Deck 22: Revolutions in the Transatlantic World

Question 1

The Great Fear can best be characterized as

A)women gained the right to bear arms and to serve in Revolutionary armies.
B)the King moved to Paris where he was constantly under pressure from popular violence.
C)economic controls were enacted that lowered food prices and curbed inflation.
D)the last remnants of serfdom were permanently abolished.

Answer 1

the King moved to Paris where he was constantly under pressure from popular violence.

Question 2

The consequences of the age of transatlantic revolutions (1776-1824)included all of the following except

A)financial pressure on all European rulers.
B)the rise of Austria as a major European military power.
C)the growth of nationalism in Spain and Germany.
D)increased French power in the Americas.

Answer 2

financial pressure on all European rulers.

Question 3

The National Constituent Assembly attempted to solve the financial problems of the French state by all of the following methods except

A)the Pope.
B)the National Constituent Assembly.
C)Louis XVI.
D)the lower ranks of the French clergy.

Answer 3

the National Constituent Assembly.

Question 4

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy,which brought the church under the control of the French state,was introduced by

A)united the French aristocracy against the forces of revolution.
B)resulted in English involvement in French domestic politics.
C)radicalized the revolution and led to a second revolution that overthrew the monarchy and established a republic.
D)disrupted the revolution and allowed the emigres to return to France.

Question 5

Those who swore the famous "Tennis Court Oath" promised to

A)the rural peasantry
B)the common ranks of the military
C)the working people of Paris
D)the wealthiest members of the Third Estate

Question 6

The Townshend duties

A)a losing war with Spain.
B)the inability to handle finances on a sound basis.
C)a conflict (more political than religious)with the pope.
D)the inbreeding within the Bourbon dynasty.

Question 7

The "September Massacre" refers to

A)supported the king and sought to restore the monarchy.
B)held a general suspicion of anyone who was wealthy.
C)sought representative government.
D)favored a regulated economy.

Question 8

The sans-culottes favored

A)give farmers a longer growing season
B)symbolize a radical break from the past.
C)allow shopkeepers to postpone paying their taxes.
D)reflect the death of the king.

Question 9

On the eve of the French Revolution,the French monarchy's greatest problem was

A)insufficient tax revenue from the aristocracy and the church.
B)ineffective finance ministers.
C)financial support of the American Revolution.
D)the inability of their colonies to generate revenue.

Question 10

One of the most significant consequences of the Seven Years' War was

A)It listed grievances with the Crown regarding taxation and local government.
B)It brought all American colonists together under a common banner.
C)It formally declared that Americans were in rebellion against the crown.
D)It gave an ultimatum to the Crown to reverse actions against the colonists.

Question 11

The revolutionary calendar was established in order to

A)radical Jacobins.
B)aristocratic supporters.
C)renegade soldiers.
D)radical women.

Question 12

By the late 18th century,the French monarchy had accumulated massive debt for all of the following reasons except

A)divide the nobility and break their power over the French monarch.
B)give the people a chance to decide about further support of American revolutionary efforts.
C)increase the legal recognition and power of the Third Estate in French political life.
D)find a collective solution to pressing financial problems and to avoid national bankruptcy.

Question 13

The Stamp Act put a tax on

A)contributed to the long-term financial security of England.
B)contributed to the Boston Massacre.
C)were all repealed by 1770.
D)were administered by local British authorities.

Question 14

The Sugar Act of 1764 was designed to accomplish all of the following goals except to

A)legal documents.
B)postage stamps.
C)communications with England.
D)the ownership of slaves.

Question 15

The most significant contribution of the Women's March to the French Revolution was that

A)issuing government bonds called assignats.
B)repudiating all debts made by the king.
C)selling off the possessions of the Catholic Church.
D)removing restrictions on the grain trade.

Question 16

The Jacobins

A)the abolition of private property and paper currency.
B)greater economic equality and relief from food shortages.
C)the creation of a representative democracy.
D)the end of war with the rest of Europe.

Question 17

What role did the Stamp Act Congress play in the American Revolution?

A)curb the activities of smugglers by issuing harsher penalties.
B)increase the efficiency of tax collection methods in the colonies.
C)encourage the creation of sugar plantations in North America.
D)offset the increasing costs of colonial administration.

Question 18

The fall of the Bastille in 1789 incorporated what segment of French society into the Revolution?

A)urban disturbances that resulted in hundreds of executions.
B)an aristocratic reaction to the disturbances in Paris.
C)peasant disturbances that destroyed châteaux and feudal records.
D)the reactionary policy of the church regarding deism.

Question 19

Louis XVI called the Estates General in order to

A)uphold the rights and privileges of the First and Second Estates in face of opposition by the Third Estate.
B)create a new constitution for France that better reflected its social composition.
C)force the abdication of the king and create a new democratic government.
D)repeal serfdom and remove other traditional impediments to social mobility.

Question 20

The war against Austria in 1792

A)the deaths of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
B)the unceremonious end to the Legislative Assembly,which had been ineffective.
C)the execution of political prisoners and criminals as counter revolutionaries.
D)riots throughout the countryside in September,1792,which resulted in the deaths of over 1200 aristocrats.

Question 21

The levée en masse

A)He spread a limited number of legal and social reforms to the countries that he conquered.
B)He sought to replace philosophical principles with ideologies of dictatorship.
C)He completely repudiated the Revolution in favor of the institutions of the ancien regime.
D)He fully embraced the spirit of Enlightenment and Revolution,bringing it with him and his armies.

Question 22

Haiti declared independence from France in a revolution begun under

A)Simón Bolívar.
B)José de San Martín.
C)Bernardo O'Higgins.
D)Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Question 23

The Treaty of Chaumont on March 9,1814,provided for

A)the creation of a stable balance of power system in Europe.
B)the containment of French and German aggression.
C)the strengthening and unification of formerly decentralized states.
D)a united defense against Muslim aggression.

Question 24

Based on the settlement drawn up in 1815,the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna appears to have been

A)The kingdom of the Netherlands was to be established.
B)The Holy Roman Empire was to be revived.
C)Prussia was to be given territory along the Rhine River to deter French aggression.
D)Austria was to be given full control of northern Italy.

Question 25

"Virtue,without which terror is fatal; terror,without which virtue is impotent" was part of a statement made by

A)the opposition of the sans-culottes.
B)the reaction of the aristocrats.
C)instincts of self-preservation among his associates.
D)his betrayal of the ideals of the revolution.

Question 26

Revolutions broke out across Latin America in the early 19th century for all of the following reasons except

A)Toussaint L'Ouverture.
B)Jacques Levant.
C)Simón Bolívar.
D)José de San Martín.

Question 27

All of the following were policies enacted by the radical phase of the French Revolution except

A)directed nearly all French citizens to become involved in the war effort.
B)contributed to French military defeats against Austria and England.
C)was enacted by Louis XVI to promote counter-revolutionary efforts.
D)originated a highly effective form of guerilla warfare.

Question 28

Which of the following was not a part of the settlement of the Congress of Vienna?

A)the influence of Enlightenment ideas.
B)the conquest of Spain and Portugal by Napoleon.
C)the military support of France and the United States.
D)financial pressure on European governments to pay for war.

Question 29

The liberation of Peru was achieved by the armies of

A)José de San Martín.
B)Bernardo O'Higgins.
C)Simón Bolívar.
D)Che Guevara.

Question 30

The victory of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar in 1805

A)crippling the ability of the British to wage war.
B)supporting the development of continental industry.
C)establishing members of his family as rulers of satellite states.
D)cutting off trade between Britain and the continent.

Question 31

In Goya's painting,The Third of May,1808,what is the significance of the Spanish man standing with his arms raised in the air?

A)Battle of the Nations.
B)retreat from Moscow.
C)battle of Waterloo.
D)Battle of Austerlitz.

Question 32

Napoleon's "Continental System" aimed at all of the following except:

A)He portrays Spain's resistance to French occupation.
B)He represents Spain's desire for peace with France.
C)He illustrates the Spanish people's inability to put up a successful defense of their country.
D)He represents the supposed innocence of the Spanish people under harsh French rule.

Question 33

The Thermidorian Reaction consisted of

A)levée en masse.
B)enactment of the Napoleonic Code.
C)the creation of a new calendar.
D)the Reign of Terror.

Question 34

The concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII did all of the following except:

A)guaranteed British control of the sea for the rest of the war.
B)gave Napoleon hope for the French conquest of Britain.
C)led to the immediate failure of the Continental system.
D)inspired revolution in Haiti.

Question 35

The Mountain was a group of

A)Louis XVI.
B)Burke.
C)Robespierre.
D)Napoleon.

Question 36

Which of the following best characterizes Napoleon's relationship with the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution?

A)declare that "Catholicism is the religion of a great majority of French citizens."
B)allow for the Catholic Church to select and pay the salaries of bishops.
C)force the clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the state.
D)force the refractory clergy and those who had accepted the revolution to resign.

Question 37

The battle that led to Napoleon's final defeat was the

A)the payment of heavy reparations.
B)the execution of Napoleon.
C)the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.
D)restrictions on France's future military potential.

Question 38

The fall of Robespierre was motivated by

A)the removal of former terrorists from public life.
B)the establishment of the Directory.
C)the destruction of the machinery of terror.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 39

The last Atlantic-based country to abolish slavery Netherlands.

A)Great Britain.
B)Brazil.
C)France.
D)the Netherlands.

Question 40

The leader of the Chilean movement for independence was

A)believed that monarchies were a necessary part of Latin America's political structure.
B)declared himself emperor of New Spain.
C)was inclined toward a policy of political liberalism.
D)agreed with San Martín regarding the political structure of Latin America.

Question 41

How did the revolutions that occurred across the transatlantic world between 1776 and 1824 transform Western societies?

Question 42

The Monroe Doctrine demanded

A)the sale of Florida to the United States.
B)the independence of Canada.
C)an end to European intervention in the Americas.
D)both the sale of Florida to the United States and the independence of Canada.

Question 43

Mexican independence was driven by:

A)fear of a conservative Spanish regime.
B)a Napoleonic invasion.
C)a slave uprising.
D)fear of a liberal Spanish regime.

Question 44

How important were San Martín,Bolívar,and other military leaders to the Latin American independence movements in the 1820s? Did the successes of "strongmen" in the liberation of Latin American countries at this time limit democracy in this region in subsequent years?

Question 45

The country that contributed the most to the movement to abolish slavery was

A)the sale of Florida to the United States.
B)the independence of Canada.
C)an end to European intervention in the Americas.
D)both the sale of Florida to the United States and the independence of Canada.

Question 46

Independent Haiti arecognized by France in 1804

Question 47

What were the reasons for the American resistance to the British during the 1760s and 1770s? To what extent were the colonists influenced by European ideas and political developments? To what extent did the colonists' actions,in turn,influence Europe?

Question 48

Why was the independence of Brazil attained through relatively peaceful means? What conditions enabled Brazil to avoid division after independence? Did independence transform Brazilian socio-economic structures?

Question 49

What exactly was the Constitution of the Year VII and how did it secure power for Napoleon? How well did this constitution work? Why and how did Napoleon change it later? What was the ultimate source of Napoleon's power?

Question 50

What were the weaknesses of the French monarchy? How did France's economic situation affect the revolution? How did subsequent governments try to address French economic problems? Which was the most successful?

Question 51

Who were the sans-culottes and how did they become a factor in the politics of the period? How influential were they during the radical phase of the revolution in particular?

Question 52

The revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries can be seen as examples of Europeans trying to apply the philosophical ideals of the Enlightenment to actual institutions of European government,society,and economy.How faithful were these applications to the original ideals? What problems did they encounter in trying to apply these ideals to a real world that was less than ideal?

Question 53

How do Latin American revolutions differ from the revolution in the United States? How similar or different were the conditions of the English colonies in North America and the Spanish and Portuguese colonies? Were both revolutions inspired by the same philosophical ideas?

Question 54

How and why was the transatlantic slave trade abolished in the 18th and 19th centuries? Discuss the process in detail.What were the most important antislavery forces?

Question 55

In what ways did the age of transatlantic revolutions contribute to the growth of nationalism? What effect did nationalism have on the outcomes of the revolutions? Do you think that nationalism had a positive effect on European political history? Why or why not?

Question 56

What kind of political arrangement emerged in Europe as a result of the Congress of Vienna? What became the prevailing ideology of post-Napoleonic governments? How was the new political order enforced?

Question 57

Discuss the role of the king in the French Revolution.What were some of the ways by which Louis XVI caused his own demise?

Question 58

In what ways were the revolutions that occurred across the transatlantic world between 1776 and 1824 all interconnected? What do these interconnections reveal about the Atlantic world during this era?