Deck 10: Relationships and Attraction

Question 1

The adult attachment style characterized by excessive attempts to get closer to others and frequent worry about relationships is

A) secure.
B) anxious-ambivalent.
C) avoidant.
D) communal.

Answer 1

anxious-ambivalent.

Question 2

In a series of experiments,Harlow (1958)raised baby rhesus monkeys in isolation from other rhesus monkeys but with access to two "mother surrogates," one made of cloth and the other made of wire and able to provide milk.Which of the following statements best describes the results of these experiments?

A) The monkeys spent more time with the wire mothers because of the food that they offered.
B) The monkeys who preferred the wire mothers were introverted and dismissive of their monkey peers in adolescence.
C) The monkeys suffered from isolation, preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, and were highly fearful of their monkey peers in adolescence.
D) Regardless of whether their surrogates were made of cloth or wire, all the monkeys developed normally, interacting with other monkeys once reaching adolescence, just as if they had been raised with rhesus monkeys from birth.

Answer 2

The monkeys suffered from isolation, preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, and were highly fearful of their monkey peers in adolescence.

Question 3

Luciana has been working hard to earn a promotion at work.Her wife,Victoria,has been actively supporting Luciana's efforts at work by cooking dinner and paying the bills before Luciana comes home from work.Victoria's efforts to support Luciana represent evidence that they have a(n)________ relationship.

A) secure
B) exchange
C) avoidant
D) communal

Answer 3

communal

Question 4

The term ________ distance refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people.

A) functional
B) objective
C) social
D) serviceable

Question 5

Infants characterized as securely attached in Ainsworth's strange situation paradigm tended to

A) comfortably explore a novel environment.
B) prefer to stay in close contact with their caregivers.
C) show no distress when their caregivers left the room.
D) reject attention from their caregivers.

Question 6

Because they are currently in a(n)________ relationship,Bobby and Cindy feel a special responsibility for one another and expect that they will be together for a long time.

A) individualistic
B) communal
C) exchange
D) casual

Question 7

If the need to belong is universal,then this need should occur in

A) relationships with parents but not with friends.
B) humans but not animals.
C) individualistic cultures but not collectivist cultures.
D) cultures around the world.

Question 8

Cassandra and Martin have been dating for three months.According to equity theory,Cassandra is likely motivated to

A) make sure that she gets as much as she can out of the relationship, regardless of how much she puts into it.
B) make sure that she puts as much effort as she can into the relationship, regardless of how much she gets out of it.
C) make sure that she and Martin each receive roughly what they put into the relationship.
D) create an arrangement where one partner puts in the effort and the other reaps the benefits.

Question 9

Janet often encounters John at school.As a result, they end up becoming friends.This scenario illustrates how ________ influences interpersonal attraction.

A) equity
B) physical attractiveness
C) reciprocity
D) proximity

Question 10

According to ________ theory,the way that people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards as well as the costs and rewards of other relationships that are available to them.

A) social exchange
B) equity
C) similarity
D) tit-for-tat

Question 11

Artie and his girlfriend Robyn just broke up.Robyn calls her best friend to talk about it.She says,"Artie is the kind of guy who never seemed to feel comfortable with intimacy or being in love.He just did not seem to trust,need,or depend on me.In fact,he would even tell me that I loved him more than I should,and this made him nervous." According to this description,Artie's attachment style is best characterized as

A) anxious-ambivalent.
B) secure.
C) avoidant.
D) dismissive.

Question 12

As a child,Veronica was neglected by her parents.Veronica's internal working model of relationships is likely to include the belief that

A) other people can be relied on in times of need.
B) she can reliably provide security to others.
C) other people will be rejecting.
D) she is worthy of love.

Question 13

Consider the following quote from William Whyte in The Organization Man: "Despite the fact that a person can pick and choose from a vast number of people to make friends with,such things as the placement of a stoop or the direction of a street often have more to do with determining who is friends with whom." This quote captures the essence of how ________ can influence relationships.

A) similarity
B) proximity
C) attractiveness
D) physicality

Question 14

The strongest support for the claim that we have a need to belong comes from the finding that

A) when we lose a friendship, we do not seek out new friendships.
B) only humans form long-lasting relationships.
C) relationships are vital to our physical and mental well-being.
D) relationship styles vary among cultures.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the need to belong?

A) Prisoners tend to be happier when they focus on their preexisting family ties rather than forming kinship-like ties with other prisoners.
B) Suicide rates are higher for single and divorced individuals.
C) Partnered gay men and women are happier than single gay men and women.
D) Mortality rates are higher for divorced, unmarried, and widowed individuals.

Question 16

A person's attachment style

A) fluctuates in accordance with momentary changes in moods and desires.
B) is shaped by how the child is treated during infancy and early childhood.
C) is genetically inherited (as opposed to environmentally determined).
D) is likely to change from one style to another over the life span.

Question 17

According to social exchange theory,people

A) seek out rewards in their interactions with others, but they are not willing to incur certain costs in order to obtain them.
B) seek out rewards in their interactions with others, and they are willing to incur certain costs in order to obtain them.
C) tend to pursue those interactions that require the least effort.
D) tend to pursue those interactions that require the most effort.

Question 18

The mere exposure effect can be explained in part by

A) reciprocity.
B) operant learning.
C) equity.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 19

Recall that Ainsworth classified the attachment patterns of infants according to how they responded to separations and reunions with their caregivers.Which of the following is NOT one of the styles she specified?

A) anxious-ambivalent
B) secure
C) communal
D) avoidant

Question 20

Catherine and Greg currently have an exchange relationship with one another.This means that their relationship is likely ________ and is governed by ________.

A) short-term; the principle of need
B) long-term; the principle of need
C) short-term; concerns about equity and reciprocity
D) long-term; concerns about equity and reciprocity

Question 21

Barbara wants Jason,her new coworker,to like her.All of the following could increase the likelihood that Jason will like Barbara EXCEPT

A) being physically attractive in Jason's eyes.
B) disagreeing with Jason so that he will see she can think for herself.
C) working in an office that is closer to Jason's.
D) voicing similar opinions during casual conversations with Jason.

Question 22

Physically attractive people generally feel ________ than people who are comparatively less attractive.

A) happier
B) less stressed
C) more in control of their lives
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 23

Which of the following is most likely to be due to the mere exposure effect?

A) Museum visitors have especially favorable attitudes toward paintings that they view at the end of their visit.
B) The public immediately prefers a company's new logo to the existing logo.
C) Radio listeners like a song the station plays multiple times more than they like a song the station plays only once or twice.
D) Students memorize humorous poems faster than dramatic poems.

Question 24

________ is the rule and ________ is the exception where the formation of relationships is concerned.

A) Similarity; complementarity
B) Similarity; proximity
C) Complementarity; similarity
D) Complementarity; proximity

Question 25

According to the evolutionary perspective,why are women more selective than men in their choice of mates?

A) Women invest more in the offspring than males.
B) Women tend to be more emotionally mature than males.
C) Women compete more with other women for male attention (intrasex competition).
D) Women tend to have more sexual partners than men.

Question 26

Jim was just convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol.He may be given a lighter jail sentence if he

A) is physically attractive.
B) is happy and confident.
C) sits far away from the jury.
D) wears light-colored clothing.

Question 27

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports Eagly and Wood's (1999,2002,2015)perspective that gender differences in mate preferences are driven by culture rather than evolution?

A) The greater the gender equality in a given society, the less importance women place on earning capacity in a potential mate.
B) The greater the gender equality in a given society, the more importance women place on earning capacity in a potential mate.
C) The greater the gender equality in a given society, the less importance women place on physical attractiveness in a potential mate.
D) Across cultures, men tend to value physical attractiveness more than women.

Question 28

Joseph is energetic and fun loving and craves attention from other people.He also wants to find a girlfriend.According to social psychological research,Joseph is most likely to be attracted to a woman who is

A) conscientious.
B) intellectual.
C) shy.
D) extraverted.

Question 29

Vivica finds Dion physically attractive.Judging from his appearance,she assumes that he is also outgoing and honest.Vivica is displaying the

A) complementarity hypothesis.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) halo effect.
D) counterbalancing principle.

Question 30

Evolutionary psychology predicts that women (relative to men)ought to be ________ selective in their choice of mates because their levels of parental investment (relative to men's)are ________.

A) less; high
B) more; high
C) less; low
D) more; low

Question 31

Recall that Festinger and his colleagues (1950)conducted research at a university housing project called Westgate West.Among other things,they examined friendship formation among apartment residents.The results showed that the residents living near the stairwells formed twice as many friendships with upstairs neighbors as those living in the middle apartments,which were further from the stairs.These results illustrate the impact of ________ on friendship formation.

A) physical distance
B) similarity
C) functional distance
D) sociometric distance

Question 32

Kevin is writing a description of himself on his online dating profile.According to the evolutionary theory of attraction,which of the following pieces of information should he mention to increase the odds that women will message him on the dating site?

A) his high income
B) his political affiliation
C) his hobbies and interests
D) his favorite animals

Question 33

Social psychologists have used the bogus stranger paradigm to study the effects of ________ on liking.

A) physical attractiveness
B) proximity
C) similarity
D) intelligence

Question 34

Jerome heard that Liza has a great sense of humor.On meeting her for the first time,Jerome encourages Liza to share jokes she has heard and to tell him about comedy films she has seen.Although Liza does not see herself as especially funny,she obliges Jerome,and he concludes that what he had heard about Liza is true.Which of the following phenomena is most closely reflected in the exchange between Jerome and Liza?

A) the mere exposure effect
B) sociometry
C) proximity
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 35

Recall that Snyder and colleagues (1977)conducted a study in which men spoke with a woman over the telephone.Using different photographs,the researchers manipulated the men's beliefs about the woman's physical attractiveness.The woman did not know whether any given man believed her to be attractive or unattractive.The results of this study showed that the woman

A) showed greater social skills when talking to men who thought she was attractive.
B) showed greater social skills when talking to men who thought she was unattractive.
C) tried harder to impress the men who thought she was attractive.
D) tried harder to impress the men who thought she was unattractive.

Question 36

Recall that through either photographic or computer technology,researchers can make a composite (or "averaged")face out of any number of individual faces.When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of composite faces relative to individual faces,

A) men tend to prefer composite faces, but women tend to prefer individual faces.
B) men tend to prefer individual faces, but women tend to prefer composite faces.
C) regardless of sex, people tend to prefer individual faces.
D) regardless of sex, people tend to prefer composite faces.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is FALSE?

A) Unattractive adults tend to feel less happy (relative to attractive adults).
B) Signs of a halo effect are found in both individualist and collectivist cultures.
C) There is no tendency for people to treat unattractive children less fairly (relative to attractive children).
D) Physical attractiveness has a stronger impact on the lives of women (relative to men).

Question 38

According to the textbook,two physical features that signal health and reproductive fitness are

A) averageness and bilateral symmetry.
B) anomalous faces and wide hips.
C) gender and ethnicity.
D) distinctiveness and facial symmetry.

Question 39

Recall that Burgess and Wallin (1953)studied the personality characteristics of hundreds of engaged couples.Specifically,they compared couples who planned to marry with "random" couples they created by pairing individual members of one couple with individual members of another couple.The results showed that members of engaged couples,compared to random couples,were significantly

A) less similar to each other on demographic, physical, and personality characteristics.
B) more similar to each other on demographic, physical, and personality characteristics.
C) less similar to each other on demographic characteristics, but more similar on personality characteristics.
D) not similar to each other on demographic, physical, or personality characteristics.

Question 40

Leon finds himself attracted to women whose physical appearances suggest that they are very healthy.Evolutionary theorists would argue that,whether he realizes it or not,Leon is attending to the ________ of the women he encounters.

A) biological readiness
B) complementarity
C) reproductive fitness
D) kinship selectivity

Question 41

Susie is participating in research that assesses the strength of her bond with her partner.As part of this research,she is asked,"All things considered,how attractive are the people other than your partner with whom you could become involved?" Which element of the commitment model of relationships is this question measuring?

A) rewards
B) alternative partners
C) investments
D) satisfaction

Question 42

According to ________,people have a tendency to like things when they are exposed to them more often.

A) functional distance
B) mere exposure effect
C) exchange theory
D) classical conditioning

Question 43

Neuroimaging studies have found that a person who is in the throes of intense love and looks at a photograph of his or her partner will show increased activation in the ________ and deactivation in the ________.

A) amygdala (threat); ventral striatum (reward)
B) ventral striatum (reward); amygdala (threat)
C) amygdala (threat); hippocampus (memory)
D) ventral striatum (reward); hippocampus (memory)

Question 44

Some historians believe that the idea that romantic love should precede marriage

A) results in transactional marriages.
B) is not a recipe for long-term marital satisfaction.
C) has a long history in Western culture.
D) is relatively recent, emerging only in the past five hundred years or so.

Question 45

Rusbult's investment model of commitment holds that three factors determine how committed people will be to their relationship.These factors are

A) passion, rewards, and investment.
B) satisfaction, alternatives, and investment.
C) companionship, passion, and intimacy.
D) rewards, alternatives, and passion.

Question 46

Stefani and Joseph,a married couple,are displaying several of the four harmful relationship behaviors identified by Gottman and Levenson (1983,1992,1999).Which of these behaviors is the strongest predictor of a future divorce between Stefani and Joseph?

A) contempt
B) criticism
C) stonewalling
D) defensiveness

Question 47

Identified by John Gottman and Robert Levenson (1999),the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse refer to

A) global values and attitudes that predict divorce rates.
B) personality traits that predict infidelity.
C) interpersonal behaviors that predict relationship problems.
D) demographic characteristics that predict infidelity.

Question 48

Happier couples tend to attribute their partners' positive behaviors to

A) unstable causes that are specific, unintended, and selfish.
B) stable causes that are general, unintended, and selfless.
C) unstable causes that are general, unintended, and selfless.
D) stable causes that are general, intended, and selfless.

Question 49

Shira comes home from work and tells her husband that she just got promoted.Her husband responds with enthusiasm and asks her questions about her new position.His behavior is an example of

A) attribution.
B) anxious attachment.
C) capitalization.
D) idealization.

Question 50

In a study conducted by Aron and his colleagues (2000),married couples engaged in one of two tasks: either they were tied together with Velcro and required to move a soft ball positioned between their heads across a long mat,or they each had to push a ball on their own across the mat with a stick.Couples in the first condition reported higher marital satisfaction after completing the task compared to couples in the second condition.How did the researchers interpret these results?

A) The first task encouraged participants to capitalize on the good in their relationship.
B) The first task made couples physically closer, which led them to feel psychologically closer.
C) The first task was more arousing, leading to a misattribution of arousal to feelings about one's partner.
D) The first task was more challenging, leading couples to feel more pride after completing it.

Question 51

Peggy is a generally neurotic person.According to research discussed in the textbook,Peggy is particularly

A) likely to experience relationship problems.
B) likely to get married.
C) unlikely to have strong reactions to conflict.
D) likely to come from a lower socioeconomic status background.

Question 52

Larry suspects that his girlfriend wants to break up with him.Being a rather mean-spirited fellow,Larry tells his girlfriend that if she breaks up with him,she will be alone and will never find another boyfriend.To manipulate his girlfriend,Larry is drawing his girlfriend's attention to the ________ component of Rusbult and colleagues' (1980,1983,2012)investment model of commitment.

A) investment
B) alternative partners
C) rewards
D) passion

Question 53

Tamara has been married to Josh for seven years.They have three children,own a house together,and have many mutual friends.According to the investment model of commitment,Tamara may be hesitant to end her marriage,even if she is dissatisfied,because of

A) her idealization of her partner.
B) the availability of potential alternative partners.
C) the magnitude of her investment.
D) her belief that divorce is immoral.

Question 54

Which of the following people is likely to have relatively higher marital dissatisfaction?

A) Juan, who has high self-esteem and grew up in an upper middle class family.
B) Edward, who has low self-esteem and is of lower socioeconomic status.
C) Brandon, who has low self-esteem and is of higher socioeconomic status.
D) George, who has high self-esteem and is of lower socioeconomic status.

Question 55

A study conducted by Newcomb measured students' liking of their housemates over the course of 15 weeks.The evidence that came from this study found that,not only did liking increase over time,but it was also related to

A) similarities between the housemates.
B) positioning of the housemates' rooms in the house.
C) the amount of time spent with one another.
D) opposing personalities coming together.

Question 56

Research conducted by Gottman and Levenson (1983,2992,1999)using the interaction dynamics approach yielded four behaviors that are particularly toxic to relationships.Which of the following is NOT one of these four behaviors?

A) stonewalling
B) contempt
C) defensiveness
D) rationalizing

Question 57

According to the textbook,there are three main predictors of attraction.Which of the following is NOT one of these three predictors?

A) similarity
B) physical attractiveness
C) attachment
D) proximity

Question 58

According to the textbook,love can be broken down into three broad categories.Which of the following is NOT one of the categories discussed in the text?

A) compassionate
B) romantic
C) companionate
D) fatuous

Question 59

Kareem tends to idealize his husband,which means that he

A) underestimates his husband's virtues.
B) accurately perceives his husband's virtues and faults.
C) overestimates his husband's virtues and underestimates his faults.
D) overestimates his husband's virtues and accurately perceives his faults.

Question 60

According to research by Gottman and Robert,(1983,1992,1999),________,which involves looking down on another person,is particularly likely to undermine relationships.

A) contempt
B) denial
C) criticism
D) stonewalling

Question 61

Describe how comparison level and comparison level for alternatives influence people's evaluations of the costs and rewards in their relationships,according to social exchange theory.

Question 62

Describe three positive behaviors that can strengthen romantic relationships and give an example of each.

Question 63

How do babies' sleeping arrangements differ across cultures? What implications might these different arrangements have on a given culture's definition of secure attachment?

Question 64

Describe how a teacher might take advantage of proximity to encourage interracial friendships in her classroom.

Question 65

Identify and define the so-called Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and explain why they are toxic to relationships.

Question 66

Using Rusbult's investment model of commitment,describe a hypothetical situation in which someone might stay committed to a romantic partner even though he or she is not very satisfied with the relationship.In your answer,address the role of alternative partners and investments.

Question 67

Describe three pieces of evidence that support the proposition that the need to belong is a fundamental need in humans.

Question 68

Describe how the evolutionary theory of physical attraction helps explain the fact that many more films depict relationships between older men and younger women than relationships in which the genders are reversed (depicting older women in relationships with younger men).

Question 69

Evaluate the statements "birds of a feather flock together" and "opposites attract" based on research examining the influence of similarity versus complementarity on relationship formation.

Question 70

Eddie and Leann have been married for ten years.Their friends notice that not only do they look alike,they seem to look more and more alike as time goes on.What factors might explain their increasingly similar appearance?

Question 71

Which of the following is one of the behaviors discussed in the text that couples can do to build stronger romantic bonds?

A) being playful with each other
B) sharing and capitalizing on the good things in each other's lives
C) idealizing each other
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 72

Provide an example of how an advertising agency could employ the mere exposure effect when creating ads for their clients' products.

Question 73

Evaluate the claim that people tend to have the same attachment style across all of their relationships.Describe research from the textbook to support or refute this claim.

Question 74

Explain Rusbult's investment model of commitment and describe how each of the three determinants influences commitment.

Question 75

Distinguish between the three attachment patterns that Ainsworth identified in her observations of infants and caregivers using the strange situation paradigm.Describe the characteristic behavior of both infants and caregivers for each style.

Question 76

According to the textbook,what kinds of studies provide the strongest evidence for the evolutionary approach to human attraction? Describe one of these studies in detail and explain how it supports the evolutionary perspective.