Deck 7: Nicotine and Caffeine

Question 1

The central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco is:

A) caffeine.
B) Nicotiana.
C) nicotine.
D) cotinine.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Why might an e-cigarette user be called a smoker rather than a vaper?

A) The e-cigarette looks very similar to a cigarette.
B) The user is a tobacco smoker using e-cigarette to quit smoking.
C) The e-cigarette ejects steam, giving the appearance of tobacco smoke.
D) The user is starting to use e-cigarettes with plans to eventually smoke tobacco cigarettes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

To make tobacco smoke less harsh and irritating to inhaling,tobacco companies use:

A) flavorings, such as menthol.
B) flue curing in the production process.
C) special filters in cigarettes.
D) use special tars that are released when tobacco blends are heated.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is a waterpipe for smoking tobacco?

A) Dipping tobacco
B) Hookah
C) Nicotine vaporizer
D) Smoking jug

Question 5

Smelling a strong odor of cigarette smoke on one's clothes would serve as an example of :

A) second-hand smoke.
B) third-hand smoke.
C) tobacco smoking.
D) smokeless tobacco.

Question 6

The greatest cause of death linked to tobacco smoking is:

A) throat cancer.
B) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
C) heart disease.
D) lung cancer.

Question 7

What type of tobacco smoking is smelling a strong odor of campfire smoke on one's clothing similar to?

A) vaping.
B) smokeless tobacco.
C) second-hand tobacco smoke exposure.
D) third-hand tobacco smoke exposure.

Question 8

All of the following are components of cigarettes except:

A) tobacco blend rolled in thin paper.
B) contains 1-2 mg of nicotine.
C) do not contain additional flavorings.
D) unfiltered cigarettes typically have more tobacco.

Question 9

During the U.S.congressional hearings on tobacco,tobacco company CEOs claimed that:

A) tobacco has health benefits that are not fully appreciated.
B) the tobacco industry is too big to fail.
C) nicotine is not addictive.
D) purported health risks from tobacco are due to other lifestyle choices.

Question 10

The first European to discovery tobacco in the Americas was:

A) Francis Bacon.
B) John Rolfe.
C) Marco Polo.
D) Christopher Columbus.

Question 11

All of the following are types of smokeless tobacco except:

A) snuff.
B) pipeless tobacco.
C) dissolvable tobacco.
D) dipping tobacco.

Question 12

Which of the following is a common flavoring added to tobacco blends for cigarettes?

A) Tar
B) Sucrose
C) Cotinine
D) Menthol

Question 13

Venting heat through a metal flue onto tobacco leaves is called:

A) flue curing.
B) tarring.
C) mentholating.
D) pipe smoking.

Question 14

All of the following are a component of e-cigarettes except:

A) Cartridge for liquid solutions.
B) Control unit.
C) Injection system.
D) Atomizer.

Question 15

Inhaling tobacco smoke floating in a room full of tobacco smokers is an example of:

A) vaping.
B) tobacco smoking.
C) third-hand smoker exposure.
D) second-hand smoke exposure.

Question 16

Cigarette filters are supposed to:

A) reduce the amount of tar inhaled.
B) improve the flavor of tobacco.
C) trap nicotine.
D) reduce second-hand smoke.

Question 17

A e-cigarette user who has never been a tobacco smoker is likely to consider himself a:

A) water pipe smoker.
B) smokeless tobacco user.
C) smoker.
D) vapor.

Question 18

The remnants from tobacco smoking gathered on material in the smoker's local environment after smoking has finished is called:

A) smokeless tobacco.
B) vaping.
C) third-hand smoke.
D) second-hand smoke.

Question 19

Smoked tobacco leads to the release of particles called ___________,which are inhaled into the body.

A) resins
B) trichomes
C) tars
D) polymers

Question 20

What type of tobacco smoking is similar to accidently inhaling the smoke from a campfire?

A) vaping
B) cigar smoking
C) Third-hand smoker exposure
D) Second-hand smoke exposure

Question 21

When an agonist binds to nicotinic receptors,what happens?

A) An ion channel opens for negatively charged ions.
B) G-proteins are activated, leading to the opening of ion channels.
C) G-proteins are activated, leading to gene transcription.
D) An ion channel opens for positively charged ions.

Question 22

The activation of nicotinic receptors on a postsynaptic neuron likely causes:

A) excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
B) functional inhibition of neuronal activity.
C) negative feedback for the presynaptic neuron.
D) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

Question 23

Why might an expert on nicotine pharmacology think of nicotine as a functional antagonist?

A) While nicotine can activate a nicotinic receptor, ions fail to pass through the open ion channel.
B) Nicotine binds to the neurotransmitter site but does not activate the receptor.
C) An agonist causes the receptor to have a longer period of time in a desensitized state than an activated state.
D) A nicotinic receptor's ion channel cause positively charged ions to exit a neuron rather than enter it.

Question 24

Peak absorption for nicotine from smoked cigarettes occurs after 7 minutes,whereas peak absorption for nicotine inhaling e-cigarette vapor occurs after 20 to 30 minutes.This suggests that:

A) the heating levels for lit cigarettes and e-cigarettes must be different.
B) e-cigarettes must have less nicotine content than real cigarettes.
C) nicotine absorption occurs mostly in the lungs for cigarette smoke and mucous membranes for e-cigarette vapor.
D) the puff duration of cigarettes must differ from e-cigarettes.

Question 25

Nicotine binds to neurotransmitter receptors called:

A) muscarinic receptors.
B) nicotinic receptors.
C) acetylcholine receptors.
D) norepinephrine receptors.

Question 26

What type of smoker would likely have reduced biotransformation of nicotine due to polymorphism?

A) A smokeless tobacco user who recently began smoking.
B) Nonsmokers who recently began smoking.
C) Heavy smoker
D) Light smoker

Question 27

The greatest amount of freebase nicotine that can be absorbed form a tobacco product is:

A) 50 percent.
B) 100 percent.
C) 25 percent.
D) 75 percent.

Question 28

The finding that nicotinic receptors are located postsynaptically on neuromuscular junctions suggest that acute nicotine administration will:

A) cause muscles to contract.
B) cause muscles to relax.
C) have no effects, since nicotine only acts in the central nervous system.
D) increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 29

Why are ammonia-forming compounds added to tobacco blends?

A) To reduce the cost of tobacco production.
B) To improve the flavor of tobacco smoke.
C) To increase nicotine absorption.
D) To aid in the flue-curing process.

Question 30

The elimination rate for nicotine is shorter for:

A) smokeless tobacco users.
B) e-cigarette smokers.
C) nonsmokers.
D) chronic tobacco users.

Question 31

Activation of nicotinic receptors preferentially increase the activity of the :

A) enteric system.
B) immune system.
C) sympathetic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 32

If a cigar smoker does not fully inhale cigar smoker,what is the most likely reason for why greater nicotine absorption will occur from cigar smoking compared to fully inhaling cigarette smoke?

A) Cigar smoke contains thicker tars, which contain more nicotine.
B) Tobbaco leaves for cigars are flue-cured.
C) Greater absorption of nicotine occurs through mucous membranes in the mouth.
D) Cigar smoke tars are released at a lower temperature.

Question 33

After activation of the receptors,nicotine receptors soon enter a state of :

A) sensitization.
B) excitation.
C) inhibition.
D) desensitization.

Question 34

Particulate matter produced from burning tobacco is called:

A) resin.
B) tobacco matter.
C) tar.
D) freebase nicotine.

Question 35

Biotransformation of nicotine produces the active metabolite:

A) cotinine.
B) choline.
C) acetaldehyde.
D) MAO.

Question 36

Users are less likely to inhale cigar smoke due to :

A) having a pH close to neutral.
B) using flue-curing in the production process.
C) greater nicotine content compared to cigarette smoke.
D) the process of air-drying tobacco leaves.

Question 37

Flue curing does all of the following except:

A) makes smokers less likely to inhale tobacco smoke into their lungs.
B) results in lowering the pH of tobacco smoke.
C) makes tobacco smoke less harsh and irritating to inhale.
D) converts starches to sugars.

Question 38

Chronic administration of nicotine leads to a(n):

A) inhibition of nicotinic receptors.
B) a down regulation of nicotine receptors.
C) a sensitization of nicotine receptors.
D) upregulation of nicotinic receptors.

Question 39

All of the following are ways that a tobacco smoker can adjust the amount of nicotine received by all of the following except:

A) the fullness of smoke inhalation.
B) adjust the number of cigarettes smoked.
C) adjust the heating level.
D) the duration of smoke inhalation.

Question 40

A tobacco dependent user who requests a smoke break every 2 hours is likely accounted for by:

A) the amount of time needed for tobacco tar to fully be expelled from the lungs.
B) the time for onset of nicotine effects.
C) the elimination half-life of nicotine.
D) the absorption rate for nicotine.

Question 41

Finding that someone has a hand tremor after smoking a cigarette is a likely indication that:

A) the person is a naive tobacco user.
B) the person has been consuming coffee while smoking.
C) this is the person's first cigarette of the day.
D) the person is long-time tobacco user.

Question 42

On a Stroop Test,nicotine :

A) causes visual problems.
B) improves reaction times.
C) reduces attention.
D) improves short-term memory.

Question 43

The ability of an administration of nicotine to prevent effects produced by a subsequent administration of nicotine soon after is a demonstration of:

A) adverse effects.
B) acute tolerance.
C) sensitization to nicotine.
D) conditioning.

Question 44

Compounds known as ____________ in tobacco act as carcinogens.

A) indoleamine
B) nitrosamines
C) monoamines
D) bromides

Question 45

Desensitization of the nicotinic receptor sooner after an agonist binds to the receptor means that:

A) the ion flow through the open channel is reversed.
B) G-proteins enter an inactive state.
C) the nicotinic receptor ion channel closes.
D) the agonist is repelled from the receptor binding site.

Question 46

Aside from nicotine,other compounds found in tobacco have been shown to:

A) inhibit monoamine oxidase.
B) block dopamine membrane transporters.
C) inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
D) increase dopamine synthesis.

Question 47

Tobacco smoking can cause pulmonary diseases such as :

A) hypertension.
B) emphysema.
C) gastrointestinal disorder.
D) ischemia.

Question 48

α4β2 (alpha4beta2)nicotinic receptors are highly expressed in the following structures except:

A) hippocampus
B) medulla
C) substantia nigra
D) cerebral cortex

Question 49

Which of the following is likely the safest substance regarding cancer risk?

A) Cigarette
B) E-cigarette
C) Smokeless tobacco
D) Cigar

Question 50

An open-field apparatus provides a way to assess _______________ effects in rodents.

A) operant
B) locomotor
C) nicotine's
D) memory

Question 51

Nausea,disequilibrium,and tension serves as examples of ________________ effects caused by nicotine.

A) cognitive
B) positive subjective
C) motor
D) negative subjective

Question 52

A decreased responsive to a drug's effects after single administration of a drug is called:

A) behavioral tolerance.
B) acute tolerance.
C) desensitization.
D) pharmacodynamic tolerance.

Question 53

Finding that smoking a second cigarette did increase heart like the first cigarette smoke earlier did is an example of which pharmacological effect?

A) Receptor desensitization
B) Behavioral tolerance
C) Acute tolerance.
D) Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 54

A compound in tobacco that inhibits monoamine oxidase is likely to:

A) increase nicotine's rewarding effects.
B) inhibit biotransformation of nicotine.
C) reduce desensitization of nicotinic receptors.
D) increase upregulation of nicotinic receptors.

Question 55

Activation of nicotinic receptors in the ______________ has been shown to increase dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens.

A) hippocampus
B) prefrontal cortex
C) ventral tegmental area
D) thalamus

Question 56

Nicotine may improve:

A) breathing.
B) attention.
C) coordination.
D) cardiovascular function.

Question 57

Why might a tobacco dependent user gain weight have quitting smoking?

A) Nicotine receptors in the autonomic system are no longer being activated.
B) Nicotine's rewarding effects took the place of rewarding effects produced by palatable foods.
C) Monoamine inhibitors in tobacco caused a failure to break down monoamine substances found in food.
D) Nicotine serves as an appetite-suppressant.

Question 58

The nicotine abstinence syndrome primarily consists of :

A) psychological withdrawal symptoms.
B) physical withdrawal symptoms.
C) paranoia and delusions.
D) increased pain sensitivity.

Question 59

Finding that someone is rapidly tapping his finger while smoking is an indication that:

A) the person has only recently begun smoking.
B) the person has slow biotransformation of nicotine.
C) the person just had his first cigarette of the day.
D) the person is a chronic tobacco user.

Question 60

Transitioning from an acute to a chronic smoker most likely depends on :

A) tolerance to negative subjective effects.
B) one's previous experience using addictive substances.
C) one's socioeconomic status.
D) one use of caffeinated products.

Question 61

How does the antidepressant drug bupropion reduce withdrawal effects in tobacco addicted individuals?

A) It activates cholinergic neurons.
B) It activates nicotinic receptors.
C) It elevates dopamine levels.
D) It reduces stress and agitation.

Question 62

The presence the compounds 5-hydroxytryptophan and yohimbine in energy drinks may:

A) prolong the effects of antidepressant drugs.
B) counteract the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs.
C) increase the likelihood of adverse effects from antidepressant drugs.
D) place someone at risk of depression.

Question 63

Given that caffeine's pharmacological effects derive from blocking adenosine receptors,we can conclude that adenosine:

A) increase alertness.
B) inhibits motor function.
C) improves memory.
D) causes fatigue.

Question 64

Mixing an energy drink with a highly caffeinated drink would be an example of :

A) a fortified alcohol drink.
B) kombucha.
C) yerba mate.
D) a caffeinated alcoholic beverage.

Question 65

Those who fail to develop an addiction to tobacco despite long-term use are referred to as:

A) chippers.
B) slow metabolizers.
C) desensitizers.
D) tobacco resistant.

Question 66

If a caffeine dependent individual had her last caffeinated drink during the early afternoon,then the next morning she is likely:

A) able to wait several more hours before consuming more caffeine.
B) no longer going to experience caffeine withdrawal symptoms.
C) still alert from the previous caffeine use.
D) experiencing caffeine withdrawal symptoms.

Question 67

In order to pharmacologically address upregulated nicotinic receptors from chronic tobacco use,a therapist would likely recommend any of the following except:

A) nicotinic-receptor agonist medication.
B) nicotine replacement therapy.
C) certain antidepressant drugs.
D) anxiolytic drugs.

Question 68

In addition to caffeine,all of the following is used in energy drinks except:

A) kola nut.
B) yerba mate.
C) atropine.
D) theobromine.

Question 69

A person who does not feel very alert but does have an elevated heart rate after consuming a highly caffeinated drink likely:

A) has tolerance to the subjective effects and sensitization to the physiological effects of caffeine.
B) has tolerance to the subjective effects not the physiological effects of caffeine.
C) has tolerance to both the subjective and physiological effects of caffeine.
D) has sensitization to both the subjective and physiological effects of caffeine.

Question 70

After entry of caffeine into the intestines,caffeine has:

A) poor absorption.
B) moderate absorption.
C) high absorption.
D) no absorption.

Question 71

All of the following are pharmacological effects of normal caffeine doses except:

A) blood vessel constriction.
B) reduced appetite.
C) increased heart rate.
D) negative mood.

Question 72

Evidence of tolerance,withdrawal symptoms,and a desire to quit regarding chronic caffeine use suggests:

A) that caffeine may have other pharmacological effects that have yet to be studied.
B) that caffeine use should be a controlled substance.
C) that caffeine may produce a substance use disorder.
D) that caffeine produces strong effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine levels.

Question 73

Tobacco craving in a chronic user is likely to occur when:

A) all of these answers are correct.
B) exposed to a totally novel environment.
C) currently smoking.
D) encountering stimuli typically associated with smoking.

Question 74

Nicotine use may continue in order to avoid the symptoms of :

A) pharmacodynamic tolerance.
B) substance use disorder.
C) nicotine abstinence syndrome.
D) nicotine sensitization disorder.

Question 75

The most common symptom of caffeine withdrawal is:

A) headache.
B) irritibility.
C) anxious mood.
D) depressed mood.

Question 76

Taking an antidepressant drug that is catabolized by the same enzyme for caffeine would:

A) diminish the pharmacological effects of caffeine.
B) reduce absorption of caffeine.
C) shorten the elimination rate for caffeine.
D) prolong the effects of caffeine.

Question 77

Caffeine is an antagonist for ______________ receptors.

A) adenosine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) dopamine.
D) histamine.

Question 78

Agitation,anxiousness,and insomnia caused by high doses of caffeine is called:

A) caffeine syndrome.
B) somnolence.
C) caffeinism.
D) synesthesia.

Question 79

The psychostimulant compound found in coffee is :

A) theophylline.
B) caffeine.
C) theobromine.
D) cocaine.

Question 80

Requiring more consumption of caffeinated drinks to become alert in the morning is likely an example of:

A) tolerance.
B) sensitization.
C) behavioral inhibition.
D) impulsitivity.