational drug use
B) Therapeutic drug use
C) Instrumental drug use
D) Drug abuse

Question 11

For the statement,acetaminophen (Tylenol)is an analgesic drug,what is the trade name?

A) Acetaminophen
B) Tylenol
C) Analgesic
D) The trade name is not provided

Question 12

What type of use is defined as using a drug for addressing a specific purpose?

A) Recreational drug use
B) Drug misuse
C) Instrumental drug use
D) Deliberate drug use

Question 13

For the statement,acetaminophen (Tylenol)is an analgesic drug,what is the generic name?

A) Acetaminophen
B) Tylenol
C) Analgesic
D) The generic name is not provided

Question 14

Which of the following might be considered a drug,based on the textbook's definition?

A) Food
B) Vitamin
C) Aspirin
D) All of these answers could be considered a drug

Question 15

Which of the following DOES NOT describe misuse of a therapeutic drug?

A) Marie consumed cough syrup to cope with a stressful day at work.
B) Juanita consumed cough syrup to reduce her cold symptoms.
C) Tyrone consumed cough syrup to enhance the effects of alcohol.
D) Ben consumed cough syrup to experience hallucinations.

Question 16

Dose consists of a ratio of the amount of drug per ____________.

A) an organism's body weight
B) person treated
C) the amount needed
D) amount administered

Question 17

Those who illegally make and sell a drug that causes a striking high might name it _____________ to convey the drug's effects.

A) bentamine
B) (5R,9R,13S,14S)-4,5α-epoxy-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one
C) exhilarate
D) ephinil

Question 18

Which of the following describes a psychoactive drug?

A) John feels better after rubbing an oral gel on his sore tooth.
B) John's headache pain is gone after taking a pain-relieving drug.
C) John feels less depressed after taking his antidepressant medication.
D) None of these answers describes a psychoactive drug.

Question 19

A veterinarian needed to treat an animal with a drug at a dose of 1.0 g/kg.If the animal weighed 5 kg,then what amount of drug would be given to the animal?

A) 1 gram
B) 5 kilograms
C) 5 grams
D) 1 kilogram

Question 20

A(n)____________________ drug refers to a treatment for a disorder.

A) therapeutic
B) recreational
C) instrumental
D) misused

Question 21

The field of __________________ may help explain why one person is naturally a fast metabolizer for a drug,whereas another person is naturally a slow metabolizer for the drug.

A) pharmacodynamics
B) physiodynamics
C) pharmacogenetics
D) pharmacokinetics

Question 22

______________,a major area of pharmacology,refers to the passage of drugs through the body.

A) Pharmacogenetics
B) Pharmacokinetics
C) Physiodynamics
D) Pharmacodynamics

Question 23

______________ refers to the amount of drug used to produce a certain magnitude of effect.

A) Dose
B) Therapeutic Index
C) Potency
D) Pharmacodynamics

Question 24

Which of the following would most likely be used for calculating a Certain Safety Index?

A) TD₉₉ and ED₅₀
B) TD₅₀ and ED₅₀
C) TD₁ and ED₉₉
D) TD₉₉ and ED₁

Question 25

To describe the middle point on a dose-effect curve,a pharmacologist might state the drug is _________.

A) effective dose 50 (ED₅₀) value
B) lowest effective and maximally effective dose
C) therapeutic index
D) certain safety index

Question 26

______________,a major area of pharmacology,refers to the physiological actions of drugs.

A) Pharmacogenetics
B) Pharmacokinetics
C) Physiodynamics
D) Pharmacodynamics

Question 27

Gary noticed that taking a particular drug made his heart rate increase.What type of effect is this?

A) Pharmacokinetic effect
B) Pharmacodynamic effect
C) Subjective effect
D) Objective effect

Question 28

A dose-effect curve depicts the magnitude of a drug effect by ?__________.

A) volume
B) toxicity
C) amount of drug
D) dose

Question 29

Which of the following describe a pharmacodynamic action?

A) A drug is injected in the arm and later enters the bloodstream.
B) A drug binds to a neuron and alters the neuron's activity.
C) A drug binds to another drug in the body.
D) A drug enters the liver and is quickly metabolized.

Question 30

A Certain Safety Index is:

A) a therapeutic index calculated from a low percentage TD value and a high percentage ED value.
B) a therapeutic index of 10 or greater.
C) a therapeutic index of 100 or greater.
D) a therapeutic index caculated from a high percentage TD value and a high percentage ED value.

Question 31

If an adult were prescribed to take a 500 mg of a drug,what does this suggest about the dose?

A) This dose is likely 0.5 g / 100 kg.
B) The dose is likely 500 mg / kg.
C) Insufficient information is provided to answer this question.
D) The dose is likely 500 mg / average adult body weight.

Question 32

All of the following can describe why ED₅₀ and TD₅₀ values are not ideal for calculating a therapeutic index except:

A) the index uses a value based on 50% of subjects experiencing severe adverse effects.
B) the index uses a value based on only 50% of subjects experiencing therapeutic drug effects.
C) the index uses the ED₅₀ value, which is most common for reporting dose-effect curves.
D) no matter the size of the index, using 50% values suggests that an unacceptable number of patients will likely experience adverse effects.

Question 33

Which of the following concerns an assessment of how genetic differences influence a drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects?

A) Therapeutic Index
B) Potency
C) Developmental pharmacology
D) Pharmacogenetics

Question 34

Pharmacological effects that cannot be directly observed by others are referred to as:

A) psychoactive effects.
B) objective effects.
C) pharmacodynamic effects.
D) subjective effects.

Question 35

Pam said that taking a particular drug made her feel happy.What type of effect is this?

A) Pharmacokinetic effect
B) Pharmacodynamic effect
C) Subjective effect
D) Objective effect

Question 36

How is an ED50 value similar to a TD50 value?

A) Both values reflect a drug's therapeutic effects
B) Both values indicate 50% of an effect.
C) Both values are used to calculate a drug's toxic effects.
D) They can be added together to produce 100 percent efficacy.

Question 37

For which of the following reasons might a researcher compare the ED₅₀ values between two drugs that produce similar effects?

A) To determine which compound is more potent.
B) To calculate a therapeutic index.
C) To compare their pharmacodynamic properties.
D) To determine which drug has a dose large enough for adults.

Question 38

Which of the following describe a pharmacokinetic action?

A) A drug is exhaled through one's breath.
B) A drug acts in the hypothalamus to reduce hunger.
C) A drug acts on the brain's reward pathway to produce rewarding effects.
D) A drug dissolves in water, but not in physiological saline.

Question 39

Pharmacological effects that can be directly observed by others are referred to as:

A) psychoactive effects.
B) objective effects.
C) pharmacodynamic effects.
D) subjective effects.

Question 40

Drugs A and B produce similar types of effects.Drug A has an ED50 value of 10 mg/kg and Drug B has an ED50 value of 5 mg/kg.What can be said about these drugs?

A) Drug A will have a safer therapeutic index.
B) Drug B will have a safer therapeutic index.
C) Drug A is more potent than Drug B.
D) Drug B is more potent than Drug A.

Question 41

A(n)_______________ variable can be a study variable that affects another variable that is measured by researchers.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) confound
D) correlational

Question 42

In a(n)___________________ an investigator alters the independent variable.

A) correlational study
B) experimental study
C) single-blind procedure
D) clinical study

Question 43

_________ validity refers to how well study findings generalize beyond the study conditions.

A) Face
B) Construct
C) Internal
D) External

Question 44

Learning that a clinical trial examined the effects of a drug only in Cacausion males would serve as a threat to ______________ validity.

A) internal
B) face
C) external
D) predictive

Question 45

A(n)_____________ variable is a study variable measured by a researcher.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) confound
D) correlational

Question 46

Discovering that study participants learned they were given a placebo would serve as a threat to __________ validity.

A) internal
B) external
C) construct
D) face

Question 47

Brian was asked to find detailed information about the study designs and results of studies on a particular drug used in clinical trials.Which of the following would be best for Brian to look at?

A) The drug's certain safety index
B) The study's treatment arms
C) A clinical study report for the drug
D) Informed consent documents for the dru

Question 48

A(n)_______________ refers to the assignment of study treatments without preventing participants from knowing which treatment they receive.

A) single-blind procedure
B) double-blind procedure
C) open-label study
D) treatment arm

Question 49

Which of the following situations refers to a drug's subjective effects?

A) Juan experienced a rush sensation after ingesting a substance.
B) John's eyes were dilated after ingesting a substance.
C) Katie's pulse rate went down after ingesting a substance.
D) Michelle's noticed herself breathing harder after ingesting a substance.

Question 50

_____________ validity refers to the control of variables with potential to influence a dependent variable.

A) Internal
B) External
C) Construct
D) Confound

Question 51

All of the following are features of a double-blind procedure,except:

A) these procedures are used in clinical studies.
B) these procedures are best when ethical consequences prevent disguising study medications.
C) study participants do not know if they received a drug or placebo.
D) study investigators do not know which participants receive drug or placebo.

Question 52

Which of the following situations refers to a drug's objective effects?

A) Janis felt sad after consuming a substance.
B) Carol felt feverish after consuming a substance.
C) Gary rated a drug's effects as highly reinforcing.
D) Michael felt a sense of energy after consuming a substance.

Question 53

For a clinical study,researchers gave one group of participants a low dose of drug,another group a high dose of drug,and the final group placebo.How many treatment arms does this study have?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 54

Juanita,a researcher at a pharmaceutical company,is assessing the effects of an experimental drug on lever pressing behavior in laboratory rats.For this study,what type of variable is the experimental drug?

A) Confound variable
B) Experimental variable
C) Independent variable
D) Dependent variable

Question 55

In a(n)________________ an investigator does not alter the independent variable.

A) correlational study
B) experimental study
C) single-blind procedure
D) open-label study

Question 56

Drug experiments in clinical trials describe the number of treatments and doses provided to groups of study participants as ____________.

A) control groups
B) dependent variables
C) placebos
D) treatment arms

Question 57

A ______________ consists of a substance identical in appearance to a drug but physiologically inert.

A) drug
B) placebo
C) teratogen
D) control group

Question 58

While both single-blind and double-blind procedures both prevent a study participant from knowing what a test drug is,single-blind procedures differ from double-blind procedures by:

A) not allowing investigators to know which drug participants received.
B) allowing study participants to later choose which drug.
C) allowing participants in other groups to know which drug they received.
D) allowing investigators to know which drug participants received.

Question 59

Juanita,a researcher at a pharmaceutical company,is assessing the effects of an experimental drug on lever pressing behavior in laboratory rats.For this study,what type of variable is lever pressing?

A) Confound variable
B) Experimental variable
C) Independent variable
D) Dependent variable

Question 60

Jin would like to conduct an experiment to compare the effects of a new drug in one group of participants to a group of participants who do not receive a drug.In the non-treated group,what would Jin most likely provide?

A) A different drug
B) A placebo
C) A different dose of the new drug
D) A single-blind design

Question 61

Which of the following would be an appropriate response to an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee's (IACUC's)request for more refinement in a study application to use animals in research?

A) The researcher found an alternative study procedure that caused less pain and distress for study animals.
B) The researcher decided to use fewer animals in the study.
C) The researcher found a computer simulation that could be used instead.
D) The researcher added new study objectives to increase the scientific value of the study.

Question 62

___________ validity implies that a researcher can evaluate the effectiveness of an experimental treatment in a model that does not resemble the disorder to be treated.

A) External
B) Face
C) Predictive
D) Constructive

Question 63

All of the following impact internal validity except:

A) the model used resembles the disorder.
B) using a placebo control group.
C) using inconsistent methods to measure the dependent variable.
D) accidentally changing the dose of the study drug.

Question 64

A researcher develops an animal model,using monkeys,of Parkinson's Disease,which is noted by tremor,among other symptoms,in humans.In the behavioral procedure,monkeys also exhibited a clear tremor.What is this test an example of?

A) Face validity
B) Construct validity
C) Predictive validity
D) External Validity

Question 65

Discovering a __________ variable may question the effectiveness of an independent variable.

A) dependent
B) confound
C) pathological
D) pharmacological

Question 66

A person using a drug to feel a high is an example of instrumental drug use.

Question 67

Why might a study drug fail to proceed from Phase 2 to Phase 3 clinical trials?

A) The drug produced too many adverse effects.
B) The drug did not appear to be effective.
C) The drug was not more effective than drugs already on the market.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 68

Which of the following are NOT appropriate reasons for conducting animal research?

A) There is a lack of feasible alternatives (e.g., computer simulations or human research) available for the particular objectives of a study.
B) Data collected from animal research are predictive of findings that might be found tests conducted in humans.
C) The potential adverse effects of a drug should be assessed in animals before giving the drug to humans.
D) Animal research is less expensive than human research.

Question 69

When reviewing a study application to use animals in research,the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)uses the 3Rs,which stands for:

A) require, restrict, and reduce.
B) refinement, restrict, and reduction.
C) replacement, reduction, and refinement.
D) refinement, replication, and reduction.

Question 70

___________ validity addresses how well a model predicts treatment effects.

A) Face
B) Predictive
C) External
D) Construct

Question 71

A researcher develops an animal model,using monkeys,of Parkinson's Disease,which is noted by tremor,among other symptoms,in humans.In the behavioral procedure,monkeys also exhibited a clear tremor and the researchers find that the monkeys have degeneration to dopamine neurons similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease patients.What is this test an example of?

A) Internal validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Face validity
D) Construct validity

Question 72

A substance found harmful for a fetus is called a ___________.

A) neurotoxin
B) teratogen
C) embryolic toxin
D) nocebo

Question 73

The type of validity that addresses how well a study's findings relate to the underlying theory of a study's objectives is called _________________.

A) face validity
B) construct validity
C) internal validity
D) predictive validity

Question 74

When identifying a disorder to treat during the stages of drug development,which of the following would likely NOT be determined?

A) The size of the population to be treated.
B) The likely toxic doses of the test drugs.
C) The current state of scientific knowledge on the disease or treatments for the disease.
D) The effectiveness of other treatments already on the market.

Question 75

Which of the following Clinical Trial Phases best describes a drug tested at low doses for only a short period of time?

A) Phase 1
B) Phase 2
C) Phase 3
D) Phase 4

Question 76

___________ validity refers to the appearance of a test measuring what a researcher considers it to measure.

A) Internal
B) Predictive
C) External
D) Face

Question 77

Which of the following would has high ethical costs?

A) Study animals experienced substantial pain and distress and significant scientific discoveries were made.
B) Study animals experience substantial pain and distress and minimal scientific gains resulted from the study.
C) Study animals experienced minimal pain and distress and significant scientific discoveries were made
D) Study animals experience minimal pain and distress and minimal scientific gains resulted from the study.

Question 78

_______________________ consists of a participant's agreement to enroll in a study after having a thorough understanding of a study's procedures,possible gains,and potential risks.

A) The 3Rs
B) Internal validity
C) Clinical study report
D) Informed consent

Question 79

The following reasons describe why high throughput screening methods could be used except:

A) to have data on the safety of drugs in order to proceed to clinical trials.
B) to series quick feedback to chemists who will produce more compounds based on the results.
C) to rapidly test a series of drugs for a biological target.
D) to determine which drugs from a large batch of compounds might be meeting project goals at a particular biological target.

Question 80

Experiments conducted to determine an experimental drug's potential for abuse occurs during which stage of drug development?

A) Drug synthesis
B) Clinical trial testing
C) High throughput screening
D) Safety pharmacology