Deck 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior

Question 1

Gloria looks back on her marriage and thinks,"If only I had put more effort into the relationship,Lew and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies

A) counterfactual thinking.
B) the actor-observer effect.
C) emotional intensification.
D) the self-serving bias.

Answer 1

counterfactual thinking.

Question 2

Jamal watches how his new boyfriend reacts to a performer at a comedy club.Is he easily amused or is the comedian really that funny? If he compares his boyfriend's response to the comedian to other people in the audience,he is focusing on ________ information.

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) consensus
D) shared

Answer 2

consensus

Question 3

Jim meets Eun Joo for coffee and asks,"Would you be my date for the Sigma Chi formal dance?" She smiles and says,"That is so nice of you,but I already have plans." Jim then thinks to himself,"I will never find a date for this dance." Given this information,you can conclude that Jim's response reflects a(n)________ attribution.

A) stable
B) global
C) external
D) transient

Answer 3

stable

Question 4

Rhonda tells you that she hates her new apartment.According to the covariation principle,which question would you ask to assess the consistency covariation dimension?

A) Do her roommates also hate the apartment?
B) Did Rhonda like her previous apartment?
C) Would Rhonda prefer to own her own home rather than rent?
D) Does Rhonda always report hating her apartment, or is she just saying so today?

Question 5

Kyle,a male student,and Megha,a female student,both failed their geography exams.According to research by Dweck and colleagues (1975,1985,2007),Kyle is likely to attribute his failure to his ________,whereas Megha is likely to attribute her failure to her ________.

A) parents; teachers
B) teachers; parents
C) lack of ability; lack of effort
D) lack of effort; lack of ability

Question 6

Bo has repeatedly tried to find a job.After each unsuccessful attempt,he concludes that there is just something about him that will always get in the way of success in his life.Bo is displaying a ________ explanatory style.

A) self-defensive
B) maladaptive
C) pessimistic
D) self-protecting

Question 7

Psychologists who want to measure a person's explanatory style assess each of the following attribution dimensions EXCEPT

A) rational/affective.
B) internal/external.
C) stability/instability.
D) global/specific.

Question 8

________ refers to a person's habitual way of explaining many different types of events.

A) Causative thinking
B) Dispositional attribution
C) The correspondence bias
D) Explanatory style

Question 9

Darby consistently attributes her failures to stable,global,and internal causes.Maria accounts for her failures by citing unstable,specific,and external causes.According to research on explanatory style,Darby is likely to ________ than Maria.

A) earn higher grades
B) earn lower grades
C) be more creative
D) be less creative

Question 10

Trina notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy.Because he rarely eats candy of any kind,Trina concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate.In this instance,Trina is relying on ________ information to explain her brother's behavior.

A) distinctiveness
B) consistency
C) consensus
D) individuating

Question 11

Which of the following questions best reflects what attribution theory seeks to explain?

A) How often does Tina engage in binge drinking?
B) Why did Larissa break up with Tom?
C) What did Bob say in response to Jim's insult?
D) Where is Juan most likely to find a date for the dance?

Question 12

Recall that Wells and Gavanski (1989)asked study participants to read a story about a woman who went to lunch with her boss to celebrate a promotion.According to the story,the boss ordered a dish for the woman that contained wine.Unfortunately,the woman was so allergic to wine that she died.The researchers were interested in how participants would respond to additional information about the boss's behavior.Results of this study showed that participants who thought the

A) boss's behavior was situationally caused were more likely to blame him for the woman's death.
B) boss's behavior was dispositionally caused were more upset by the woman's death.
C) boss almost ordered a different dish that contained wine viewed him more negatively.
D) boss almost ordered a different dish that did not contain wine viewed his choice of meals as more causally significant.

Question 13

________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have.

A) Explanatory
B) Attribution
C) Representative
D) Situational

Question 14

Recall that Dweck and her colleagues aimed to understand why boys and girls tend to explain their failures differently.To this end,they conducted an experiment that manipulated ________.The results showed that ________.

A) the type of feedback that students received in class; comments teachers typically give to girls lead to internal attributions for failure
B) the type of feedback that students received in class; comments teachers typically give to boys lead to internal attributions for failure
C) success and failure on various assignments; after a success, girls felt happier than boys
D) success and failure on various assignments; after a failure, girls felt sadder than boys

Question 15

Someone with an optimistic explanatory style is likely to make which types of attributions for success?

A) internal, stable, specific
B) internal, stable, global
C) internal, unstable, global
D) external, unstable, specific

Question 16

According to ________,our confidence that a particular cause is responsible for a given outcome is reduced if there are other plausible causes that might have produced it.

A) plausibility theory
B) the principle of refutation
C) the discounting principle
D) the augmentation principle

Question 17

In a study conducted by Peterson and his colleagues (1998,2000),participants' explanatory style when they were young adults

A) predicted health at age 30.
B) predicted health in older age.
C) predicted relationship status at age 30.
D) did not predict health or relationship status any age.

Question 18

________ theory focuses on the ways in which we answer such questions as,"Why does my roommate always play his music so loud?"

A) Explanatory
B) Representative
C) Attribution
D) Situational

Question 19

The ________ dimension of explanatory style considers whether the causes of a particular behavior will be present again in the future.

A) stable/unstable
B) global/specific
C) internal/external
D) positive/negative

Question 20

At the last minute,Christine decided to try a new route to work.On her drive in,she hit a deep pothole,causing one of her car tires to go flat.Her decision to try a new route ________ the likelihood that she engaged in counterfactual thinking.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) had no effect on
D) eliminated

Question 21

Which of the following statements about attribution is INACCURATE?

A) The more an individual's reaction is specific to one occasion, the harder it is to make a definite attribution to either the person or the situation.
B) All other things being equal, the more an individual's reaction is shared by others, the less it says about the individual and the more it says about the situation.
C) The more someone's reaction is confined to a particular situation, the less this reaction says about that individual and the more it says about the specific situation.
D) If an individual's reaction occurs just once, it is easier to determine whether the behavior should be attributed to the situation or to the person.

Question 22

An American soldier is captured and tortured by enemy forces.The enemy then releases a videotape of the soldier proclaiming a deep hatred for America.According to the discounting principle,Americans who later view this videotape are likely to explain the soldier's proclamations in terms of ________ causes.

A) internal
B) external
C) dispositional
D) global

Question 23

Over the weekend,your new friend Mary complained about all of the pressure the teachers put on students to do well in school.On Monday,you're shocked to see Mary looking at her notes during the exam in math class.You think,"Is Mary dishonest or was that pressure just too strong?" It occurs to you that no one else seemed to be cheating during the exam despite the same teacher pressure.Moreover,didn't Luis mention that Mary cheated on her boyfriend last year? On Thursday you notice Mary looking at José's answers during English class.By Friday,you're pretty sure what to think.According to the covariation principle,in this situation distinctiveness is ________ and you should make an ________ attribution for Mary's behavior.

A) low; external
B) low; internal
C) high; external
D) high; internal

Question 24

Ellen and Ernesto feel extra happy when reflecting on their relationship and the fact that they almost didn't meet at that party five years ago.It was only because Ellen's best friend's coat disappeared that she was still there when Ernesto arrived.When they think about how easily they could have missed each other,they are engaging in ________,and that they feel especially happy when they do so reflects ________.

A) cognitive dissonance; the augmentation principle
B) the augmentation principle; cognitive dissonance
C) counterfactual thinking; emotional amplification
D) emotional amplification; counterfactual thinking

Question 25

The actor-observer difference is the tendency to make ________ attributions for one's own behavior,while making ________ attributions for others' behavior.

A) deductive; inductive
B) distinctive; common
C) global; specific
D) situational; dispositional

Question 26

The ________ is the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the behavior.

A) covariation principle
B) consensus principle
C) explanatory theory
D) attribution theory

Question 27

Maria,Min,and Bobby ran for class president.When the votes were tallied,Maria received 38 votes,Min received 37 votes,and Bobby received 35 votes.According to Medvec and colleagues' (1995)study of Olympic athletes' emotional reactions,one would expect ________ to be the LEAST happy with the election outcome.

A) Maria
B) Min
C) Bobby
D) All three would be equally happy.

Question 28

Hector plays golf every Saturday.His wife,Alicia,notices that after a winning round,Hector tends to play with the kids.After a losing round,he tends to watch television by himself.According to ________ ,over time,Alicia is likely to conclude that Hector's golf games can exert a causal effect on his behavior at home.

A) emotional amplification theory
B) the covariation principle
C) the augmentation principle
D) fundamental attribution theory

Question 29

People tend to make ________ attributions when levels of consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency information is high.

A) specific
B) unstable
C) external
D) internal

Question 30

According to social psychological research on the covariation principle,which condition should prompt the highest expectations about the TechnoCool dance club?

A) Hardly anyone raves about TechnoCool, your friend raves about all clubs, and your friend has raved about TechnoCool on many different occasions.
B) Everyone raves about TechnoCool, your friend rarely raves about any clubs, and your friend has raved about TechnoCool on many different occasions.
C) Your friend raves about all clubs, TechnoCool exceeds your friend's expectations, and positive experiences tend to occur at TechnoCool.
D) Your friend dislikes all clubs, TechnoCool exceeds your friend's expectations, and negative experiences tend to occur at TechnoCool.

Question 31

The self-serving bias tends to reflect all of the following EXCEPT

A) the motivation to feel good about oneself.
B) rational thought processes.
C) sound attributional reasoning.
D) the motivation to be in control.

Question 32

According to the augmentation principle,which action is most likely to be attributed to the personality of the actor?

A) clapping after a musical performance
B) asking a server for the check after finishing a meal
C) wearing a tropical shirt and shorts to a funeral
D) dancing at a party

Question 33

The just world hypothesis refers to

A) the belief that positive events are more likely than negative events.
B) the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
C) a tendency to blame our own failures on external events.
D) a tendency to expect the best of people about whom we care.

Question 34

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet,shy behavior to his introverted personality when

A) consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low.
B) consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low.
C) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all low.
D) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high.

Question 35

Recall that Dan Gilbert studied why people tend to attribute others' behaviors to dispositional factors.According to his theoretical framework,this pattern of attribution occurs because people tend to

A) consider a person's behavior and the situation simultaneously.
B) be emotionally invested in explaining others' behaviors in terms of stable personal characteristics.
C) make initial dispositional inferences without later adjusting them on the basis of situational information.
D) have difficulty identifying what other people's behaviors signify.

Question 36

The ________ holds that people have a tendency to believe that another person's behavior is due to his or her disposition rather than the situation in which that person finds him- or herself.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) self-serving bias
C) covariation principle
D) observer fallacy

Question 37

Tiesha thinks that she did poorly on her exam because the questions were too hard,but that her friend did poorly because he is not smart.Tiesha's attributions reflect the

A) discounting principle.
B) covariation principle.
C) actor-observer difference.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 38

Lissett and Janet both responded to a newspaper ad for "friendly and outgoing" sales associates.While interviewing with the store manager,Lissett comes across as extraverted while Janet comes across as shy.After the interviews,the manager thinks about the two applicants.According to the ________ principle,the manager should feel more confident that ________ behavior is a clear reflection of her true self.

A) augmentation; Janet's
B) augmentation; Lissett's
C) covariation; Lissett's
D) covariation; Janet's

Question 39

Which piece of covariation information must always be high if one is to make a reliable internal or external attribution?

A) consistency
B) consensus
C) distinctiveness
D) unanimity

Question 40

Several mountain climbers were trapped on Mount Everest during a blinding snowstorm.Many climbers died on the mountain.One climber made it all the way back to base camp.Unfortunately,however,he collapsed and died mere yards away from the safety of his tent.Because this climber came so close to saving himself,________ is particularly likely to occur in response to this climber's death.

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the correspondence bias
C) emotional amplification
D) discounting

Question 41

Sarah and William got into an argument.The next day,Sarah reflects on why they behaved the way they did.According to the actor-observer difference,Sarah should think,

A) "I wonder what I did to make William so angry."
B) "I happened to have a bad day, but William is just plain nasty."
C) "William must have had a bad day, but I am just plain nasty."
D) "I wonder what William did to make me so angry."

Question 42

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the findings from research on culture and social perception?

A) Relative to people from Asia, Americans are less likely to assume that people are trustworthy.
B) Relative to the Japanese, Americans' judgments of faces tend to be less influenced by context.
C) Relative to the Japanese, Americans are less attentive to background elements of visual scenes.
D) Relative to Americans, Hindu East Indians are less likely to attribute others' behaviors to presumed personality traits.

Question 43

The just world hypothesis,believing that good things happen to good people,is used to explain which psychological phenomenon?

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the covariation principle
C) the augmentation principle
D) the cultural priming effect

Question 44

According to Dan Gilbert,the first stage of the attributional process entails making ________ attributions that are ________.The second,adjustment,stage entails making ________ that are ________.

A) defensive; self-enhancing; realistic attributions; deliberate
B) dispositional; automatic; situational attributions; deliberate
C) temporary; subconscious; stable attributions; conscious
D) situational; deliberate; dispositional attributions; automatic

Question 45

The Westlake Hills Little League team just lost a game.According to research on attribution biases,right after the game,the Westlake Hills coach is likely to say,

A) "We just do not seem to have what it takes to be a winning team."
B) "Some of the team members just did not seem motivated to win."
C) "Our opponents played better than ever today."
D) "You guys really played well today."

Question 46

Which of the following statements best represents something that a Japanese coach might say to a newspaper reporter after winning a game?

A) "It seems as if the other team was tired and unprepared for this game."
B) "Our players really made the difference; they are much more skilled than the other team."
C) "We tried our best, and it showed in our win."
D) "Our players have a lot of heart."

Question 47

In her debate class,Mischa was assigned to give a "pro-life" speech on abortion.Before her speech,the teacher told everyone that Mischa had been assigned to take this position,regardless of her true beliefs.Research on the fundamental attribution error suggests that,after class,the other students will

A) not form a judgment without asking Mischa about her true attitude.
B) be evenly divided on whether Mischa is pro-life or pro-choice.
C) be biased to think that Mischa is truly pro-choice.
D) be biased to think that Mischa is truly pro-life.

Question 48

According to the textbook,which of the following statements is INACCURATE?

A) Westerners are more inclined than Asians to see people as behaving in ways that have dispositional causes.
B) Asians tend to think like both personality and social psychologists, whereas Westerners tend to think like personality psychologists.
C) Asians do not commit the fundamental attribution error.
D) Differences in causal perception between Westerners and Asians are likely due to differences in cultural outlook between the two groups.

Question 49

Recall that in one experiment,participants were assigned to one of two roles: questioner or responder.The questioner read a series of questions to the responder and told the responder how to answer each question.In fact,the questioner used a preprinted list to tell responders exactly how to answer each question.The results of this research showed that the

A) questioners made judgments that support the false consensus effect.
B) responders relied on the discounting principle.
C) questioners still drew inferences about what the responders were like.
D) responders formed negative impressions of the questioners.

Question 50

Last year,when Laura got a poor performance review from her supervisor,she told herself that the rating system was unfair and her boss had it in for her.When her review was glowing this year,Laura took it as a signal that she is both smart and capable.Laura's causal attributions are most consistent with which of the following?

A) self-serving attributional bias
B) self-esteem maintenance error
C) actor-observer difference
D) augmentation principle

Question 51

How does social class relate to causal attribution?

A) Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from independent cultures.
B) Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from interdependent cultures.
C) Social class relates to causal attribution for Asians, but not for Westerners.
D) Social class does not relate to causal attribution.

Question 52

Students are often surprised to learn about the results of the Milgram study,in which the majority of participants were willing to administer potentially life threatening electric shocks to someone because the experimenter urged them on.When thinking about these results,students often assume that only a bad person would do such a thing,despite the fact that MOST of the study participants were willing to administer the shocks.Such consensus seems to suggest that it was the powerful situation that brought about the participants' behavior.In this way,students' attributions for the participants' behavior in the Milgram study seem to be more consistent with the ________ than the ________.

A) actor-observer difference; fundamental attribution error
B) fundamental attribution error; actor-observer difference
C) covariation principle; fundamental attribution error
D) fundamental attribution error; covariation principle

Question 53

Pablo and Celia ask a job applicant to talk about her background for a few minutes.Before doing so,the applicant says she has bad allergies,so she might sniffle and speak with a shaky voice.The applicant then talks about herself,and she does,in fact,sniffle and speak with a shaky voice.While the applicant talks,Pablo is attentive.But Celia is tired and her mind wanders a bit.Attribution research suggests that,compared with Pablo,Celia is more likely to

A) think that the applicant is anxious or upset.
B) be impressed by the applicant.
C) notice that the applicant is sick.
D) believe that the applicant is serious about the job.

Question 54

When we engage in a self-serving bias,we attribute failure and other bad events that happen to us to ________,but we attribute success and other good events to ________.

A) distinctive factors; global factors
B) permanent circumstances; temporary circumstances
C) controllable circumstances; uncontrollable circumstances
D) external circumstances; ourselves

Question 55

According to your textbook,all of the following are potential causes of the fundamental attribution error EXCEPT

A) people more readily capture our attention than aspects of the environment.
B) it is more effortful to make a situational attribution.
C) we have more access to information about ourselves than others.
D) dispositional inferences contribute to our belief in a just world.

Question 56

The view that personality is malleable and that abilities can be changed by environmental factors is most characteristic of

A) people who live in the United States.
B) all people, regardless of culture.
C) people from interdependent cultures.
D) people from independent cultures.

Question 57

Many people think that victims of domestic abuse and rape are responsible for their fates.This disturbing tendency is most closely related to

A) the false consensus effect.
B) a pessimistic explanatory style.
C) the just world hypothesis.
D) the augmentation principle.

Question 58

Actors' and observers' attributions differ for many reasons.Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

A) They have different assumptions about what needs explaining.
B) Different types of information are perceptually salient to them.
C) They differ in the amount and kind of information they have about the actors' and the observers' behavior.
D) They have the same information about their own versus others' behavior.

Question 59

Reem's attention was captured by a new student,Matt,who yelled angrily as he walked past her in the hallway at school.Reem thought to herself,"Jeez,he must be a really angry person." Given her focus on Matt and his outburst,Reem failed to notice the group of guys in the background by the lockers who were subtly taunting him.This example illustrates how ________ influences causal attributions.

A) perceptual salience
B) belief in a just world
C) threat reduction
D) motivational bias

Question 60

Travis thinks that Roscoe is a terrible person.So when Travis finds out that Roscoe's business failed and Roscoe's wife left him,Travis's reaction is consistent with the just world hypothesis.He therefore thinks to himself,

A) "Roscoe got what he deserved!"
B) "Even Roscoe did not deserve that!"
C) "Roscoe sure had bad luck!"
D) "If it happened to Roscoe, it could happen to anyone!"

Question 61

Explain the fundamental attribution error.Provide three explanations for why it occurs.

Question 62

Compare and contrast the discounting and augmentation principles.

Question 63

Hannah and Damian disagree on the cause of Damian's recent automobile accident.Describe how the actor-observer difference might explain the disagreement between the two.

Question 64

Defend the position that the self-serving attributional bias is NOT always based on the motivation to maintain self-esteem.

Question 65

Describe an instance in which you have committed the self-serving bias.Clearly explain how it demonstrates this attributional phenomenon.

Question 66

What is wrong with the ways in which teachers typically make causal attributions about girls' and boys' successes and failures?

Question 67

Generate an example of a time when you or someone you know committed the fundamental attribution error.Considering the causes of the fundamental attribution error that you learned about in this chapter,how might you explain this particular situation?

Question 68

What is a counterfactual thought? Explain the circumstances under which it is most likely to occur.

Question 69

When it comes to causal attributions,what is true of the distinction between people from interdependent and independent cultures?

A) People from independent cultures are more likely to recognize the strength of the situation when making an attribution.
B) People from interdependent cultures are more likely to use consensus information when making an attribution.
C) People from independent cultures are more likely to use distinctiveness information when making an attribution.
D) People from interdependent cultures are more likely to make a dispositional inference when making an attribution.

Question 70

Recall that Peterson,Seligman,and colleagues (1993)examined the impact of attributions on academic success.Name the three dimensions along which Peterson and Seligman have assessed a person's explanatory style. Then give an example of a belief or type of thought that characterizes each of those dimensions.

Question 71

What is the just world hypothesis? In addition,explain how this hypothesis is relevant to the fundamental attribution error.

Question 72

Pat is a lower-class man who works at a tire factory for a living.When trying to make sense of why a coworker is late to work,Pat is likely to make which kind of attribution?

A) positive
B) negative
C) situational
D) dispositional

Question 73

Why is it inaccurate to say that people from interdependent cultures do NOT commit the fundamental attribution error?

Question 74

Explain the covariation principle and the three types of covariation information that people use to understand the causes of everyday social behavior.

Question 75

What are the advantages of having an optimistic explanatory style?

Question 76

Challenge the position that people within the United States are all equally likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.What aspects of American identity relate to this tendency?

Question 77

In what ways are Americans' and Asians' attribution and impression formation processes similar? In what ways are they dissimilar?